Influence of Geological Interpretation on Geotechnical Engineering a in the Northwest New Territories, (A Talk in HKIE on 30 June 2010)
|
|
|
- Kelley Preston
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Influence of Geological Interpretation on Geotechnical Engineering a in the Northwest New Territories, Hong Kong Lai Kuen-wai (A Talk in HKIE on 30 June 2010)
2 Outline Importance of accurate rock identification? Inaccuracies of rock identification in borehole logs and geological reference materials Research into the Tuen Mun Formation Evidence of palaeovolcanic plug in the Tsing Shan area Evidence of stratovolcanic deposits in Ling To Monastery area Rock strength properties and their geotechnical engineering significance Accurate geological interpretation provides the correct geological model
3 Why this Question Must be Asked? 1. Plenty of pyroclastic rocks belonging to the Tuen Mun Formation in the borehole logs were previously identified as sedimentary rocks. 2 Differing descriptions occurs in some published 2. Differing descriptions occurs in some published geological reference materials.
4 What are these rocks? Volcanic or sedimentary rocks? Photo. K W Lai
5 Incorrect description of borehole logs metasiltstone with marbles Photo. K. W. Lai
6 The marble clasts-bearing tuff breccia was g misidentified as marble in borehole logs
7 Inaccuracies in Borehole Logs Fine-grained andesite/tuff as siltstone Tuff breccia as conglomerate Marble clasts-bearing tuff breccia as siltstone interbedded with marble
8 Inaccuracies in Geological l Reference Materials The Pre-Quaternary Geology of Hong Kong is an excellent geological reference. More than 20 geologists made significant contributions to the project from 1982 to Minor problems of the descriptions which could be improved upon are: a) Use of the outdated information to show the geology of Tin Shui Wai area; and b) Application of obsolete data to describe the b) Application of obsolete data to describe the geology of Tsing Shan area.
9 This Figure showing the strata in the Tin Shui Wai area as Carboniferous Lok Ma Chau Formation (C) was based on outdated data before Oct 1989 C Tin Shui Wai Tin Shui Wai Figure The Pre-Quaternary Geology of Hong Kong (Sewell R.J. et al 2000)
10 This figure pointed out the strata of Tin Shui Wai belongs to the Middle Jurassic Tuen Mun Formation (JTU) Darigo N.J. (Oct.1989) Tin Shui Wai This figure was also published in: - Frost D.V. (1989) - GCO Publication No. 2/90 (Irfan T.Y.ed.1990)
11
12 1:100,000 Geological map of Hong Kong The Lok Ma Chau Formation of the Tin Shui Wai area shown in Figure 3.5 is also contradicted those strata in 1:100,000 geological map of Hong Kong (GEO compiled by Kirk, P.A. et al)
13 Description of the Tuen Mun Formation used outdated data from the obsolete Tsing Shan Formation (Sewell et al 2000) Page 69 of The Pre-Quaternary Geology of Hong Kong (Sewell et al. 2000) states the lower part of Tuen Mun Formation in the west of the Tuen Mun area comprising quartzite, sandstone metasiltstone and phyllite predominate, with subordinate tuff, tuffite and conglomerate.
14 The Contradiction between Geological Report and related Geological Maps The description of the Tuen Mun Formation of Tsing Shan area in page 69 (Sewell et al. 2000) did not agree with the geological map at scale 1:100, (GEO compiled by Kirk, P.A. et al) and the facts
15 Geological Map of Hong Kong (1:100,000 GEO 2000 ed. by Kirk.P.A. et al) The description of Tuen Mun Formation: Andesite lava and lapilli lithic-bearing fine ash crystal tuff with intercalated tuff breccia
16 Geological Map of Tuen Mun (1:20,000) 1988 edition The obsolete Tsing Shan Formation has been merged into the Tuen Mun Formation (Hong Kong Geological l Map 1: 100,000 compiled by Kirk P.A. et al. 2000)
17 Comparison of 1988 and 2007 Geological Mapping of Tsing g Shan Area Geological G l i l map off Tsing Shan (1988) Mapped by Lai K W (2007)
18 Misinterpretation of the Tuen Mun Formation in publications after 2000 The Pre-Quaternary geology of Hong Kong (Sewell et al. 2000) p38 & p69 Engineering Geological Practice in Hong Kong (GEO 2007) p35, p75, p105 and p140 Hong Kong Geology Guide Book (in Chinese) ( 香港地質考察指引 ) (GEO 2007) p Chapter 8 Hong Kong geology guide book (GEO 2008) p Chapter 8
19
20
21 Geological Misinterpretation Chapter 8 of the Hong Kong Geology Guide Book The rocks at Tsing Shan Monastery consist of a variety of conglomerates and breccias These rocks may have formed following the collapse of a volcanic edifice, or by fluvial activity on the margin of a crater lake (Page g 55) )
22 Hong Kong Geology Guide Book (GEO 2008 p.55)
23 Photo. K W Lai These rocks are vent breccia cemented by andesite within a volcanic plug, not conglomerate (Photo taken in the same location in Tsing Shan Monastery )
24 Hong Kong Geology Guide Book (GEO 2008 p.56)
25 Flow structure Vent breccia Andesite Vent breccia Photo. K W Lai These rocks occur in a volcanic plug with lava flow structure, they can t formed by volcano collapse or fluvial activity Graded bedding? (Photo taken in the same location in Tsing Shan Monastery)
26 Engineering Geological Practice in Hong Kong (GEO 2007 p.140, Fig ) ( 砾岩 ) (The conglomerate was misjudged in North Por Lo Shan)
