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1 Bibliography Alsina, D., Woodward, R. L., and Snieder, R. (1996). Shear wave velocity structure in North America from large-scale waveform inversions of surface waves. J. Geophys. Res., 101: Anderson, D. L. (1979). Geophysics of the continental mantle: an historical perspective. In Menzies, M., editor, Continental Mantle, pages Clarendon Press, Oxford. Artemieva, I. M. and Mooney, W. D. (2001). Thermal thickness and evolution of Precambrian lithosphere: A global study. J. Geophys. Res., 106: Arvidsson, R. and Ekström, G. (1998). Global CMT analysis of moderate earthquakes, Mw 4.5, using intermediate-period surface waves. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 88: Atwater, T. (1970). Implications of plate tectonics for the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of western North America. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 81: Backus, G. E. and Gilbert, F. (1967). The resolving power of gross earth data. J. Geophys. Res., 16: Bally, A. W., Scotese, C. R., and Ross, M. I. (1989). North America; Plate-tectonic setting and tectonic elements. In Bally, A. W. and Palmer, A. R., editors, The geology of North America-An Overview, pages Geol. Soc. Am.. Boulder, CO, United States. Barmin, M. P., Ritzwoller, M. H., and Levshin, A. L. (2001). A fast and reliable method for surface wave tomography. Pure Appl. Geophys., 158: Bassin, C., Laske, G., and Masters, G. (2000). The current limits of resolution for surface wave tomography in North America. Eos, Trans. Am. Geoph. Union, 81:F897. Bijwaard, H. and Spakman, W. (2000). Nonlinear global P-wave tomography by iterated linearized inversion. Geophys. J. Int., 141: Burke, K., Fox, P. J., and Sengör, A. M. (1978). Buoyant ocean floor and the evolution of the Caribbean. J. Geophys. Res., 83: Chevrot, S., Montagner, J. P., and Snieder, R. (1998). The spectrum of tomographic earth models. Geophys. J. Int., 133: Curtis, A., Trampert, J., Snieder, R., and Dost, B. (1998). Eurasian fundamental mode surface wave phase velocities and their relationship with tectonic structures. J. Geophys. Res., 103: Dahlen, A., Hung, S. H., and Nolet, G. (2000). Fréchet kernels for finite-frequency traveltimes I. theory. Geophys. J. Int., 141: Deschamps, F., Snieder, R., and Trampert, J. (2001). The relative density to shear velocity scaling in the uppermost mantle. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 124: Deschamps, F., Trampert, J., and Snieder, R. (2002). Anomalies of temperature and iron in the uppermost mantle inferred from gravity data and tomographic models. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 129: Diebold, J. B., Stoffa, P. L., Buhl, P., and Truchan, M. (1981). Venezuela basin crustal structure. J. Geophys. Res., 86: Dueker, K., Yuan, H., and Zurek, B. (2001). Thick-structured proterozoic lithosphere of the Rocky Mountain region. Geol. Soc. Am. Today, 11(12):4 9. Duffy, T. S. and Anderson, D. L. (1989). Seismic wave speeds in mantle minerals and the mineralogy of the upper mantle. J. Geophys. Res., 94: Dziewonski, A. M. and Anderson, D. L. (1981). Preliminary reference Earth model. Phys. 95

2 96 Bibliography Earth Planet. Inter., 25: Dziewonski, A. M., Ekström, G., and Salganik, M. P. (1992). Centroid-moment tensor solutions for july-september Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 72:1 11. Ekström, G., Tromp, J., and Larson, E. W. F. (1997). Measurements and global models of surface wave propagation. J. Geophys. Res., 102: Forte, A. M., Dziewonski, A. M., and O Connell, R. J. (1995). Thermal and chemical heterogeneity in the mantle: a seismic and geodynamic study of continental roots. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 92: Forte, A. M. and Perry, A. C. (2000). Geodynamic evidence for a chemically depleted continental tectosphere. Science, 290: Forte, A. M., Woodward, R. L., and Dziewonski, A. M. (1994). Joint inversions of seismic and geodynamic data for models of threedimensional mantle heterogeneity. J. Geophys. Res., 99: Frederiksen, A. W., Bostock, M. G., and Cassidy, J. F. (2001). S-wave velocity structure of the Canadian upper mantle. