Swirling in Sediment and Slowing Fisheries Recovery
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1 + Swirling in Sediment and Slowing Fisheries Recovery A Concurrent Session at the 35 th Annual Salmonid Restoration Conference held in Davis, CA from March 29 April 1, 2017.
2 + Session Overview Session Coordinator: Brain Cluer, Ph.D. and Michael Pollock, Ph.D. NOAA Fisheries
3 + Presentations (Slide 4) Clear and Simple Connections Between Dirt, Fish, Entrenchment, and Recovery Mike Napolitano, San Francisco Bay Water Quality Control Board (Slide 21) Sediment for Salmon in San Francisco Bay: What s Needed, What s Available, and What s Next? Scott Dusterhoff, San Francisco Estuary Institute (Not provided) Mechanical Scarification of Gravel Beds to Increase Chinook Salmon Spawning Success Field Experience in Lower Putah Creek Ken W. Davis, Wildlife Survey & Photo Service
4 Clear and Simple Connections: Dirt, Fish, Entrenchment, and Recovery Lagunitas Creek in the Tocaloma Reach Photo Credit: Stillwater Sciences Mike Napolitano, Water Quality Board March 31, 2017
5 Cuyahoga River on fire: Clean Water Act to the rescue Swimmable, fishable, and drinkable
6 Congressional compromise adds obscure provision (Section 303d) to Clean Water Act Early 1970s early 1990s: $$$public funds for sewage 303(d): not swimmable, fishable, and drinkable after treating sewage and cleaning up factory waste, list as impaired Hire a lawyer, go to court & win: EPA goes 0 for 28 Late 1990s: EPA gets religion, impaired waters list has consequences, TMDL program is born
7 Clean Water Act: Pollution and Pollutants Pollutant = substance added by humans or human activities pollution = man-induced alteration of chemical, physical, or biological integrity of water Sediment is a natural and essential element that shapes and maintains stream habitat. Sediment impairment results when human action adversely alter sediment delivery, transport, or storage process, and related habitat structure.
8 Sediment Impaired Streams in the Bay Area Sonoma Petaluma Fundamental alteration of sediment delivery, transport, and storage Eight watersheds:1100 mi 2 25% of Bay Area region San Gregorio
9 Walk through the Napa River watershed today 55 miles of river Regionally significant steelhead and salmon runs Exceptionally diverse native fish assemblage Pacific lamprey Photo credit: Dan Worth Tule perch Photo credit: Dave Giordono Hardhead Photo credit: Lisa C Thompson
10 Sediment is being evacuated from the valleys and from the hollows located in uplands Source: Church (2002)
11 Channels begin on hillslopes in hollows Source: Dunne and Dietrich (1993)
12 Land-uses interact with geology to cause/contribute to evacuation of sediment from hollows Napa River watershed, Carneros Region
13 Soft Sedimentary Type Concentrated runoff Potential for significant reaction
14 Narrow, deep and simple Increases in runoff (examples) Intensive grazing, logging old-growth redwoods, Direct channel disturbances LWD jam removal, Connecting naturally disconnected tributaries, straightening Channel reaches, levees, bank stabilization Decreases in supply of gravel and coarser Gravel mining at rates higher than replenishment, Dam construction, dredging
15 Deeply incised: alternating between bar-pool and plane-bed Lower Carneros Creek, tributary to Napa River Photo credit: California Land Stewardship Institute (2011)
16 Fallen trees and bank erosion are agents of restoration
17 Big changes in channels over short distances Scale: upstream to downstream = about 1 mile A B Rutherford Reach of Napa River
18 A Complex channel reaches: Bar-pool topography Connected floodplain Diverse/extensive riparian B Bowling alley reaches: Lake-like pools dominate Deep, narrow, disconnected Simple/narrow riparian
19 Restoration tool kit Channel Restoration Active reach-scale channel reconstruction Jump starting LWD recruitment Constructing natural LWD jams Passive restoration by bank erosion & natural LWD recruitment Baseflow protection and enhancement Real-time dial-up gages to aid avoid dewatering Conversion to wet season off channel diversion/storage Enhanced infiltration in farms and rangelands Developing treated wastewater to reduce diversion and pumping
20 How to get more done More creative approaches to regulation water rights reform water quality attainment strategies watershed permits Much more public education/outreach Napa Living River and Wildcat Creek examples Much greater funding AB 32 offsets (carbon farming, floodplain restoration) Napa County Measure A example Bay Area Measure AA WE HAVE TO BECOME RESTORATION ADVOCATES