27 a Andesite d Dacite Volcanic Plug tb vent breccia It is a volcanic plug formed by vent breccia and lava vein, not a layer of conglomerate Photo. K W Lai
28 Reason for Misinterpreting of Conglomerate There are bedding and graded bedding, some clasts are transported by fluvial processes Some lithic clasts are rounded to subrounded Lithic clasts are reworked or redeposited Pyroclastic rocks also can form rounded clast and bedding
29 Photo. K W Lai Rounded clasts and layers of a stratovolcano, Iceland
30 Consequences of Misinterpreted Rock Types Erroneous ground investigation results Generates inaccurate geological model which can significantly affect the foundation and engineering design Increases development cost dramatically Prolongs construction programme
31 Discussion on the Tuen Mun formation has been addressed in following publications Lai K W et al (2004) Lai K W (2005) Chan S H M (2005) Chan J et al (2005) Lai K W et al (2006) Chan S H M & Kwong A K L (2009) Lai K W (2009)
32 What We Have Done in the Research of the Tuen Mun Formation (TMF) Re-mapped the geology of TMF from Tuen Mun to Shenzhen area Visited and studied more than 20 volcanoes in the world to compare with those rocks in TMF Collection of 180 volcanic rock samples & identification of 105 thin sections from TMF Checking of more than 1,000 borehole logs Sent 20 samples for chemical analysis
33 Palaeovolcano Group in Tuen Mun Formation Palaeovolcanoes occurred from Tsing Shan Monastery to Por Lo Shan area Discovery of palaeovolcanic plugs and their surrounding stratovolcanic deposits Composed of basaltic andesite, dacite lava, vent breccia and tuff A series of volcanoes was controlled by the Tuen Mun Lo Wu Fault. Zone
34 Geology of Tuen Mun Tin Shui Wai Area
35 Stratigraphic Column of North West New Territories J 2 Andesitic lava and dtuff Siltstone t and sandstone C 1 Marble
36 Volcanic Facies of Tuen Mun Formation Effusion Facies : lava flow Air Fall Facies : tuff and tuff breccia Pyroclastic Flow Facies: tuff and lapilli tuff Surge Facies : fine ash tuff Vent Facies : vent breccia and brecciated lava E ti S di t F i t ff Eruption-Sedimentary Facies: tuffaceous siltstone/sandstone
37 Volcanic Facies Ash Fall Lava Flow Vent
38 Evidences of Palaeovolcanic Plug 1. Mode of occurrences 2. Rock composition 3. Chemical and mineral composition 4. Alteration 5. Lava flow 6. Degassing structure and 7. Joint type
39 Evidence 1 Mode of Occurrences Plane Circular, Elliptic and Rain drop shape Cross Section Cylinder Forming a series of volcanoes
40 VENT FACIES Volcanic Neck Dyke
41
42 Tuff Tsing Shan Monastery Plug
43 Rock Cores of Tsing Shan Monastery Andesite Lava Marble clast Photo. K W Lai
44 South Por Lo Shan Conglomerate? Vent breccia Bedding? Lava vein Plan of South Por Lo Shan Plug Fluvial Deposits Photo. K W Lai
45 South Por Lo Shan Plug is composed of vent breccia and lava vein forming flow structure.
46 Section of South Por Lo Shan Plug
47 Forming a Series of Volcanoes Tuen Mun Compare with those volcanoes in Tengchong Yunnam Volcanoes
48 Evidence 2 Rock Composition Congealed magma, along with explosive breccia (vein breccia) and crosscut thin lava veins Cyclic eruption: from violent explosion to quiescent (gentle) eruption
49 Vent Breccia Lava vein (dyke) Lava vein Photo. K W Lai
50 Lava vein Vent breccia South Por Lo Shan Plug Photo. K W Lai
51 Silicified marble clasts Lava vein South Por Lo Shan Plug Photo. K W Lai
52 Tianchi, Changbai Shan, Jilin ( 吉林長白山天池 ) Lava Vent Breccia Photo. K W Lai
53 Volcanic Plug Lava Vent breccia Photo. K W Lai Ship Rock, New Mexico, America
54 Ship Rock Vent Breccia Lava Photo. K W Lai
55 Volcanic Dyke, Yik Yuen Tsuen Explosive breccia Andesit e Andesite Photo. K W Lai Volcanic dykes also composed of explosive breccia and andesite lava
56 Explosive breccia of a dyke, Iceland Photo. K W Lai
57 Evidence 3 Chemical and Mineral Composition
58 Andesite in Thin Section Amphibole
59 Tuff in thin section
60 Evidence 4 Alteration of Rocks The temperature of magma in the volcanic vent is from 800º C to 1200º C Lithic clast cemented by magma may take place to alter and form the reaction margin
61 Alteration occurs between andesite and marble Tsing Shan Monastery Altered rim Mabble clast Marble Andesite Photo. K W Lai
62 Epidotization of a lithic clast Photo. K W Lai
63 Evidence 5 Flow Structure, Shan King Estate Plug Vent breccia Lava vein Flow structure Photo. K W Lai Photo. K W Lai Photo. K W Lai
64 Flow structure, South Por Lo Shan Photo. K W Lai
65 Explosive breccia in a crater, Iceland Photo. K W Lai
66 Evidence 6. Degassing Structure, Shan King Estate Photo. K W Lai
67 Degassing structure of Andesite, Yang Ming Shan, Taiwan Photo. K W Lai
68 Degassing structure of andesite under electronic microscope Photo. K W Lai Volcanoes of Taiwan (Song S W. 2006)
69 Evidence 7 Joint Type a Andesite Tb Vent Breccia Circular joint Parasitic Plug Shan King Estate Circular joints Photo. K W Lai
70 Irregular Columnar Joints Shan King Estate Photo. K W Lai
71 Irregular columnar joints Ship Rock, New Mexico, America Photo. K W Lai
72 Jurassi Stratovolcanic Deposits c Similar to the deposit of Ling To Monastery
73 Ling To Monastery Stratovolcanic Deposit Photo. K W Lai
74 Photo. K W Lai
75 Cyclic Deposits of the Stratovolcano, Ling To Monastery
