Scour Analysis in High Vertical Drop Shallow Using Numerical and Physical Models M. Habibi 1, M.J khanjani 2 1 M.S, 2 PHD, Bahonar university - kerman

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1 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Scour Analysis in High Vertical rop Shallow Using Numerical and Physical Models M. Habibi 1, M.J khanjani 2 1 M.S, 2 PH, Bahonar university - kerman Abstract - The "vertical drop Structure" is one of the basic types used in channel system flow. rops are used as slope breakers in some parts of channels where we encounter supercritical slopes. Scour is a dynamic phenomenon that is visible in vertical drop tail water depth. Because of complexity of Scour process and simultaneous testing of variables effective compliance, studies are still underway to determine the accuracy of the equations and provide possible explanation for this phenomenon. These investigations include field or laboratory experiments under special conditions where mathematical models have been often used to provide an explicit result. Using the laboratorial physical modeling, this research explores the impact of a vertical drop flow rate on the balance of forces at the scour depth below a high vertical drop. Satisparametery results have been obtained by changing several of the parameters like sediments grading, tail water depth and flow rate. In order to specify a set of effective parameters, dimensional analysis has been used to show the scour hole dimensions. Also, computer software FLOW-3 was used to simulate the numerical modeling of Scour below a high vertical drop. The data from numerical simulation is then compared with physical modeling resulting in the great compatibility and correlation. Keywords - drop, flow-3, Laboratorial model, Numeric model, Scour. I. INTROUCTION The vertical drop is one kind of dissipatation structures, used as slope breakers in channel. Scour is a dynamic phenomenon which is visible in vertical drop shallow. Most riverbeds are constantly exposed to changes. Flowing water causes erosion by transporting and depositing sediments in rivers, which eventually leads to a change in the riverbed level. Changes in the riverbed may consequently alter the geometry of the river. If the depth of the scour holes become significant and reach the columns foundations of river structures, it may put their stability in peril. The parameters involved in scour hole development are complex and differ from each other depending on structure types. The high vertical drop is one of the drops used in channel flows. This structure has a considerable effect on the adjustment of flow way down the slopes. The output flow of high vertical drop has a high energy level; thus, the hydraulics engineers must prevent serious damage and immediately address the related problems by being fully aware of energy dissipation methods, the location as well as the intensity of the scour effects on structures. Because of the complex nature of such flows and their interactions with sediment beds, studying these flows is of great importance. The previous studies show that some parameters- like flow velocity, flow jet angle, sediments grading (d5), angle of sediment yields and density froud number- have considerable effects on measurement of scour depths (Salamatian 25). Cardoso (1999), Rouse (1935), Hanterooz (195), Blasidell (198), Cotolas (196) studied and developed scour equations and scrutinized parameters that influence scour hole depths[1]. In this research, a relevant physical model was firstly made at the laboratory and an experiment was carried out to investigate scour phenomenon in high vertical drop downstream. By using dimensional analysis, the parameters involved in scour hole depths were measured and by combined. Subsequently, these results were quite compatible with those obtained from applying Flow-3d software and modeling, Considering the impacts of changes in the geometry, the best known geometrical position of flow rate designs, types of sediment grading and downstream flow depths can be obtained by running several software programs. Hence, by preventing the mandatory use of the USBR designed limited curves, shields curve and other references, it would be possible to take one step ahead in reducing the costs, reducing and optimizing the scour as well as the volume of the sediment leaving a site. II. ESCRIPTION OF LABORATORY The physical modeling has been carried out in hydraulic laboratory which is equipped with a concrete channel (flume) and two still basins in upstream and downstream areas (Fig 1). There is a water tank with m2 surface area and 3.24 m depth in this laboratory. 348