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 124: Furlong, K. P., Spakman, W., and Wortel, R. (1995). Thermal structure of the continental lithosphere: constraints from seismic tomography. Tectonics, pages Goes, S., Govers, R., and Vacher, P. (2000). Shallow mantle temperatures under Europe from P and S wave tomography. J. Geophys. Res., 105: Goes, S. and van der Lee, S. (2002). Thermal structure of the North American uppermost mantle. J. Geophys. Res., 107:ETG 2. Grand, S. P. (1994). Mantle shear structure beneath the Americas and surrounding oceans. J. Geophys. Res., 99: Griffin, W. L., O Reilly, S. Y., and Ryan, C. G. (1999). The composition and origin of sub-continental lithospheric mantle. In Fei, Y., editor, Mantle Petrology: Fields observations and high-pressure experimentation, pages Geochem. Soc. Hammond, W. C. and Humphreys, E. D. (2000). Upper mantle seismic wave velocity: effects of realistic partial mel geometries. J. Geophys. Res., 105: Heiskanen, W. A. and Moritz, H. (1967). Physical Geodesy. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco. Henry, C. D. and Aranda-Gómez, J. J. (1992). The real soutern Basin and Range: Mid- to late Cenozoic extension in Mexico. Geology, 20: Hoffman, P. F. (1988). United plates of America, the birth of a craton: Early Proterozoic assembly and growth of Laurentia. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 16: Hoffman, P. M. (1989). Precambrian geology and tectonic history of North America. In Bally, A. W. and Palmer, A. R., editors, The geology of North America-An Overview, pages Geol. Soc. Am.. Boulder, CO, United States. Humphreys, E. D. and Dueker, K. G. (1994a). Physical state of the western U.S. upper mantle. J. Geophys. Res., 99: Humphreys, E. D. and Dueker, K. G. (1994b). Western U.S. upper mantle structure. J. Geophys. Res., 99: Humphreys, E. D., Dueker, K. G., Schutt, D. L., and Smith, R. B. (2000). Beneath Yellowstone: Evaluating plume and nonplume models using teleseismic images of the upper mantle. Geol. Soc. Am. Today, 10:1 7. Hung, S. H., Dahlen, A., and Nolet, G. (2000). Fréchet kernels for finite-frequency traveltimes II. Examples. Geophys. J. Int., 141: Iyer, H. M. and Hirahara, K. (1993). Seismic tomography: Theory and Practice. Chapman and Hall, London. Jackson, A. (2000). Laboratory measurement of seismic wave dispersion and attenuation: recent progress. In Karato, S. I., Forte, A. M., Liebermand, R. C., Masters, G., and Stixrude, L., editors, Earth s Deep Interior: Mineral Physics and Tomography from the Atomic

3 Bibliography 97 to the Global Scale, volume 117, pages Geophys. Monogr. Ser., Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, D.C. Jordan, T. H. (1975). The continental tectosphere: Geophysics and Space Physics. Rev. of Geophysics and Space Physics, 13:1 12. Jordan, T. H. (1979). Mineralogies, densities and seismic velocities of garnet lherzolites and their geophysical implications. In Boyd, F. R. and Myer, H. O. A., editors, The Mantle Sample: Inclusions in Kimberlites and Other Volcanics, pages Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, D.C. Kaban, M. K. and Mooney, W. D. (2001). Density structure of the lithosphere in the southwestern United States and its tectonic significance. J. Geophys. Res., (106): Karato, S.-I. (1993). Importance of anelasticity in the interpretation of seismic tomography. Geophys. Res. Let., (20): Kirby, S. H., Engdhal, E. R., and Denlinger, R. (1996). Intraslab earthquakes and arc volcanism: dual physical expressions of crustal and uppermost mantle metamorphism in subducting slabs. In Bebout, G. E., Scholl, D., Kirby, S., and Platt, J. P., editors, Dynamics of Subduction, pages Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, D.C. Kravstov, Y. A. and Orlov, Y. I. (1990). Geometrical optics of inhomogeneous media. Springer-Verlag, New York. Larson, E. W. F. and Ekström, G. (2001). Global models of surface wave group velocity. Pure Appl. Geophys., 158: Laske, G. (1995). Global observation of offgreat-circle propagation of long-period surface waves. Geophys. J. Int., 123: LePichon, X., Francheteau, J., and Bonnin, J. (1973). Plate Tectonics. Elsevier, Amstedam. Levander, A., Humphreys, E. D., Ekström, G., Meltzer, A. S., and Shearer, P. M. (1999). Proposed project would give unprecedented look under North America. Eos, Trans. Am. Geoph. Union, 80(245): Lévêque, J.