76 Ling To Monastery Sh ttl h lithi l t ith ti i Shuttle shape lithic clast with reaction margin of air fall deposits Photo. K W Lai
77 Trace of lava flow Loading structure Spatter Lava of the Air Fall Deposits Ling To Monastery Photo. K W Lai
78 Lava Flow Structure Photo. K W Lai
79 Photo. K W Lai
80 Fault Contact between the Stratovolcanic Rock and Andesite, Ling To Monastery
81 Air Fall Deposit Surrounding a Crater Lake ZhenJiang Huguangyan Geopark Photo. K W Lai
82 Pyroclastic Fall Deposits forming bedding Huguangyan Geopark, Zhenjiang ( 湛江湖江岩國家地質公園 ) Photo. K W Lai
83 The strata of tuff and tuff breccia deposits in close proximity of a crater lake, Zhenjiang Photo. K W Lai
84 Air Fall Deposit, Zhenjiang Geopark Photo. K W Lai
85 Volcanic block fall into the layered tuff, Zhenjiang Photo. K W Lai
86 Tuff Tuff Breccia Photo. K W Lai Air Fall Deposit of Pinatubo Stratovolcano, Philippine
87 Air Fall Deposit of Maal Volcano, Philippine Photo. K W Lai
88 Rock Strength Properties and their Geotechnical Engineering i Significance ifi
89 Rock Strength Properties Volcanic rocks are stronger than sedimentary rocks based on uniaxial compression test results Uniaxial Compressive Strength (MPa) Marble Clastsbearing Tuff Breccia Calcareous Conglomerate Clayey Conglomerate Marble (1) (3) (4) (1) (2) Sources: (1) GCO (Irfan, 1990) (2) Chan & Kwong (2009) (3) Fugro Lab (2009) (4) FIGG Lab
90 Point tload strength th (MPa) Tuff Breccia Tuff Metasiltstone/ Metasandstone GCO(1990) Over 5.5 Chan & Kwong (2009)
91 Hoek Brown Classification Tuff breccia siltstone Conglomerate
92
93 Accurate geological linterpretation i provides the correct geological model which affects the engineering design Foundation of a marble clasts bearing tuff breccia site Foundation of alayered marble site
94
95 Layered marble (Sedimentary)
96 Layered marble can give rise to large cavities No core recovery Layered marble Photo. K W Lai
97 A Site of Layer Marble Contour showing the cumulative length of cavities in borehole. (m)
98 A Site of layer marble containing Large Cavities A - A Section
99 Marble clasts-bearing Tuff breccia (Volcanics)
100 Honeycomb weathering occurs in the marble clasts- bearing tuff breccia
101 Site Boundary A site of marble clasts-bearing tuff breccia 1m < 1 m < 0.1m Cumulative length of Cumulative honeycombs length in borehole of honeycombs in borehole
102 Honeycombs A Site of Marble mainly Clasts-Bearing occur weathering Tuff Breccia zone Epikarst zone Honeyco mb Tuff breccia Sound rock
103 Mylonitization of Marble Clast-bearing Volcanic Rocks Rocks were subject to ductile deformation and form mylonite when adjacent to or within a fault zone Mineal crystals decreased d their grain size changing to subgrains and recrystallized The flattened and elongated mylonite of marble clast-bearing volcanic rocks are often misidentified as metasiltstone with thin layers of marble in borehole logs
104 Tuen Mun Formation is Situated in the Tuen Mun Lo Wu Fault Zone
105 Photo. K W Lai Mylonitized Marble Clasts - Bearing Tuff Breccia
106 Slightly mylonitized Ductile Deformation of Marble Clast-Bearing Tuff Breccia Moderately mylonitized Photo. K W Lai Highly mylonitized
107 Conclusions The key reason to finalize the rock type of the Tuen Mun Formation is to allow detailed and accurate geological mapping Special attention should be paid to distinguishing the mode of occurrence on site For fine-grained volcanic rock, it is necessary to conduct chemical analysis to determine all the key chemical constituents to confirm the rock type
108 CONCLUSIONS The volcanic rocks erupted before 181Ma yrs BP. Tuen Mun Formation rocks are composed of andesite to dacite lava and tuff with lithic clasts- bearing tuff breccia and minor tuffite. The rocks were eroded nearly 1,000m below the original ground exposing a series of palaeovolcanic plugs. Volcanic plugs comprise vent breccia and lava vein which reveal multiple cyclic eruption from violent explosion to equiescent eruption Strictly distinguish between the tuff breccia and conglomerate to provide a correct geological model for engineering design
GUIDELINES ON THE DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS OF THE TUEN MUN FORMATION
GUIDELINES ON THE DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS OF THE TUEN MUN FORMATION Rod Sewell Hong Kong Geological Survey GEO/CEDD Objectives to review all known lithologies of the Tuen Mun based on literature
Calderas. Myojin Knoll Submarine Caldera m. 500 m. 5 km. (after Kennedy and Stix, 2003)
Calderas Myojin Knoll Submarine Caldera 1400 m 500 m 5 km (after Kennedy and Stix, 2003) Definition Outline Relationships to Eruption Volume and VEI Structural Components Types Caldera Genetic Models and
Geology of Hong Kong A Summary. Prof LS Chan The University of Hong Kong
Geology of Hong Kong A Summary Prof LS Chan The University of Hong Kong Student Expeditions Geology of HK Eurasia Late Cretaceous Orogen Collapse Eurasia Sunda Early Cenozoic Crustal Extension Jointed
GEOLOGY OF THE NICOLA GROUP BETWEEN MISSEZULA LAKE AND ALLISON LAKE
GEOLOGY OF THE NICOLA GROUP BETWEEN MISSEZULA LAKE AND ALLISON LAKE (92H/15E. 10E1 By V. A. Preto INTRODUCTION Mapping was continued southward from the area covered in 1973 and an additional 55 square