2 درصد عبوری International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering The hydraulic circuit, with two 18.5 cm diameter pipes and an adjustable valve, transfers water from a tank to basin entrance through a pump with 367 kg weight, 37Kw power and 67A amperage. This device has two parts. The first part includes its main body on which the adjustments have been made (Fig. 4). The main part of this device is a monitor which shows the measured data provided by the sensors. The collected measures (scour hole depth) are deducted from the sediment height. The second part of the device also includes a measuring sensor which contains a fixed body and an internal moving pipe (Fig. 5). Fig 1. A complete 3 dimensional (3) view of laboratory: 1-Stilling basin 2- Basin Entrance 4- Tank 5-Basin 6-Water transfer pipes from tank to stilling basin The main sludge pump is inside the tank and is controlled by electrical system of the laboratory. In order to minimize turbulent flow, the water in the tank first enters an entrance tank with m2 surface area. Then, the flow is allowed to be slowly transferred entering the stilling basin which has a surface area of m2 through lower pipes and enters the channel in the laboratory. This channel, which is made of reinforced concrete, is m,.77 m, and.6 m in length, width and height. After running the flow in the channel, it is transferred to the tank in the laboratory. As it can be seen in this figure, a trapezoid overflow is located in upstream and behind the overflow drop. This overflow has been used to measuring the flow rate. The width of this overflow in the drop area has been considered to be 4 cm. The upstream flow bed is covered with coarse grained sand to create a natural bed for the upstream flow. Group number d 1 (mm) d 3 (mm) d 5 (mm) Table 1: sediments Grading used with their mechanical specifications Index number: the percentage passed through the screen Cu: Coefficient of uniformity Cc: Grading coefficient In order to check the situation of channel bed during and after each step of the experiment, the depth of sediment scour is measured by the depth meter unit model KENEK WH-46 with ±.5 mm tolerance. d 6 (mm) d 9 (mm ) C u C c dimensional dimensional non- non- Sand (1) Percent 349 III. EXPERIMENT ESCRIPTION Sediment grading experiments in sands group have been carried out and the effective parameters in soil grading like Cc, Cu, d9, d6, d5, d3 and d1 are measured and the results are shown in table قطر iameter ذرات )mm( Fig. 2. shows the semi logarithmic chart of the percentage of sand sediments passed with 1.3 mm diameter. Firstly, the experiments have been done on sands with average diameters of d5=1.3 mm and correlation coefficient of бg=3.29. If the correlation coefficient is bigger than or equals to 2 (бg 2), the sediments aren't uniformed. Thus, the sand sediments used in this experiment aren't uniformed (3.29 2). After soil grading experiments, downstream sedimentary bed is prepared (as Fig. 7). Considering Fig. 7, Schoklitsch (1932) has proposed the following equation to measure scour depth: se+ht= (Csq.57H.2)/d9.32 Cs, ht, h, q and dse are dimensional coefficient, tail water depth (m), distance between upstream and downstream (m), flow rate per unit width (m2/s) and scour depth equilibrium (m) respectively. The outflow of high vertical drop has high energy; hence, any damages and problems related to scour must be prevented through being fully aware of energy dissipation methods, scour effects on structures and location where scour occurs[2]..1

3 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Y Fig. 3. View of high vertical drop; the important parameters are depth of tail water (ht), critical depth (yc), scour hole depth (dse), depth of tail water (yt), height of the hill (hm), scour hole depth (ds), scour hole length (ls), all in meters and upstream flow velocity (v). In the classification of drops, if ratio of drop height to upstream critical depth is more than 1 (H/yc)>1, it is a high drop type. To begin with, a 7.5 liter per second flow rate has been selected. This is a minimum flow rate that causes scour to start in a sedimentary bed. The experiment has been carried out in 4 stages: 1- A 7.5 liter per second flow rate and a tail water depth of 4 meters. 2- A 7.5 liter per second flow rate and a tail water depth of 5 meters. 3- A 8.7 liter per second flow rate and a tail water depth of 4 meters. 4- A 8.7 liter per second flow rate and a tail water depth of 5 meters. Firstly, water is run through a downstream channel (Fig. 2). Considering the two 4 cm and 5 cm tail water depths, when the water level becomes stable on sedimentary bed, by opening the valve in the upstream, water starts to flow over the trapezoid overflow and reaches the level of the drop overflow. At this point, falling jet into the downstream causing the scour to start (Fig. 3). In every four stage of the experiments, scour profile measurment was done five times with depth meter unit for periods of 1, 3, 6,9 and 12 minutes each time. Scour depth reached equilibrium state after 12 minutes continuous test run. In Fig. 8 a view of the hole and the hill has been shown created by scour at the end of the experiment. Fig. 4. A view of the hole and the hill formed by scour at the end of the test; Points A and B indicate the hole and the created hill respectively.. IV. ANALYZING THE TESTS RESULTS Considering the four steps which are run through in the test description, the relevant charts and tables are submitted where dse is the depth of scour hole. 1-flow rate and depth of tail water are respectively 7.5 lit/sec and 4 cm. 2- Flow rate is 7.5 lit/sec and the depth of tail water is 5 cm. 3- Flow rate is 8.7 lit/sec and tail water depth is 4 cm. 4- Flow rate is 8.7 lit/sec and tail water depth is 5 cm. (x)(m) d se1-1/4 - /5-3/5-5/45-4/5-2/44-1/75-9/3-8/ / 2 d se2-1/5-3/ - 5/ /95-3/12 - / - 9/9-1/52 - /2-1/5 d se3-1/2-2/77-4/8-6/75-4/4-2/2-1/26-8/92-7/77-1/2-1/37 d se4-1/3-1/85-2/4-5/8-4/3-4/ - 2/ - 2/8-9/3-1/ - 1/25 Table 2: Variations of scour depth covering the entire length of channel (d5=1.3 mm). 35

