Manual of Soil Laboratory Testing
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1 Manual of Soil Laboratory Testing Volume 1: Soil Classification and Compaction Tests Third Edition K. H. Head, Mi (Cantab), C. Eng, FICE, FGS Whittles Publishing CRC Press Taylor & Francis Croup
2 Contents Preface Acknowledgements v vi 1 Scope and general requirements Introduction Laboratory equipment Techniques Care of samples Preparation of disturbed sampies for testing Safety in the laboratory Calibration 45 2 Moisture content and index tests Introduction Definitions Theory Applications Moisture content tests 68 Z6 Liquid and plastic limit tests 74 Z7 Shrinkage tests 97 Z8 Empirical index tests 107 Z9 Soil suction Density and particle density introduction 116 az Definitions 117 3Z Theory 118 3A Applications Density tests Particle density tests 141 a7 Limiting density tests Particle size Introduction 159 4Z Definitions Theory Applications Practical aspects Sieving procedures 177 4Z Setfimentation theory Setimentation procedures 210
3 5 Chemical tests Introduction Definitions and data Theory Applications Tests for ph Sulphate content tests Organic content tests Carbonate content tests Chioride content tests Miscellaneous tests Compaction tests introduction Definitions Theory Applications Compaction test procedures Moisture condition tests Chalk crushing value Compactabiiity test for graded aggregates Description of soils Introduction Definitions Identification of soils Description of coarse (granular) soils Description of fine soils Description of other soli types 380 Appendix: Units, Nomenciature and laboratory equipment 387 A1 Metric (SI) units 388 A2 Nomenclature 393 A3 Useful data 395 A4 Comparison of BS and ASTM sieve aperture sizes 396 A5 Inventory of equipment 397 Index 405
4 Summary of test procedures Test designation Chapter 2 Moisture content: Oven drying Sand-bath Saturation moisture content of chalk Liquid limit: Cone penetrometer One-point penetrometer Casagrande One-point Casagrande Plastic limit Shrinkage limit: TRL method ASTM method Linear shrinkage Paddle clay Free swell Sbcky limit Soil suction (filter-paper method) Section Abbreviated reference BS: Part 2: (BS 1377: 1975**) BS: Part 2: BS: Part 2: BS: Part 2: BS: Part 2: BS: Part 2: BS: Part 2: BS: Part 2: BS: Part 2: BS: Part 2: Nixon (1956) Gibbs&Holtz(1956) Terzaghi& Peck (1948) 2.9 BRE Info. Paper IP4/93 DcKity: Measurement Tube 5ter displacement tamersion in water ftnide density: Sonll pyknometer Gas jar Lage pyknometer density:?ils. y soils -. density: BS: Part 2: Soil Mechanics BS: Part 2: BS:Part2: BS:Part2: BS: Part 2: BS: Part 2: BS: Part 4: Soil Mechanics BS: Part 4: 4.3
5 Sands Gravelly soils BS: Part 4: 4.4 BS:Part4: 4.5 Chapter 4 Sieving: Dry: simple BS: Part 2: 9.3 Dry: composite yl 0 DO. ran 2. Dry: very coarse soils BS:Part2: 9.3 Wet: fine soils BS: Part 2: 9.2 Wet: gravelly soils BS: Part 2: 9.2 Wet: cohesive soils BS: Part 2: 9.2 Wet: cohesive soils with large particles Soil Mechanics Sedimentation: Pipette BS: Part 2: 9.4 Hvdrometer i A T S-AA V.'AAAW LW A y.j BS: Part 2: 9.5 Chapter 5 ph value: Indicator papers Supplier Electrometric BS: Part 3: 9 Golorimetric X-.'A/AVA AAAAV, LA AW (BS 1377: 1975' Lovibond Supplier Sulphate content: Total sulphates acid extraction BS: Part 3: 5.2 Water-soluble sulphates extraction BS: Part 3: 5.3 Groundwater BS: Part 3: 5.4 Gravimetric analysis BS:Part3: 5.5 Ion-exchange analysis & BS: Part 3: 5.6 Organic content: Dichromate oxidation BS: Part 3: 3.4 Peroxide oxidation (BS 1377: 1975 Carbonate content: l?qi.,i(t IvaUiU llllaliuil ittrctiinn BS- Part L J k_r. A iaa L ^ W y Gravimetric BS: Part 3: 6.4 Calcimeter: standard Collins (1906) Chloride content: simplified Collins (1906) Qualitative BS: Part 3: 7.2.: Water-soluble BS: Part 3: 7.2 Mohr's method Bowley (1995) Acid soluble BS: Part 3: 7.3 Total dissolved salts BS: Part 3: 8.3
6 Loss on ignition BS: Part 3: 4.3 Indicator papers Supplier Chapter 6 f L TTA.A y^ y^ Light compaction (1 litre mould) BS: Part 4: 3.3 Heavy compaction (1 litre mould) BS: Part 4: 3.5 Compaction in CBR mould BS: Part 4: 3.4 & 3.6 ASTM compaction ASTM D 698 & D 1557 Compaction by vibration BS: Part 4: 3.7 Harvard miniature compaction ASTM STP 479 Moisture Condition Value: MCV as received BS: Part 4: 5.4 Moisture Condition Calibration (MCC) BS:Part4: 5.5 Rapid Assessment BS:Part4: 5.6 Chalk Crushing Value BS: Part 4: 6.4 Compactabiiity of aggregates 6.8 Pike (1972); Pike and Acott (1975) * BS implies BS 1377: 1990 unless otherwise stated ** Superseded standard ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials BRE : Building Research Establishment Supplier: Supplier's or manufacturer's instruction leaflets
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