19 00' N 70 20' W Loma La Cuaba volcanic edifice 70 00' W Pueblo Viejo District (location of Fig. 2) Loma Navisa volcanic edifice 69 40' W & S a m a n á B a y 0 10 20 Kilometers 18 50' N Guaimarote Hatillo
Igneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals. Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane SGM 210_2013
Igneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane 1 SGM 210_2013 Intrusive and Effusive Rocks Effusive rocks: rapid cooling small crystalls or glas Lava & ash Magmatic
Volcanic Strata-Hosted Gold Deposits in Quaternary Volcanoes: The Sandwich-Style Model
Volcanic Strata-Hosted Gold Deposits in Quaternary Volcanoes: The Sandwich-Style Model Alberto Lobo-Guerrero S. Geologist, M.Sc. MinEx Economic Geology Research Institute University of the Witwatersrand
Chapter 10. Chapter Rocks and the Rock Cycle. Rocks. Section 1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle
Chapter 10 Rocks 1 Chapter 10 Section 1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle 2 10.1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Magma is the parent material for all rocks. Once the magma cools and hardens, many changes can occur. Geology:
WET EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS. Hawaii Photograph: Dorian Weisel
WET EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS Hawaii Photograph: Dorian Weisel WET EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS mechanisms hot magma/ hot rock + water pyroclasts + steam rapid expansion of gas fragmentation of magma + wall rock external
*Corresponding author (
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Unravelling an allochthonous, subaqueously-deposited volcanic-epiclastic to subaerial andesitic
Engineering Geology. Igneous rocks. Hussien Al - deeky
Igneous rocks Hussien Al - deeky 1 The Geology Definition of Rocks In Geology Rock is defined as the solid material forming the outer rocky shell or crust of the earth. There are three major groups of
General Geology Lab #7: Geologic Time & Relative Dating
General Geology 89.101 Name: General Geology Lab #7: Geologic Time & Relative Dating Purpose: To use relative dating techniques to interpret geological cross sections. Procedure: Today we will be interpreting
9/4/2015. Feldspars White, pink, variable Clays White perfect Quartz Colourless, white, red, None
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 1.0: Introduction to engineering geology Chapter 2.0: Rock classification Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks Chapter 3.0: Weathering & soils Chapter 4.0: Geological
LAB 2 IDENTIFYING MATERIALS FOR MAKING SOILS: ROCK AND PARENT MATERIALS
LAB 2 IDENTIFYING MATERIALS FOR MAKING SOILS: ROCK AND PARENT MATERIALS Learning outcomes The student is able to: 1. understand and identify rocks 2. understand and identify parent materials 3. recognize
Subaerial Felsic Lava Flows and Domes
Subaerial Felsic Lava Flows and Domes Occurrence Alone or in linear and arcuate chains up to 20 km long Margins of calderas or volcanic depressions. Feeder occupies synvolcanic fault (ring fracture). Extrusion
Calc-alkaline Volcanic Rocks. Calc-alkali Volcanics. Fabric. Petrography. Compositional Classification. Petrography. Processes.
Calc-alkaline Volcanic Rocks Calc-alkali Volcanics Winter Chapters 16 & 17 Petrography Processes Field relations Volcanic arcs Petrogenesis Petrography Fabric Classification Alteration Fabric Aphanitic
THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG LIBRARIES. Hong Kong Collection. gift from Hong Kong (China). Geotechnical Engineering Office.
THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG LIBRARIES Hong Kong Collection gift from Hong Kong (China). Geotechnical Engineering Office. Geotechnical Engineering Office, Civil Engineering Department The Government of
As compaction and cementation of these sediments eventually occur, which area will become siltstone? A) A B) B C) C D) D
1. A student obtains a cup of quartz sand from a beach. A saltwater solution is poured into the sand and allowed to evaporate. The mineral residue from the saltwater solution cements the sand grains together,
Pacific Northwest Rock Lab, Part II. Igneous Rocks. Name Per.
Name Per. Pacific Northwest Rock Lab, Part II After you ve classified all your rocks, place their numbers next to the names and read the information about the rock. Check the classifications here (igneous,
23/9/2013 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY. Chapter 2: Rock classification:
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 2: Rock classification: ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 1.0: Introduction to engineering geology Chapter 2.0: Rock classification Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks
Name Class Date. In your textbook, read about the nature of igneous rocks. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following statements.
CHAPTER 5 Igneous Rocks SECTION 5.1 What are igneous rocks? In your textbook, read about the nature of igneous rocks. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following statements. basaltic
Bellringer: What materials are ejected from volcanoes? Quote of the Day: "Science is not belief, but the will to find out.