4 عمق ابشستگی )cm( عمق ابشستگی )cm( عمق ابشستگی )cm( عمق ابشستگی )cm( International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Fig. 5. Variations of scour depth covering the entire length of channel (d5=1.3 mm) where the depths of tail water and flow rate are respectively 4 cm and 7.5 lit/sec. Fig. 6. Variations of scour depth covering the entire length of channel (d5=1.3mm) when the tail water depth is 5 cm and flow rate is 8.7 lit/sec طول کانال) cm ( Length of canal طول کانال) cm ( Length of canal طول کانال) cm ( Length of canal Fig. 7. Variations of scour depth covering the entire length of channel, d5=1.3 mm where the tail water depth is 5 cm and flow rate is 7.5 lit/sec طول کانال) cm ( Fig. 8. Variations of tail water depth covering the entire length of channel where the tail water depth is 4 cm and flow rate is 8.7 lit/sec. In figures 9 to 12, charts related to scour profile of length of channel have been drawn at the 12th minute. In addition, by increasing the tail water depth while the flow rate is fixed, maximum depth of scour hole decreases V. IMENSIONAL ANALYSIS The effective parameters on the scour hole depth (dse) at the base of a vertical drop, can be submitted as follows (2) se=f1(u, y, ht, ρ, ρs, g, ν,d5) In the above equation, ht, ρ, ρs, g and ν are respectively tail water depth, water density, sediment density, gravitational acceleration and kinematic viscosity (1-6 m2/s ν). g parameter is introduced when the ρ, ρs and g parameters are combined (ay & Raikar 25). =s-1 The s specifies relative density of the sediment which is equal to (ρs/ρ). Also, the kinematic viscosity (ν) in a full turbulent flow on a coarse bed is simply ignored. In order to ease the dimensional analysis, methods of Buckingham & Rily as well as non-dimensional multiplication matrix method can be used. In this research, the Buckingham method has been used. With regard to the repeated parameters U and y as well as sorting the non-dimensional parameters, the following equation is obtained in these studies (3) dse= f2 (F, d, h) Length of canal 351

5 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Where dse=dse/y, the Froud density number is Fr=U/( gd5).5, d=d5/y and h=ht/y. By using laboratory data and regression analysis, the following non-dimensional equation of scour hole depth is obtained (4) dse/y=56.82.(fr)-1.19.(ht/y)-.21.(d5/y).47 In Fig. 13 a comparing has been made between laboratory results and obtained data using equation 4.. Fig. 9. Comparison between laboratory results and obtained data using equation 4 VI. NUMERIC ANALYSIS The Flow-3 is a powerful and highly-accurate CF software which is designed to solve one, two and three dimensional problems (James 23). Since this software program is established on mass principal laws as well as momentum and law of conservation of energy, it can be used to simulate various flows. One of the main capabilities of this software program for hydraulic analysis is its ability to accurately model free surface flows. The free surface is the distance between gas and liquid phases. In Flow-3, free surface is modeled using Volume of Fluid (VOF) technique reported by Hirt & Nichds (1981). VOF method includes 3 parts: 1-Surface position display 2- Girding 3- Surface boundary conditions VII. SEIMENT SCOUR MOELING The sediment scour model predicts erosion, sedimentation and deposition of sediments and can be used for every type of flow. The combination of sedimentation model assumes sediment grains as spherical and of low velocity. Sedimentation coefficient is calculated as follows (5) f=(scrla2.rhof)/18μ SCRLA: Grains average velocity RHOF: Fluid density μ: fluid dynamic viscosity The lift combination of scour is an experiential learning model which is established on bed load sediment transport models Lift velocity is calculated by the following equation (6) Lift velocity=scralp (τ-τc)/ρ SCRALP: An experiential parameter which is used for grain scouring[4],[5]. SCRRHO: ensity of sediment grains (2.56 g/cm3). ρ: ensity of coarse fluid τ: Shearing stress (7) SCRCRT. SCRLA. g (SCRRHO-RHOF) g: Gravitational acceleration SCRCRT: Shields critical parameter τc: Critical shearing stress (8) μ= μ(1-(solid fraction/scrfcr))-1.55 μ= dynamic velocity of Fluid After the scour is modeled by the software, the program (run solver) is run. The experiment ends when the equilibrium scour hole depth is developed, which is usually considered to be 12 minutes. Fig.13 displays the simulation process. In the tail water of high vertical drop, the downfall flow jet does not unite downstream at time in the experiment,. After ten minutes, changes in sedimentation profile are detected and signs of scour appear. At intervals of 3, 6 and 9 minutes, the scour hole dimensions continue to expand. At 12 minutes of the experiment, final steps of scour and scour depth equilibrium have been displayed. 352

