THE NOVEMBER 24, 2018 SLOPE FAILURES IN PLOMARI TOWN (LESVOS ISLAND, NORTHEAST AEGEAN SEA, GREECE)
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1 Issue No.11 November 2018 THE NOVEMBER 24, 2018 SLOPE FAILURES IN PLOMARI TOWN (LESVOS ISLAND, NORTHEAST AEGEAN SEA, GREECE) Dr. Efthymis Lekkas Dr. Stylianos Lozios Dr. Emmanuel Skourtsos PhD c Emmanuel Andreadakis PhD c Spyridon Mavroulis MSc Nafsika-Ioanna Spyrou
2 Issue No. 11, November About Non-periodic publication of the Post-graduate Studies Program Environmental Disasters & Crises Management Strategies" of the National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, issued after significant events for the immediate information of the scientific community and the general public. The publication includes also scientific data from various research teams from universities, organizations and research institutes. Publishers: Dr. Efthymis Lekkas Dr. Nikolaos Voulgaris Dr. Stylianos Lozios Technical Editing: PhD c. Spyridon Mavroulis Communication: PhD c. Spyridon Mavroulis (smavroulis@geol.uoa.gr) MSc Alexia Grambas (agram@geol.uoa.gr) MSc Katerina-Nafsika Katsetsiadou (knavsika@geol.uoa.gr) Copyrights All copyrights of scientific data belong to their respective owners, while the copyrights of this publication belong to the publishers. Cited as Lekkas, E., Lozios, S., Skourtsos, E., Andreadakis, E., Mavroulis, S., Spyrou, N-I. (2018). The November 24, 2018 Slope Failures In Plomari Town (Lesvos Island, Northeastern Aegean Sea, Greece). Newsletter of Environmental, Disaster and Crisis Management Strategies, 11. This study was funded by the Environmental, Disaster and Crises Management Strategies Post graduate Program of the Department of Geology and Geoenvironment of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Scientific Mission Of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, Department of Dynamic Tectonic Applied Geology Contributors Dr. E. Lekkas, Dr. S. Lozios, Dr. E. Skourtsos, PhD c E. Andreadakis, PhD c S. Mavroulis, S., MSc N.-I. Spyrou The scientific team visited the affected area shortly after the generation of the slope failures in order to conduct a geological reconnaissance of the affected area and to assess the effects on the natural environment and buildings by using not only traditional field mapping but also modern and innovative techniques (UAV mapping)
3 Issue No. 11, November SITES OF SLOPE FAILURES IN GREECE Topographic map of Greece with 1238 landslides based on data from Koukis and Ziourkas (1989, 1990), Κoukis and Ζiourkas (1991), Koukis et al. (1994, 1997, 2005) and Vasileiadis (2010). The Plomari area (red circle) is located in the southeastern part of Lesvos Island (Northeastern Aegean Sea, Greece)
4 Issue No. 11, November SITES OF SLOPE FAILURES IN GREECE Slope failures in Greece (circles) and destructive slope failures (crosses). Data from Eleftheriou et al. (1993), Sakkas et al. (2016).
5 Issue No. 11, November LANDSLIDES FREQUENCY IN GREECE Map of landslide frequency in Greece (number of landslides / 100 km 2 ) based on Koukis et al. (2015). In the Northeastern Aegean Region, the landslide frequency comprises 1-5 landslides per 100 km 2.
6 Issue No. 11, November GEOTECTONIC SETTING OF LESVOS ISLAND (NORTHEASTERN AEGEAN SEA) From Papanikolaou (2015), Geology of Greece
7 Issue No. 11, November HISTORICAL AND RECENT SEISMICITY OF LESVOS ISLAND Significant historical and instrumentally recorded earthquakes and their epicenters that affected the geodynamic evolution of the North Aegean and Lesvos (Seismological data from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Seismological Network, 2017; University of Athens Seismological Laboratory, 2017) From Lekkas et al. (2017), Mavroulis et al. (2018) Areas with high contrasts in seismic intensities during large earthquakes in Lesvos. The maximum intensities have undoubtedly been observed in the southern and eastern part of Lesvos during the 1845, 1867, 1953 and 1981 earthquakes (data from Papazachos & Papazachou, 2003; Taxeidis, 2003; Ambraseys, 2009).