Bellringer: What materials are ejected from volcanoes? Quote of the Day: "Science is not belief, but the will to find out." ~Anonymous Sep 26 10:30 AM 1 Copy Directly into your notebook... 1. Pyro Latin
Earth Science Chapter 6 Rocks
Earth Science Chapter 6 Rocks I. Rocks and the Rock Cycle * Material that makes up the solid part of the Earth. * Made of a variety of different combinations of minerals and organic matter. A. Three Major
CEE 437 Lecture 10 Rock Classification. Thomas Doe
CEE 437 Lecture 10 Rock Classification Thomas Doe Igneous Origins Intrusive Batholithic or plutonic: phaneritic Dikes or sills that chill rapidly: aphanitic Extrusive deposition as melt (lava) pyroclastic
Metamorphism / Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphism / Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphism: occurs when rocks are subjected to heat, pressure, and/or other environmental conditions - The rock remains a solid during this time period - Why Should You
Monday 23 May 2016 Morning
Oxford Cambridge and RSA Monday 23 May 2016 Morning AS GCE GEOLOGY F792/01 Rocks Processes and Products *6008024131* Candidates answer on the Question Paper. OCR supplied materials: None Other materials
Igneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals. Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane SGM 210_2013
Igneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane 1 SGM 210_2013 Grotzinger Jordan Understanding Earth Sixth Edition Chapter 4: IGNEOUS ROCKS Solids from Melts 2011
BRYCE CANYON NATIONAL PARK Earth s Dynamic Treasures Rocks & The Rock Cycle
Grade Level: 4th-8th grades Subject Area: Earth Science Objectives: Introduce students to the rock cycle. Students will have an opportunity to categorize rocks from the three rock types. Students investigate
=%REPORT RECONNAISSANCE OF CHISHOLM LAKE PROSPECT. October 25, 1977
=%REPORT ON FIELD RECONNAISSANCE OF CHISHOLM LAKE PROSPECT October 25, 1977 Bruce D. Vincent Imperial Oil Limited, Minerals - Coal, CALGARY, ALBERTA CHISHOLM LAKE PROSPECT Introduction The Chisholm Lake
Rocks Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3
Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3 I. Environmental significance II. Definition III. 3 major classes IV. The Rock Cycle V. Secondary classification VI. Additional sub-classes
Rocks Environmental Significance. Rocks Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3. Rocks Definition of a rock
Reading this week: Ch. 2 and App. C Reading for next week: Ch. 3 Environmental Significance I. Environmental significance II. Definition III. 3 major classes IV. The Rock Cycle V. Secondary classification
2. An electron is the smallest unit of matter that retains the characteristics of an element. a. True
/ False 1. Minerals are made of rocks. False Introduction 2. An electron is the smallest unit of matter that retains the characteristics of an element. False 3. A proton is a positively charged particle
COMPOSITIONAL TERMS: FELSIC : light colored INTERMEDIATE : medium shades MAFIC : dark colored ULTRAMAFIC : rare (composition of the mantle)
GEOLOGY 306 Laboratory NAME: Instructor: TERRY J. BOROUGHS SECTION: Common Rocks (Chapter 2) For this assignment, you will require: a streak plate, glass plate, magnet, dilute hydrochloric (HCl) acid,
The Geology of Two Lights State Park. Cape Elizabeth, Maine
Maine Geologic Facts and Localities June, 2002 Cape Elizabeth, Maine 43 33 33.48 N, 70 12 13.32 W Text by Henry N. Berry IV and Robert G. Marvinney, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 1
Scarpati Claudio and Perrotta Annamaria
GSA DATA REPOSITORY 2012292 Supplemental Information Scarpati Claudio (email:claudio.scarpati@unina.it) and Perrotta Annamaria Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Napoli Federico II Erosional
L wave Lahar Lava Magma
Very large collapsed volcanic crater, often containing a lake eg. Lake Taupo The process which provides the force to move the tectonic plates Innermost part of the Earth, made of a liquid outer core and
GEOL1 Physical Geology Laboratory Manual College of the Redwoods Lesson Five: Volcanoes Background Reading: Volcanoes Volcanic Terms: Silca:
Name: Date: GEOL1 Physical Geology Laboratory Manual College of the Redwoods Lesson Five: Volcanoes Background Reading: Volcanoes Volcanic Terms: Silca: SiO 2 silicon dioxide. This is quartz when it crystallizes.