21 Sediment for Salmon in San Francisco Bay What s Needed? What s Available? What s Next? USGS & NASA Jonathan Koehler, Napa RCD Scott Dusterhoff, Sarah Pearce, Lester McKee, Carolyn Doehring, Julie Beagle and Robin Grossinger San Francisco Estuary Institute Resilient Landscapes Program Swirling in Sediment and Slowing Fisheries Recovery 2017 Salmonid Restoration Federation Conference
22 San Francisco Bay Historical Baylands Habitats source: Goals Update 2015
23 San Francisco Bay Historical Baylands Habitats Mt. Tamalpais from Napa Slough Napa River Courtesy California Historical Society source: Goals Update 2015
24 San Francisco Bay Historical Baylands Habitats Alameda Creek Courtesy EBRPD source: Goals Update 2015 Steelhead with SFWD surveyors (1935)
25 San Francisco Bay Historical Baylands Habitats source: Goals Update 2015 source: Goals Update 2015
26 San Francisco Bay Modern Baylands Habitats source: Goals Update 2015
27 San Francisco Bay Modern Baylands Habitats Novato Creek HISTORICAL MODERN source: Goals Update 2015
28 San Francisco Bay Modern Baylands Habitats San Francisquito Creek HISTORICAL MODERN source: Goals Update 2015
29 San Francisco Bay Baylands Habitats source: Goals Update 2015 source: Goals Update 2015
30 San Francisco Bay Baylands Habitats 100K Tidal marsh source: Goals Update 2015 source: Goals Update 2015
31
32 Where will we get the sediment needed to restore baylands? Where will we get the sediment needed to sustain baylands?
33 Flood Control Channels Vital Sediment Source Sediment Accumulation in Lower Novato Creek Dredged Sediment Deposit next to Lower Walnut Creek
34 Flood Control Channels Vital Sediment Source Key management questions regarding sediment supply How much watershed sediment enters flood control channels? How variable is the watershed sediment supply? How much sediment is removed and at what frequency? Where along the major flood control channels is sediment being stored and removed?
35 Regional Sediment Dynamics Napa R. 33 major channels ~70% of Bay watershed Watershed Sediment Supply Head of tide Collated local USGS gage data Developed regional Fluvial regressions Zone (watershed sed. deposition) Time period: Sediment Storage and Removal Interviewed flood control agencies, cities, & counties Compiled removal location, volume, frequency, grain size, and cost data Time period: Petaluma R. Novato Cr. Corte Madera Cr. Coyote Cr. (Marin) Sonoma Cr. Gallinas Cr. Rodeo Cr. Tidal Zone Pinole Cr. Alhambra Cr. San Pablo Cr. (watershed & tidal sed. deposition) Colma Cr. Wildcat Cr. San Bruno Cr. Belmont Cr. Sunny. West San Francisquito Cr. Matadero Cr. Adobe Cr. Lion Cr Permanente Cr. Stevens Cr. Calabasas Cr. San Leandro Cr. San Tomas Aquino Cr. Walnut Cr. San Lorenzo Cr. Sunny. East Lower Penn. Cr. Guadalupe R. Alameda Cr. Coyote Cr.(Santa Clara) 35
36 Regional Sediment Dynamics Storage and Removal Record Duration Watershed Sediment Supply Collated local USGS gage data Developed regional regressions Time period: Sediment Storage and Removal Interviewed flood control agencies, cities, & counties Compiled removal location, volume, frequency, grain size, and cost data Time period:
37 Watershed Sediment Supply Total watershed sediment yield (tonnes/yr) 180, , , , ,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 Avg. annual watershed sediment yield ( ) San Bruno Creek Belmont Creek Lion Creek Sunnyvale East Sunnyvale West Adobe Creek San Leandro Creek Old Alameda Creek Stevens Creek San Tomas Aquino Matadero Creek Lower Penitencia Coyote Creek Marin Corte Madera Creek Las Gallinas Creek Novato Creek Wildcat Creek Alhambra Creek Guadalupe River Calabazas Creek Coyote Creek Permanente Creek Rodeo Creek San Pablo Creek San Lorenzo Creek Colma Creek Pinole Creek San Francisquito Creek Petaluma River Alameda Creek Napa River Sonoma Creek Walnut Creek
38 Total Watershed Sediment Yield: (tonnes/yr) Petaluma R. Novato Cr. Las Gallinas Cr. Corte Madera Cr. Sonoma Cr. Napa R. Rodeo Cr. Pinole Cr. San Pablo Cr. Wildcat Cr. Alhambra Cr. Walnut Cr. Coyote Cr. Marin LOW (<5,000) MEDIUM (5,000-50,000) HIGH (>50,000) Colma Cr. San Bruno Cr. Belmont Cr. Lion Cr. San Francisquito Cr. Matadero Cr. Adobe Cr. Permanente Cr. San Leandro Cr. San Lorenzo Cr. Stevens Cr. Sunnyvale West Sunnyvale East Calabazas Cr. San Tomas Aquino Cr. Old Alameda Cr. Alameda Cr. Lower Penitencia Cr. Coyote Cr. Guadalupe R.