8 Issue No. 11, November THE JUNE 12, 2017 LESVOS EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE TO THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT From Lekkas et al. (2017), Mavroulis et al. (2018)
9 MAIN BUILDING TYPES IN PLOMARI TOWN REINFORCED-CONCRETE BUILDINGS WITH INFILL WALLS Issue No. 11, November
10 Issue No. 11, November MAIN BUILDING TYPES IN PLOMARI TOWN MASONRY BUILDINGS WITH LOAD-BEARING WALLS
11 Issue No. 11, November THE JUNE 12, 2017 LESVOS EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE TO THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT OF PLOMARI TOWN Masonry Buildings RC Buildings
12 Issue No. 11, November THE JUNE 12, 2017 LESVOS EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE TO THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT OF PLOMARI TOWN Traditional masonry buildings and mixed type buildings
13 Issue No. 11, November SLOPE FAILURES IN PLOMARI AREA DURING THE 2017 LESVOS EARTHQUAKE Landslides and rockfalls along artificial slopes of the Plomari- Melinta road network during the 2017 Lesvos earthquake
14 Issue No. 11, November SLOPE FAILURES IN PLOMARI AREA DURING THE 2017 LESVOS EARTHQUAKE Landslides and rockfalls along natural slopes of Agios Isidoros area during the 2017 Lesvos earthquake
15 Issue No. 11, November SLOPE FAILURES IN PLOMARI AREA DURING THE 2017 LESVOS EARTHQUAKE Rockfalls along natural slopes of Palaiochori area during the 2017 Lesvos earthquake
16 Issue No. 11, November DETAILED GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE PLOMARI-MELINTA-PALAEOCHORI ROAD NETWORK with areas affected by the generation of slope failures
17 Issue No. 11, November GEOTECHNICAL MAP OF THE PLOMARI-MELINTA-PALAEOCHORI ROAD NETWORK with areas affected by the generation of slope failures
18 GEOTECHNICAL MAPS OF SOUTHEASTERN LESVOS MAP with areas affected by the generation of slope failures Issue No. 11, November
19 Issue No. 11, November BUILDING DAMAGE INDUCED BY THE 2017 LESVOS EARTHQUAKE Macroseismic intensities of the 2017 Lesvos earthquake based on the European Macroseismic Scale 1998 Distribution of uninhabitable buildings with respect to their construction material, (b) number and (c) ratio of uninhabitable masonry buildings based on the latest Census (EL.STAT., 2011). From Papadimitriou et al. (2018)
20 Issue No. 11, November SLOPE FAILURES INDUCED BY THE 2017 LESVOS EARTHQUAKE Plomari is located within the zone that suffered significant impact from the 2017 Lesvos earthquake. This zone comprised earthquake environmental effects induced by the 2017 Lesvos earthquake that included ground cracks in the western part of the affected area (Vatera, Agia Katerina, along the Polychnitos fault) and slope movements including landslides and rockfalls in the eastern part of the affected area (Palaeochori, along the road from Plomari to Melinta, Akrassi, Agios Isidoros) and damage to buildings including non-structural and structural damage. Despite the fact that Plomari was within the meizoseismal area with already geotechnically unstable areas, no slope failures were observed within its residential area. From Lekkas et al. (2017), Mavroulis et al. (2018)
21 Issue No. 11, November SEISMICITY IN THE NORTHEASTERN AEGEAN SEA DURING THE LAST 4 MONTHS (AUGUST-NOVEMBER 2018) Date Coordinates (lat, long) Magnitude 28 OCT , NOV , NOV 38.78, NOV , NOV , NOV 38.92, NOV , NOV , During the last 4 months (August-November 2018), only 8 seismic events with magnitudes ranging from 2.4 to 4.1 were generated in the offshore southeastern Lesvos area without effects on the natural and built environment of Lesvos Island and Plomari town Data from the Permanent Regional Seismological Network operated by the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, doi: /sn/ht GS/preliminary/prelcat.cat
22 ROCKFALL SITE IN PLOMARI TOWN Issue No. 11, November
23 Issue No. 11, November ROCKFALL SITE IN PLOMARI TOWN AFTER THE JUNE 12, 2017 LESVOS EARTHQUAKE
24 Issue No. 11, November THE NOVEMBER 24, 2018 PLOMARI ROCKFALL
25 Issue No. 11, November ROCKFALL SITE IN PLOMARI TOWN COMPARISON BETWEEN JUNE 2017 (POST- LESVOS EARTHQUAKE) AND NOVEMBER
26 Issue No. 11, November ROCKFALL SITE IN PLOMARI TOWN COMPARISON BETWEEN JUNE 2017 (POST- LESVOS EARTHQUAKE) AND NOVEMBER
27 Issue No. 11, November ROCKFALL SITE IN PLOMARI TOWN COMPARISON BETWEEN JUNE 2017 (POST- LESVOS EARTHQUAKE) AND NOVEMBER
28 Issue No. 11, November ROCKFALL SITE IN PLOMARI TOWN COMPARISON BETWEEN JUNE 2017 (POST- LESVOS EARTHQUAKE) AND NOVEMBER
29 Issue No. 11, November GEOLOGY OF THE ROCKFALL SITE IN PLOMARI TOWN Geological map of Lesvos Island (Lekkas et al., 2017; Mavroulis et al., 2018) The Plomari area is located in the southeastern part of Lesvos Island. It comprises Permian-Triassic green schists.