Rock Identification. invisible rhyolite andesite basalt komatiite. visible granite diorite gabbro peridotite
Rock Identification The samples in this lab are arranged into four groups: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic, and unknown. Study the igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic collections to get an idea of
CEE 437 Lecture 11 Rock Classification. Thomas Doe
CEE 437 Lecture 11 Rock Classification Thomas Doe Translation of Mineral Properties to Rock Properties Comparison of mineral properties to rock properties Rocks have lower strength, especially tensile
Wednesday 22 May 2013 Morning
Wednesday 22 May 2013 Morning AS GCE GEOLOGY F792/01 Rocks Processes and Products *F713000613* Candidates answer on the Question Paper. OCR supplied materials: None Other materials required: Ruler (cm/mm)
Anthill Resources Yukon - An Update on the Einarson Project
Anthill Resources Yukon - An Update on the Einarson Project The Eastern Extension of a Carlin-type Gold Trend in the Selwyn Basin Anthill Resources Ltd Yukon Claim Holdings Over 2400 km 2 Property Location
Chapter 8 Lecture. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. Twelfth Edition. Metamorphism. Rocks. Tarbuck and Lutgens Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 8 Lecture Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Twelfth Edition Metamorphism and dmetamorphic Rocks Tarbuck and Lutgens Chapter 8 Metamorphic Rocks What Is Metamorphism? Metamorphism means
CHAPTER 3.3: METAMORPHIC ROCKS
CHAPTER 3.3: METAMORPHIC ROCKS Introduction Metamorphism - the process of changes in texture and mineralogy of pre-existing rock due to changes in temperature and/or pressure. Metamorphic means change
Igneous Rocks: Formed by Fire (p )
READING QUESTIONS: Chapter 2 (Rocks) PSCI 131 18/WI 70 pts NAME DUE: Monday, January 29 Igneous Rocks: Formed by Fire (p. 34-43) 1. What is magma? 2. Extrusive igneous rocks form at the Earth s, and intrusive
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY POTENTIAL FOR LONGONOT PROSPECT, KENYA. By Mariita N. O. Kenya Electricity Generating Company
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY POTENTIAL FOR LONGONOT PROSPECT, KENYA By Mariita N. O. Kenya Electricity Generating Company PRESENTATION OUTLINE INTRODUCTION REGIONAL SETTING GEOLOGY GEOTHERMAL MANIFESTATIONS HYDROGEOLOGY
B) color B) Sediment must be compacted and cemented before it can change to sedimentary rock. D) igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks
1. Which characteristic of nonsedimentary rocks would provide the least evidence about the environment in which the rocks were formed? A) structure B) color C) crystal size D) mineral composition 2. Which
Geology Stratigraphic Correlations (Lab #4, Winter 2010)
Name: Answers Reg. lab day: Tu W Th Geology 1023 Stratigraphic Correlations (Lab #4, Winter 2010) Introduction Stratigraphic correlation is the process of comparing rocks at one locality with related rocks
J. Mt. Sci. (2016) 13(2) DOI: /s
J. Mt. Sci. (2016) 13(2) e-mail: jms@imde.ac.cn http://jms.imde.ac.cn DOI: 10.1007/s11629-014-3244-5 Appendix 1 Characteristics table of the Emeishan basalt main hydroelectric stations in the Lancang River,
Which rock is shown? A) slate B) dunite C) gneiss D) quartzite
1. Which metamorphic rock will have visible mica crystals and a foliated texture? A) marble B) quartzite C) schist D) slate 2. The recrystallization of unmelted material under high temperature and pressure
Volcanic gas controls the alteration mineral assemblages in the Tatun Volcano Group, Taiwan
PROCEEDINGS, 43rd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 12-14, 2018 SGP-TR-213 Volcanic gas controls the alteration mineral assemblages in the
EPS 50 Lab 4: Sedimentary Rocks
Name: EPS 50 Lab 4: Sedimentary Rocks Grotzinger and Jordan, Chapter 5 Introduction In this lab we will classify sedimentary rocks and investigate the relationship between environmental conditions and
Study Guide: Unit 1. 1) Take careful notes in class during the lectures as well as the information given in the slides presented during class
Geology 101 Study Guide: Unit 1 The purpose of this study guide is to help you prepare for the first unit exam by focusing your studying and providing example essay questions. You will not be asked to
The 3 types of rocks:
Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Igneous Activity The 3 types of rocks:! Sedimentary! Igneous! Metamorphic Marble 1 10/7/15 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Come from rocks sediments (rock fragments, sand, silt, etc.) Fossils
Page 1. Name: Period: Date: WS Metamorphic Rocks. The diagram below represents a rock with a distorted layer structure.
Name: Period: Date: 9317-1 - Page 1 WS Metamorphic Rocks 1) The diagram below represents a rock with a distorted layer structure. 5) Which rock is most likely a nonsedimentary rock? A) a rock showing mud
Internet Interactive Rock Cycle
Internet Interactive Rock Cycle Directions: Go to the website http://www.uky.edu/as/geology/howell/goodies/elearning/module05swf.swf and answer the questions below. Part I: Igneous Rocks (click on Igneous
GLY 155 Introduction to Physical Geology, W. Altermann. Grotzinger Jordan. Understanding Earth. Sixth Edition
Grotzinger Jordan Understanding Earth Sixth Edition Chapter 4: IGNEOUS ROCKS Solids from Melts 2011 by W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 4: Igneous Rocks: Solids from Melts 1 About Igneous Rocks Igneous
Directed Reading. Section: Rocks and the Rock Cycle. made of a. inorganic matter. b. solid organic matter. c. liquid organic matter. d. chemicals.
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Rocks and the Rock Cycle 1. The solid part of Earth is made up of material called a. glacial ice. b. lava. c. rock. d. wood. 2. Rock can be a collection of one
Sedimentary Rocks. Origin, Properties and Identification. Physical Geology GEOL 101 Lab Ray Rector - Instructor
Sedimentary Rocks Origin, Properties and Identification Physical Geology GEOL 101 Lab Ray Rector - Instructor Sedimentary Rock Origin and Identification Lab Pre-Lab Internet Link Resources 1) http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/rockkey/index.html
Visualizing Earth Science. Chapter Overview. Volcanoes and Eruption Types. By Z. Merali and B. F. Skinner. Chapter 9 Volcanism and Other
Visualizing Earth Science By Z. Merali and B. F. Skinner Chapter 9 Volcanism and Other Igneous Processes Volcanoes types and effects of eruption Chapter Overview Melting and cooling of rocks Geological
Piles of Fire Individual and Team Project Modified from
Piles of Fire Individual and Team Project Modified from http://www.spacegrant.hawaii.edu/class_acts/pilesfirete.html The purpose of this activity is to investigate how particle size affects the angle of
Strength variation and deformational behavior in anisotropic granitic mylonites under high-temperature and -pressure conditions An experimental study
Strength variation and deformational behavior in anisotropic granitic mylonites under high-temperature and -pressure conditions An experimental study Gui Liu, Yongsheng Zhou, Yaolin Shi, Sheqiang Miao,
Earth Materials. The Crust and its Composition. Igneous Rocks. Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Metamorphic Rocks. The Cycle of Rock Change
Earth Materials The Crust and its Composition Igneous Rocks Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks The Cycle of Rock Change The Crust and its Composition oxygen and silicon account for about
Structural Geology tectonics, volcanology and geothermal activity. Kristján Saemundsson ÍSOR Iceland GeoSurvey
Structural Geology tectonics, volcanology and geothermal activity Kristján Saemundsson ÍSOR Iceland GeoSurvey Discussion will be limited to rift zone geothermal systems with sidelook on hot spot environment.
