Fundamentals of Basin and Petroleum Systems Modeling

Transcription

1 Thomas Hantschel Armin I. Kauerauf Fundamentals of Basin and Petroleum Systems Modeling 4ü Springer

2 Contents Introduction to Basin Modeling History Geologien! Processes Structure of a Model Petroleum Systems Modeling Modeling Worknows Structural Restoration Comparison with Reservoir Modeling Outlook 28 Summary 29 References 30 Pore Pressure, Compaction and Tectonics Introduction Bulk Stresses Pore Pressure Formation and Fluid Flow Compaction and Porosity Reduction Terzaghi Type Models Basic Formulation Mechanical Compaction Permeability and Viscosity D Pressure Solutions Pressure Solutions in 2D and 3D Special Processes of Pressure Formation Chemical Compaction Fluid Expansion Models Overpressure Calibration Geomechanical Models Stress and Deformation Failure Analysis Faults 86

3 XII Contents 2.8 Paleo-Models!' ' Event Stepping Paleo -Stepping Overthrusting!' "» Summary -^ References ''' 3 Heat Flow Analysis Introduction 1 "3 3.2 One Dimensional (1D) Models Steady State Models Transient Effoct Thermal Conductivity Rock and Mineral Functions Pore Fluid Functions 3.4 Specific Heat Capacity Rock and Mineral Functions Pore Fluid Functions 3.5 Radiogenic Heat 3.6 Three Dimensional Heat Flow Equation Heat Convection Magmatic Intrusions Permafrost SWI Temperatures Crustal Models for Basal Heat Flow Prediction The Principle of Isostasy Heat Flow Models Workflow Crustal Preprocessing Heat Flow Calibration Example Workflow for 3D Heat Calibration 145 Summary 148 References 149 Petroleum Generation Introduction Distributed Reactivity Kinetics Petroleum Generation Kinetics Bulk Kinetics Oil-Gas Kinetics Compositional Kinetics Thermal Calibration Parameters Vitrinite Reflectance Molecular Biomarkers T max Values Isotopic Fractionation Ki m 1!) V)

4 Contents XIII Fission Track Analysis Adsorption C Biodegradation Source Rock Analysis 191 Summary 195 References 196 Fluid Analysis Introduction Water Phase Binary Mixtures and Black Oil Models 203 5,1 Equntkms of State (EOS) Mixing Rules Pha.se Equilibrium Flash Calculations Cla.ssineation of Petroleum PT Pullis Property Prediet ion Density Bubble Point Pressure Gas Oil Ratio (GOR) Oil Formation Volume Factor B o Viscosity Interfacial Tension (IFT) Calibration of a Fluid Model Calibration and Fluid Heavy End Tuning of Pseudo-Component Parameters Tuning of the Binary Interaction Parameter (BIP) Gas Hydrates 241 Summary 243 References 243 Migration and Accumulation Introduction Geological Background Multi-Phase Darcy Flow Capillary Pressure Pressure at Phase Boundaries Three Phase Flow Formulation without Phase Changes Multicomponent Flow Equations with Phase Changes Black Oil Model Diffusion Reservoirs Flowpath Analysis Drainage Area Analysis 272

5 XIV Contents Accumulation Analysis 2/ Faults and Small Scale Features 2NO Overpressure and Waterflow 2N Non-Ideal Reservoirs 2*3 6.6 Hybrid Method 2* Domain Decomposition 2N Break Through 2* Fault Flow Flowpath Modeling Invasion Percolation Physical Background 29s Percolation on Microscopic Length Scales Upscaling of Microscopic Percolation 30(i One Phase Invasion Percolation Two Phase Migration with Displacemcnt Discretization of Space and Proporty Assigiunent Anisotropy Discussion Mass Balances Fundamental Laws of Mass Conservation The Petroleum System Reservoir Structures and Accumulations 332 Summary 335 References Risk Analysis Introduction Monte Carlo Simulation Uncertainty Distributions Derived Uncertainty Parameters Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHC) Uncertainty Correlations Analysis of Results Model Data Bayesian Approach Prior Information of Derived Parameters Correlations of Priors Prior Information of Nominal Uncertainties Deterministic Sampling Cubical Design Other Deterministic Designs 369

6 Contents XV 7.5 Metamodels Response Surfaces Fast Thermal Simulation Kriging Neural Networks Other Methods for Metamodeling Calibration with Markov Chain Monte Carlo Series Summary 378 References Mathematical Methods Introduction Physical Quautities Mixing Rules and Upscaling Finite Difl'erences Finite Element Method Control Voluines Solver Parallelization Local Grid Refinement (LGR) Tartan Grid Windowing Coupled Model in Model Faults 402 Summary 403 References 404 A Compaction and Flow Parameter 405 B Deviation of the Pressure Equation 413 C Analytic Groundwater Flow Solution from Töth 415 D One Dimensional Consolidation Solution from Gibson 419 E Thermal Properties 421 F Analytic Solutions to Selected Heat Flow Problems 429 F.l Influence of Radiogenic Heat Production on a Steady State Temperature Profile 430 F.2 Steady State Temperature Profile with a Lateral Basal Heat Flow Jump 430 F.3 Steady State Temperature Profile with SWI Temperature Jump 432 F.4 Steady State Temperature Profile for a Two Block Model 433 F.5 Non Steady State Model with Heat Flow Jump 434

7 XVI Contents F.6 Non Steady State Model with SWI Temperature Jump -136 F.7 An Estimate for the Impaet of Continuous Depositum oii Heat Flow 137 G Petroleum Kinetics 141 H Biomarker 145 I Component Properties 14!) J Methane Density 157 K Compositions and Components for Fig L An Analytic Solution for the Diffusion of Methane Through a Cap Rock 161 M Flowpath Bending 163 N Unit Conversions and Constants 167 Index 169