-J., Rivera, L., and Wittlinger, G. W. (1993). On the use of checker-board test to assess the resolution of tomographic inversions. Geophys. J. Int., 132: Levshin, A. L., Ratnikova, L., and Berger, J. (1992). Peculiarities of surface wave propagation across Central Asia. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 82: Levshin, A. L., Ritzwoller, M. H., Barmin, M. P., nor, A. V., and Padgett, C. A. (2001). New constraints on the Arctic crust and uppermost mantle: Surface wave group velocities, pn and sn. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 123: Marquering, H., Nolet, G., and Dahlen, F. A. (1998). Three-dimensional waveform sensitivity kernels. Geophys. J. Int., 132: Masters, G., Laske, G., Bolton, H., and Dziewonski, A. (2000). The relative behavior of shear velocity, bulk sound speed, and compressional velocity in the mantle: Implications for chemical and thermal structure. In Karato, S. I., Forte, A. M., Liebermand, R. C., Masters, G., and Stixrude, L., editors, Earth s Deep Interior: Mineral Physics and Tomography from the Atomic to the Global Scale, volume 117, pages Geophys. Monogr. Ser., Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, D.C. Merrill, R. T., McElhinny, M. W., and McFadden, P. L. (1996). The Magnetic Field of the Earth. Academic Press, San Diego. Meschede, M. and Frisch, W. (1998). A platetectonic model for the mesozoic and early cenozoic history of the caribbean plate. Tectonics, 296: Mooney, W. D., Laske, G., and Masters, T. G. (1998). CRUSt5.1: A global crustal model at. J. Geophys. Res., 103: Nataf, H.-C. and Ricard, Y. (1996). 3SMAC: an a priori tomographic model for upper mantle based on geophysical modeling. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 95: Nolet, G. (1990). Partitioned waveform inversion and two-dimensional structure under the network of autonomously recording seismographs. J. Geophys. Res., 95: Nolet, G. and Dahlen, F. A. (2000). Wave front

4 98 Bibliography healing and the evolution of seismic delay times. J. Geophys. Res., 105: Nolet, G., Grand, S. P., and Kennett, B. L. N. (1994). Seismic heterogeneity in the upper mantle. J. Geophys. Res., 99: Nolet, G., van Trier, J., and Huisman, R. (1986). A formalism for non-linear inversion of seismic surface waves. Geophys. Res. Let., 13: Oldow, J. S., Bally, A. W., Lallemant, H. G. A., and Leeman, W. P. (1989). Phanerozoic evolution of the North American Cordillera; United States and Canada. In Bally, A. W. and Palmer, A. R., editors, The geology of North America-An Overview, pages Geol. Soc. Am.. Boulder, CO, United States. Pasyanos, M. E., Dreger, D. S., and Romanowicz, B. (1996). Toward real-time estimation of regional moment tensors. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 86: Pasyanos, M. E., Walter, W. R., and Hazler, S. E. (2001). A surface wave dispersion study of the middle East and North Africa for monitoring the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test- Ban Treaty. Pure Appl. Geophys., 158: Peacock, S. M. (1996). Thermal and Petrologic structure of subduction zones. In Bebout, G. E., Scholl, D., Kirby, S., and Platt, J. P., editors, Dynamics of Subduction, pages Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, D.C. Pindell, J. L. and Barrett, S. F. (1990). Geological evolution of the Caribbean region; a plate tectonic perspective. In Dengo, G. and Case, J. E., editors, The Caribbean region, in the collection: The geology of North America, pages Geol. Soc. Am.. Boulder, CO, United States. Poirier, J. P. (1991). Introduction to the Physics of the Earth s interior. Cambridge University Press. Polet, J. and Anderson, D. L. (1995). Depth extent of cratons as inferred from tomographic studies. Geology, 23: Pollack, H. N., Hurter, S. J., and Johnson, J. R. (1993). Heat flow from the Earth s interior: Analysis of the global data set. Rev. of Geophysics, (31): Ringwood, A. E. (1975). Composition and petrology of the Earth s mantle. McGraw- Hill, New York. Ritzwoller, M. H. and Levshin, A. L. (1998). Eurasian surface wave tomography: Group velocities. J. Geophys. Res., 103: Robertson, G. S. and Woodhouse, J. H. (1997). Comparison of P and S station corrections and their relationship to upper mantle structure. J. Geophys. Res., 102: Röhm, A., Snieder, R., Goes, S., and Trampert, J. (2000). Thermal structure of continental upper mantle inferred from s-wave velocity and surface heat flow. Earth Plan. Sci. Let., 181: Rudnick, R. and Nyblade, A. A. (1999). The thickness and heat production of Archean lithosphere: constraints from xenolith thermobarometry and surface heat flow. In Fei, Y., editor, Mantle Petrology: Fiels observations and high-pressure experimentation, pages Geochem. Soc. Saltzer, R. L., van der Hilst, R. D., and Kárason, H. (2001). Comparing P and S wave heterogeneity in the mantle. Geophys. Res. Let., 28: Schmidberger, S. S. and Francis, D. (1999). Nature of the mantle roots beneath the North American craton: Mantle xenolith evidence from Somerset Island kimberlites. Lithos, 48: Snieder, R. (1988). Large scale waveform inversion of surface waves for lateral heterogeneity, 1, Theory and numerical examples. J. Geophys. Res., 93: Snieder, R. and Lomax, A. (1996). Wavefields smoothing and the effect of rough velocity perturbations on arrival times and amplitudes. Geophys. J. Int., 125: Snieder, R. and Sambridge, M. (1992). Ray perturbation theory for travel time and raypaths in 3-D heterogeneous media. Geophys. J. Int., 109:

5 Bibliography 99 Spetzler, J. and Snieder, R. (2001). The influence of small-scale heterogeneity on the travel time of waves. Geophys. J. Int., 145: Spetzler, J., Trampert, J., and Snieder, R. (2001). Are we exceeding the limits of the great circle approximation in global surface wave tomography? Geophys. Res. Let., 28: Spetzler, J., Trampert, J., and Snieder, R. (2002). The effect of scattering in surface wave tomography. Geophys. J. Int., 149: Trampert, J. and Woodhouse, J. H. (1995). Global phase velocity maps of Love and Rayleigh waves between 40 and 150 seconds. Geophys. J. Int., 122: Trampert, J. and Woodhouse, J. H. (2001). Assessment of global phase velocity models. Geophys. J. Int., 144: Turcotte, D. L. and Schubert, G. (2002). Geodynamics. Cambridge University Press. USGS (1999). An Assessment of Seismic Monitoring in the United States: Requirement for and Advanced National Seismic System. 1188:U.S. Geological Survey Circular, 55 pages. Vacher, P. A. M. and Sotin, C. (1998). Computation of seismic profiles from mineral physics: the importance of non-olivine components for explaining the 660 km depth discontinuity. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 106: Van der Hilst, R. and McDonough, W., editors (1999). Composition, Deep Structure and Evolution of Continents. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Van der Lee, S. and Nolet, G. (1997). Upper mantle S velocity structure of North America. J. Geophys. Res., 102: Vdovin, O., Rial, J. A., Levshin, A. L., and Ritzwoller, M. H. (1999). Group-velocity tomography of South America and the surrounding ocean. Geophys. J. Int., 136: Vinnik, L., Chevrot, S., Montagner, J.-P., and Guyot, F. (1999). Teleseismic travel time residuals in North America and anelasticity of the asthenosphere. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 116: Woodhouse, J. H. and Dziewonski, A. M. (1984). Mapping the upper mantle: three dimensional modelling of Earth structure by inversion of seismic waveforms. J. Geophys. Res., 89: Yan, B., Graham, E. K., and Furlong, K. P. (1989). Lateral variations in upper mantle thermal structure inferred from threedimensional seismic inversion models. Geophys. Res. Let., 16: Yoshizawa, K. and Kennett, B. L. N. (2002). Determination of the influence zone for surface wave paths. Geophys. J. Int., 149: Zhang, Y.-S. and Lay, T. (1996). Global surface wave phase velocity variations. J. Geophys. Res., 101: Zhao, D., Kanamori, H., and Humphreys, E. (1996). Simultaneous inversion of local and teleseismic data for the crust and mantle strcuture of southern California. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 93: Zhao, L., Jordan, T. H., and Chapman, C. H. (2000). Three-dimensional fréchet kernels for seismic delay times. 141: Geophys. J. Int.,

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