6 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Fig.1.a: First step; t= min, d5=1.33 mm, flow rate 8.7 lit/sec, tail water depth 4 cm. Fig.1.d: Fourth step; t=6 min, d5=1.33 mm, flow rate 8.7 lit/sec, tail water depth 4 cm. Fig.1.b: Second step; t=1 min, d5=1.33 mm, flow rate 8.7 lit/sec, tail water depth 4 cm. Fig.1.e: Fifth step; t=9 min, d5=1.33 mm, flow rate 8.7 lit/sec, tail water depth 4 cm. Fig.1.c: Third step; t=3 min, d5=1.33 mm, flow rate 8.7 lit/sec, tail water depth 4 cm. Fig.1.f: Sixth step; t=12 min, d5=1.33 mm, flow rate 8.7 lit/sec, tail water depth 4 cm. 353

7 عمق آبشستگی )cm( International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering VIII. SCUSSION AN COMPARISON After the test and numerical simulation are carried out, the results have been compared. Table 6 demonstrates the comparison made between the Flow-3 output data and laboratorial results. dse 1(min) 3(min) 6(min) 9(min) 12(min) Numerical model مدل Physical آزمایشگاهی عددی Numerical مدل Experimental model Table3: Comparison between the laboratory and numerical results of scour depth along the time, d5=1.33 mm, flow rate 8.7lit/Sec, tail water depth 4 cm. -17 )min( timeزمان Fig.14: Comparison between the laboratory and numerical model results; d5=1.33 mm, flow rate 8.7 lit/sec, tail water depth 4 cm. d The scour profile in length of channel from x= cm to x=15 cm Numerical model Experimental model Table 4: Comparison between the laboratory and numerical model results of scour depth in the length of channel, flow rate 8.7 lit/sec, tail water depth 4 cm. 354

8 عمق آیشستگی )cm( International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering se is the scour hole depth which has been displayed in the table under specific periods of time considered. d is the various depths which have been recorded during the formation of scour hole in the longitudinal profile area. Considering the comparisons between the scour hole depths in the specified periods of time in table 6 as well as the comparison between the longitudinal profile in two numerical and laboratory analyses in table 7, comparison charts have been drawn in figures 14 and Length of canal طول کانال )cm( Fig. 15: Comparison between the laboratory and numerical model results which defines 95% prediction bounds for a new observation. By comparing the obtained numerical model curve with the obtained curve of laboratorial model, it is observed that numerical simulation results are in prediction bounds for the laboratory determined results and show good agreement at locations. IX. PROPOSALS نتایج مدل عددی نتایج آزمایشگاهی 95% Physical محدوده پیش بینی 95% Numerical محدوده پیش بینی rop structure is one of the dissipaters used in water channels. Vertical drop is one type of drops. In the design of drainage basins and drops which need a long time to reach scour depth equilibrium, predicted scour depth equilibrium is more probable than the existing equations reveals. By calculating scour depth time expansion, the amount of maximum scour depth obtained will be less. It means the scour depth should be measured in intervals between the beginning and the end of the test which will consequently reduce the costs of the construction. The greatest rates of scour occur during the first several minutes of test. The passage of time for various flow rates causes increase in scour hole depth. While increasing tail water depth reduces the scour hole depth, decreasing tail water depth, reduces scour hole length. When the average diameter increases, the dimensions of scour hole decrease. In order to analyze the scour more accurately, better results can be achieved by comparing the laboratory results obtained from using software programs which are capable to model the scour. By using numerical model of the Flow- 3 software program and a laboratory physical model, a comprehensive comparison will be made between both series of results that displays a high correlation and compatibility. REFERENCES [1 ] M. Shafae Bajestan (24), "Sediment Hydraulic", Shahid Chamran University Press, Ilam, Tehran. [2 ]. Taj Karimi, "Analyzing the Scour of Bed Caused by ownfall Jets and Application of Syncretic Nerves System in that", M.A. thesis, University of Tarbiat Modarres, Technical & Engineering department, Tehran, Iran, [3 ] J. Abrishami & M. Hoseini, "Hydraulic of Open Channels", University of Imam Reza Press, Tehran, Iran, 21. [4 ] A. Azar Faradanbeh,"The Effect of Material Grading on imensions of ownstream Scour Free ownfall Overflows", M.A. thesis, University of Tarbiat Modarres, Technical & Engineering department,1998. [5 ] Bakhmeteff, B. A, Hydraulic of Open Channels, McGraw Hill, New York, [6 ] S. ey &R.V. Raikar, "Scour Below High Vertical rop", ASCE Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 133 ( 5), May 1, 27. [7 ] J. Brethour (23), "Modeling Sediment Scour", Flow Science, Inc Santa Fe,NM