A bowl shaped depression formed by the collapse of a volcano is called a. Magma that has left the vent of a volcano is known as. Lava.
Magma that has left the vent of a volcano is known as Lava A bowl shaped depression formed by the collapse of a volcano is called a Caldera This can form in a caldera when magma starts to come back up
Page 1. Name: 1) Which diagram best shows the grain size of some common sedimentary rocks?
Name: 1) Which diagram best shows the grain size of some common sedimentary rocks? 1663-1 - Page 1 5) The flowchart below illustrates the change from melted rock to basalt. 2) Which processes most likely
Geology 200 North Cascades National Park
Geology 200 North Cascades National Park In our study of the geology of the national parks, as we move into the second unit we will progress from the predominately sedimentary rock sequences of the southwestern
Angel International School - Manipay
c Grade 8 Angel International School - Manipay 1 st Term Examination November, 2016 Chemistry PART I Multiple Choice Questions. Duration: 02 Hours Index No:- (1) A common sedimentary rock which is formed
SOUTH CERRO AZUL STRATIGRAPHIC SECTION. Upper Cerro Azul flow of the Servilleta Basalt (Tsbcau) Lower Sandlin unit (Tsl)
Figure A3-01 cobbles claysilt general grain size sand pebbles vf f m c vc SOUTH CERRO AZUL STRATIGRAPHIC SECTION Top at 18 m. Upper Cerro Azul flow of the Servilleta Basalt (Tsbcau) 15 Basalt: Very dark
GCE AS/A level 1211/01 GEOLOGY GL1 Foundation Unit
Surname Centre Number Candidate Number Other Names 2 GCE AS/A level 1211/01 GEOLOGY GL1 Foundation Unit A.M. TUESDAY, 13 May 2014 1 hour For s use Question Maximum Mark 1. 17 2. 14 Mark Awarded 1211 010001
Sedimentary Rocks. Origin, Properties and Identification. Geology Laboratory GEOL 101 Lab Ray Rector - Instructor
Sedimentary Rocks Origin, Properties and Identification Geology Laboratory GEOL 101 Lab Ray Rector - Instructor Sedimentary Rock Origin and Identification Lab Pre-Lab Internet Link Resources 1) http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/rockkey/index.html
From Atoms to Minerals to Rocks: The building blocks of the Earth
From Atoms to Minerals to Rocks: The building blocks of the Earth 1 Questions your students might ask? What are rocks made of? What are minerals? What are minerals? What is the difference between Fool
Foundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa
Foundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa Fires Within: Igneous Activity Foundations, 6e - Chapter 7 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College The nature of volcanic eruptions Characteristics
Practice Test Rocks and Minerals. Name. Page 1
Name Practice Test Rocks and Minerals 1. Which rock would be the best source of the mineral garnet? A) basalt B) limestone C) schist D) slate 2. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite
transform boundary Photograph by Robert E. Wallace, USGS.
transform boundary The San Andreas Fault is undoubtedly the most famous transform boundary in the world. To the west of the fault is the Pacific plate, which is moving northwest. To the east is the North
FIREPLACE GEOLOGY. Dining Hall
FIREPLACE GEOLOGY Dining Hall The Dining Hall fireplace represents a slice through a Cascade Mountain volcano. Volcanoes are formed from molten magma rising up from within the Earth s crust. Magma that
ד"ר חנן גינת ד"ר ירון פינצי
Geology The rock cycle Earth materials and their stories Experiments in the lab and working with rock kits (in school) Plate Tectonics The Dynamic Earth The story of fossils The Geological History of the
Introduction to Geology Spring 2008
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 12.001 Introduction to Geology Spring 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. Regional metamorphism
Igneous, Metamorphic & Sedimentary. Chapter 5 & Chapter 6
Igneous, Metamorphic & Sedimentary Chapter 5 & Chapter 6 Section 5.1 What are Igneous Rocks? Compare and contrast intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks. Describe the composition of magma Discuss the factors
Directed Reading page
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading page 185-190 Section: Determining Relative Age 1. How old is Earth estimated to be? 2. Who originated the idea that Earth is billions of years old? 3. On what did the
GEOLOGY OF THE DO27 PIPE: A PYROCLASTIC KIMBERLITE IN THE LAC DE GRAS PROVINCE, NWT, CANADA
GEOLOGY OF THE DO27 PIPE: A PYROCLASTIC KIMBERLITE IN THE LAC DE GRAS PROVINCE, NWT, CANADA Margaret Harder 1, Casey Hetman 2, Barbara Scott Smith 3, and Jennifer Pell 1 1 Peregrine Diamonds Ltd. 2 Mineral
Sedimentary Structures in Metamorphic Rocks
Maine Geologic Facts and Localities November, 2006 Primary Sedimentary Structures in Some Metamorphic Rocks Text by Thomas K. Weddle, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 1 Photo by Thomas
LECTURE #11: Volcanic Disasters: Lava Properties & Eruption Types