39 Total Watershed Sediment Yield: (tonnes/yr) LOW (<5,000) MEDIUM (5,000-50,000) HIGH (>50,000) Petaluma R. Novato Cr. Las Gallinas Cr. Corte Madera Cr. Coyote Cr. Marin Water year Colma Cr. San Bruno Cr. Belmont Cr. Napa R. Annual Sonoma Watershed Cr. Sediment Yield Napa River Rodeo Cr. Pinole Cr. San Pablo Cr. Wildcat Cr. Lion Cr. San Francisquito Cr. Matadero Cr. Adobe Cr. Permanente Cr. Alhambra Cr. San Leandro Cr. Stevens Cr. Sunnyvale West Sunnyvale East Calabazas Cr. San Tomas Aquino Cr. Walnut Cr. San Lorenzo Cr. Old Alameda Cr. Alameda Cr. Lower Penitencia Cr , , ,000 1,000,000 Total wateshed sediment yield (tonnes) Coyote Cr. Guadalupe R.
40 Sediment Storage & Removal Tidal vs. Fluvial Zone Sediment Removal ( ) Percentage of total removal San Leandro Creek San Pablo Creek Sonoma Creek Colma Creek Rodeo Creek Sunnyvale West San Francisquito Creek Las Gallinas Creek Petaluma River Napa River Sunnyvale East Corte Madera Creek Alhambra Creek Coyote Creek Marin Novato Creek Old Alameda Creek San Tomas Aquino Creek Adobe Creek Walnut Creek Guadalupe River Coyote Creek Lower Penitencia Creek Stevens Creek Matadero Creek Alameda Creek Calabazas Creek Pinole Creek San Bruno Creek Belmont Creek San Lorenzo Creek Lion Creek Permanente Creek Wildcat Creek NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA % removed from Tidal Zone % removed from Fluvial Zone
41 Sediment Storage & Removal Tidal vs. Fluvial Zone Sediment Removal ( ) Percentage of total removal San Leandro Creek San Pablo Creek Sonoma Creek Colma Creek Rodeo Creek Sunnyvale West San Francisquito Creek Las Gallinas Creek Petaluma River Napa River Sunnyvale East Corte Madera Creek Alhambra Creek Coyote Creek Marin Novato Creek Old Alameda Creek San Tomas Aquino Creek Adobe Creek Walnut Creek Guadalupe River Coyote Creek Lower Penitencia Creek Stevens Creek Matadero Creek Alameda Creek Calabazas Creek Pinole Creek San Bruno Creek Belmont Creek San Lorenzo Creek Lion Creek Permanente Creek Wildcat Creek NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA NO DATA Tidal Zone Mixed Fluvial Zone
42 Sediment Removal by Zone: Novato Cr. Petaluma R. Sonoma Cr. Napa R. Alhambra Cr. Channel Zone TIDAL FLUVIAL Sediment Removal (CY) 900, , ,000 25,000 Las Gallinas Cr. Corte Madera Cr. Coyote Cr. Marin Colma Cr. San Bruno Cr. Belmont Cr. Rodeo Cr. Pinole Cr. San Pablo Cr. Wildcat Cr. Permanente Cr. San Francisquito Cr. Matadero Cr. Adobe Cr. Stevens Cr. Lion Cr. San Leandro Cr. Sunnyvale West Sunnyvale East San Lorenzo Cr. Walnut Cr. Old Alameda Cr. Alameda Cr. Calabazas Cr. Coyote Cr. Lower Penitencia Cr. Guadalupe R. San Tomas Aquino Cr.
43 Sediment Storage & Removal: Sediment Removal Frequency Every 1 to 5 years routine maintenance, response to storms 55% 55% 45% Every 5 to 15 years routine maintenance
44 So What s Next? Management approaches that get sediment to baylands Natural processes (channel reconnection) Mechanical placement (local beneficial re-use) Mark Bittner USACE
45 So What s Next? Management approaches that get sediment to baylands Natural processes (channel reconnection) Mechanical placement (local beneficial re-use) Continued research into baylands sediment supply and demand USGS & NASA
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