30 EXPOSED SURFACES OF JOINT WALLS AFTER PLOMARI ROCKFALLS MAIN DETACHMENT AND SLIDING PLANE Issue No. 11, November
31 EXPOSED SURFACES OF JOINT WALLS AFTER PLOMARI ROCKFALLS MAIN DETACHMENT AND SLIDING PLANE Issue No. 11, November
32 Issue No. 11, November EXPOSED SURFACES OF JOINT WALLS AFTER PLOMARI ROCKFALLS MAIN DETACHMENT AND SLIDING PLANE
33 Issue No. 11, November MAIN DETACHMENT SURFACE NOT EXPOSED AFTER THE PLOMARI ROCKFALLS POSSIBLE FUTURE DETACHMENT PLANES
34 Issue No. 11, November MAIN JOINTS PARTIALLY FILLED WITH LARGE FRAGMENTS AND MATRIX POSSIBLE FUTURE DETACHMENT PLANES
35 Issue No. 11, November SECONDARY JOINTS AFFECTING THE STABILITY OF THE SLOPE
36 Issue No. 11, November SECONDARY JOINTS AFFECTING THE STABILITY OF THE SLOPE
37 Issue No. 11, November ROCKFALL-INDUCED DAMAGE TO BUILDINGS
38 ROCKFALL-INDUCED DAMAGE TO BUILDINGS Issue No. 11, November
39 ROCKFALL-INDUCED DAMAGE TO BUILDINGS Issue No. 11, November
40 ROCKFALL-INDUCED DAMAGE TO BUILDINGS Issue No. 11, November
41 ROCKFALL-INDUCED DAMAGE TO BUILDINGS Issue No. 11, November
42 Issue No. 11, November MAPPING OF THE SLOPE FAILURE SITE WITH UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE CUSTOMIZED FLIGHT PLAN - DOUBLE GRID - FREE FLIGHT
43 Issue No. 11, November MAPPING OF THE SLOPE FAILURE SITE WITH UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE 3D MODEL 3D TECTONIC MAPPING FIELD MEASUREMENTS 3D FRACTURE GEOMETRY
44 Issue No. 11, November MAPPING OF THE SLOPE FAILURE SITE WITH UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE Digital surface model Orthomosaic
45 Issue No. 11, November THE NOVEMBER 24, 2018 SLOPE FAILURES IN PLOMARI TOWN On November 24, 2018 a large rockfall was generated in the central part of Plomari town, located in the southeastern part of Lesvos Island (Northeastern Aegean Sea, Greece). The rockfall occurred along a steep slope in the western part of Profitis Ilias hill, which is composed of Permian-Triassic schists. This steep slope is characterized by a great variety of joints with different characteristics [length, continuity, separation, surface characteristics (smoothness and waviness), condition of the discontinuity] that forms a geotechnically unstable zone with generation of slope failures during historical and recent times based on various sources including reports and eyewitnesses. The last episode along this geotechnically unstable zone is the generation of the 2018 rockfalls, which resulted in damage to buildings founded on the base of the slope, fortunately without casualties. Green schists blocks were detached from the steep slope and moved downward toward the adjacent buildings resulting in destruction. The induced damage affected non-structural and structural elements of masonry buildings and structural elements of a reinforced concrete building. More specifically, detachment of large pieces of plaster from the load-bearing walls and destruction of the roof were observed in the first category and partial collapse of the infill walls and heavy damage of columns in the second category attributed to crushing with the rockfall materials. It is significant to note that Plomari is located within the zone that suffered significant impact from the June 12, 2017 Lesvos earthquake. This zone comprised earthquake environmental effects induced by the 2017 Lesvos earthquake that included ground cracks in the western part of the affected area (Vatera, Agia Katerina, along the Polychnitos fault) and slope movements including landslides and rockfalls in the eastern part of the affected area (Palaeochori, along the road from Plomari to Melinta, Akrassi, Agios Isidoros) and damage to buildings including non-structural and structural damage in settlements of the southeastern part of Lesvos Island. Despite the fact that Plomari was within the meizoseismal area with already geotechnically unstable areas, no slope failures were observed within its residential area. The 2018 Plomari rockfalls was the result of the synergy of endogenic and exogenic processes in the affected area. The endogenic processes include tectonic deformation of the crust resulting in the lithological heterogeneity and the mechanical anisotropy of the geological formations and the earthquake loads purely induced by the ground accelerations transferred by moderate and strong earthquakes to the high and steep slopes, while the exogenic processes comprising repeated cycles of mechanical, chemical and organic weathering and aeolian and water erosion that contribute to the decreased cohesion and formations loosening along the steep slope. It is significant to note that during the last month before the generation of the rockfalls, no significant seismic events or extreme rainfall events occurred. Based on all available morphological, geological, geotechnical, seismological and meteorological data, the scientific team proposed the evacuation of buildings close to the steep slope until the completion of the protection measures adopted for landslide risk assessment and mitigation.