GEOL 0820 Ramsey Natural Disasters Spring, 2018 LECTURE #11: Volcanic Disasters: Lava Properties & Eruption Types Date: 13 February 2018 I. Exam I grades are posted on the class website (link at the bottom
8 th Earth Science Chapter 4 Rocks Name Section 1 The Rock Cycle:
8 th Earth Science Chapter 4 Rocks Name Section 1 The Rock Cycle: Most rock used for stone contains one or more common minerals, called rock-forming minerals, such as, feldspar,, or. When you look closely,
Igneous petrology EOSC 321 Laboratory 8: Intermediate and Felsic Volcanic Rocks. Pyroclastic Rocks
321 Lab 8 Instructor: L. Porritt - 1 - Igneous petrology EOSC 321 Laboratory 8: Intermediate and Felsic Volcanic Rocks. Pyroclastic Rocks Learning Goals. After this Lab, you should be able: Identify fine-grained
Sedimentary Environments Chapter 8
Sedimentary Environments Chapter 8 Does not contain complete lecture notes. To be used to help organize lecture notes and home/test studies. What is a sedimentary rock? Sedimentary rocks are products of
MEMO. TO: Dennis Lapoint CC: FROM: Eriaan Wirosono DATE: April, 20 th 2014 SUBJECT: Exploration activity report March-April 2014_EW
TO: Dennis Lapoint CC: FROM: Eriaan Wirosono DATE: April, 20 th 2014 SUBJECT: Exploration activity report March-April 2014_EW MEMO 1. Highlights and Productivity Overview pan sampling on target Areas 1
Notes Week 1 Engineering Geology Problems
Notes Week 1 Engineering Geology Problems The Big Three of Engineering Geology 1. Will the ground bear the weight? (i.e. Subsurface materials? Rock or soft soil and sediment? Differential settlement?)
Igneous Rock Processes and Identification
Igneous Rock Processes and Identification http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/rockkey/index.html http://earthsci.org/education/teacher/basicgeol/igneous/igneous.html#kindsofigneousrocks Major Concepts 1)
Geology 229 Engineering Geology. Lecture 7. Rocks and Concrete as Engineering Material (West, Ch. 6)
Geology 229 Engineering Geology Lecture 7 Rocks and Concrete as Engineering Material (West, Ch. 6) Outline of this Lecture 1. Rock mass properties Weakness planes control rock mass strength; Rock textures;
1/31/2013 BASALTIC BASALTIC ANDESITIC RHYOLITIC
Can you predict the location of volcanoes? What is causing this eruption? What factors influence its character? A volcano is any landform from which lava, gas, or ashes, escape from underground or have
Rocks: Stony Stalwarts: Adapted from:
Rocks: Stony Stalwarts: Adapted from: http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/earth/inside-the-earth/rocks-article/ Rocks are so common that most of us take them for granted cursing when we hit them
Metamorphism: summary in haiku form
Metamorphism & Metamorphic Rocks Earth, Chapter 8 Metamorphism: summary in haiku form Shape-shifters in crust. Just add heat and/or pressure. Keep it solid please! What Is Metamorphism? Metamorphism means
GEOLOGY OF THE VICTOR KIMBERLITE, ATTAWAPISKAT, NORTHERN ONTARIO, CANADA: CROSS-CUTTING AND NESTED CRATERS
GEOLOGY OF THE VICTOR KIMBERLITE, ATTAWAPISKAT, NORTHERN ONTARIO, CANADA: CROSS-CUTTING AND NESTED CRATERS Kimberley Webb 1, Barbara Scott Smith 2, Joanne Paul 3 and Casey Hetman 1 1 De Beers Canada Kimberlite
Geologic Map of the Hatch Quadrangle, Doña County, New Mexico
Geologic Map of the Hatch Quadrangle, Doña County, New Mexico By William R. Seager May 1995 New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Open-file Digital Geologic Map OF-GM 213 Scale 1:24,000 This
Big Island Field Trip
Big Island Field Trip Space Still Available Group Airline Tickets May be available if enough people sign on If interested send email to Greg Ravizza Planning Meeting Next Week Will
Section 5. Rock Units and Your Community. What Do You See? Think About It. Investigate. Learning Outcomes
Chapter 3 Minerals, Rocks, and Structures Section 5 Rock Units and Your Community What Do You See? Learning Outcomes In this section, you will Recognize that rocks are arranged in Earth s crust as well-defined
Happy Tuesday. Pull out a ½ sheet of paper
Happy Tuesday Pull out a ½ sheet of paper 1. Physical properties of a mineral are predominantly related to 1. the external conditions of temperature, pressure, and amount of space available for growth.
"2014 Hong Kong Definitive Stamps" Issue Date: 24 July 2014
"2014 Hong Kong Definitive Stamps" Issue Date: 24 July 2014 Hong Kong is an international metropolis of skyscrapers. On the outskirts of this bustling city, however, there lies a great expanse of countryside
1. are most likely to study the images sent back from Mars. A. Astronomers B. Geologists C. Doctors D. Engineers
1. are most likely to study the images sent back from Mars. A. Astronomers B. Geologists C. Doctors D. Engineers 2. When did the Earth form? A. About 540 million years ago B. About 2.5 billion years ago
Rock Types. Sedimentary Rocks. Lithification = becoming a rock
Rock Types Sedimentary Rocks lithification make up about 70-75% of the rocks at the Earth s surface form environments such as beaches, rivers, oceans and anywhere that sand, mud, clay and other types of