46 Issue No. 11, November PROPOSED MEASURES FOR POPULATION PROTECTION
47 Issue No. 11, November REFERENCES Eleftheriou, A. (1993). Map of the landsliding settlements of Greece. Institute of Geological and Mineral Exporation, Athens, Greece. Koukis, G., Sabatakakis, N., Nikolaou, N., Loupasakis, C. (2005) Landslide Hazard Zonation in Greece, Eng. Geol. and the Envir, IAEG, Balkema, Rotterdam, Koukis, G., Tsiambaos, G., Sabatakakis, N. (1996). Landslides in Greece: Research evolution and quantitative analysis. In: Senneset (ed), Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Landslides, Balkema, Rotterdam. Koukis, G., Tsiambaos, G., Sabatakakis, N. (1997). Landslide movements in Greece: Engineering geological characteristics and environmental consequences. Proceedings International Symposium of Engineering Geology and the Environment, Athens, June 23-27(1), Lekkas, E., Mavroulis, S., Skourtsos, E., Andreadakis, E., Antoniou, V., Kranis, C., Soukis, K., Lozios, S., Alexoudi, V. (2017). Earthquake environmental effects induced by the 2017 June 12, Mw 6.3 Lesvos (North Aegean Sea, Greece) earthquake. In PATA DAYS 2017: 8th International Workshop on Paleoseismology, Active Tectonics and Archeoseismology, Blenheim, New Zealand, November, Editors: Clark, K.J., Upton, P., Langridge, R., Kelly, K., Hammond, K, GNS Science Miscellaneous Series 110, Mavroulis, S., Andreadakis, E., Antoniou, V., Skourtsos, E., Lekkas, E. (2018). Geodynamic phenomena and ESI 2007 intensities of the 2017 June 12, Mw 6.3 Lesvos (North Aegean Sea, Greece) earthquake. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 20, EGU Mavroulis, S., Andreadakis, E., Spyrou, N.-I., Antoniou, V., Skourtsos, E., Carydis, P., Lekkas, E. (2018). Damage Distribution of the June 2017 Mw 6.3 Lesvos (North Aegean Sea, Greece) Earthquake and EMS-98 Application to the Traditional Settlement of Vrissa. Proceedings of the 16th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Thessaloniki, June 18-21, Paper ID: Mavroulis, S., Spyrou, N-I., Andreadakis, E., Antoniou, V., Skourtsos, E.,Lekkas, E., Carydis, P. (2017). Damage Assessment Mapping with the use of UAS: The Case of Vrissa Settlement after the June 12, 2017 Mw 6.3 Lesvos Earthquake (Northeastern Aegean Sea). International Conference GeoArch-Hazards: New Technologies, Hazards and Geoarchaeology, Athens, Greece. Papadimitriou, P., Kassaras, I., Kaviris, G., Tselentis, G.-A., Voulgaris, N., Lekkas, E., Chouliaras, G., Evangelidis, C., Pavlou, K., Kapetanidis, V., Karakonstantis, A., Kazantzidou-Firtinidou, D., Fountoulakis, I., Millas, C., Spingos, I., Aspiotis, T., Moumoulidou, A., Skourtsos, E., Antoniou, V., Andreadakis, E., Mavroulis, S., Kleanthi, M. (2018). The 12th June 2017 Mw=6.3 Lesvos earthquake from detailed seismological observations. Journal of Geodynamics, 115, Papazachos, V., Papazachou, K. (1997). Earthquakes of Greece. Ziti Publications. Permanent Regional Seismological Network operated by the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, doi: /sn/ht Sakkas, G., Misailidis, I., Sakellariou, N., Kouskouna, V., Kaviris, G. (2016). Modeling landslide susceptibility in Greece: a weighted linear combination approach using analytic hierarchical process, validated with spatial and statistical analysis. Nat Hazards, DOI /s Vasileiadis, E.A. (2010). Risk zonation for landslide phenomena in the Greek territory. Development and application of models with Geographic Information Systems. PhD Thesis, University of Patras.
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