Introduction. Edwardsiidae Family. Eukaryota > Metazoa > Eumetazoa >Cnidaria > Anthozoa > Hexacorallia > Actiniaria > Edwardsia sp.

Transcription

1 Should use italics for genus/species names throughout talk. Introduction! Like Brother and Sister: Edwardsiidae Family A presentation by Brianne Cuffe Edwardsiella lineata Nematostella vectensis Eukaryota > Metazoa > Eumetazoa >Cnidaria > Anthozoa > Hexacorallia > Actiniaria > Edwardsiidae Edwardsiidae Edwardsia Edwardsia andresi Edwardsia elegans Edwardsia gilbertensis Edwardsia sipunculoides Edwardsia sp. Edwardsia tuberculata Edwardsianthus Edwardsianthus gilbertensis Edwardsiella Edwardsiella lineata Nematostella environmental samples uncultured Nematostella sp. Nematostella sp. JVK-2006 Nematostella vectensis (starlet sea anemone) unclassified Edwardsiidae Edwardsiidae sp. BAR Edwardsiidae sp. CUR! Edwardsiella and Nematostella may be part of the same clade according to Daly s 2002 combined analysis.! The two species are often used in comparisons due to their close phylogenetic relationship and similar body plan (Reitzel et al 2006).

2 Di!erences Metamorphosis! Edwardsiella lineata: Picture provided by Reitzel et al 2009 Metamorphosis! Nematostella vectensis: Living Arrangements! Edwardsiella lineata: Shallow Ocean Water Woods Hole Mass Picture provided by Reitzel et al 2009

3 ! Edwardsiella lives as a parasite within the ctenophore Mnemiopsis.! Mnemiopsis lives in habitats ranging from 3 to 38 (Dumont and Shiganova).! Edwardsiella should therefore be best adapted to 30 to 38 Living Arrangements! Nematostella vectensis: Salt Marsh Nematostella has been observed in waters ranging from 8 to 38. (Inouye, S. 1976) Sippewissett Mass! Salinity readily changes in estuarine habitats due to fluctuations in freshwater and saltwater inputs. " Freshwater inputs:! roundwater! Rainfall " Saltwater inputs:! Changing tides! Nematostella should be better adapted to varying salinities due to these fluctuations.! Edwardsiella at all stages of life should be better adapted to salinities in the 30s. Might point out some of the ramifications, e.g, if Edwardsiella is not tolerant of low salinities, it may not be able to tolerate the same range of salinities as its host ctenophore. Mention evaporation.

4 Research Objectives! Investigate the salinity tolerance of Edwardsiella lineata and Nematostella vectensis.! Investigate the effect of salinity on the metamorphosis of Edwardsiella lineata. Methods! Animal Collection: " Parasites were harvested from the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. " These ctenophores were collected at Woods Hole, Massachusetts by gently scooping in nets and carrying in buckets to be placed in the BUMP aquarium. " Nemastostella were collected from Sippewisset, Massachusetts by collecting and sifting through the mud. " Edwardsiella at all stages originated from parasites in Mnemiopsis collected at Woods Hole.! Regeneration Rate: " Solutions: 1, 11, 21, 31, 41, 51 " 5 Nematostella vectensis at each salinity " 3 Edwardsiella lineata at each salinity (minus 21 ) " Sea anemones were brought up or down step-wise to the appropriate salinity with steps at the 1s and 6s and an hour to adjust at each step. " 31!"#$%"&%'("$%")*'"+,-).,/"0,."1(#$.(%2'//$3 " 45!"#$%"&%'("$%")*'"+,-).,/"0,."6'7$),%)'//$3 Diagram showing salinity acclimation scheme would be very useful here. Unclear. What are the abbreviations 1s and 6s?

5 ! Regeneration Rate: " Foot of each organism was cut off! Regeneration Rate: " Pictures were taken under an Olympus SZX9 microscope coupled with a Cannon Power Shot S51S camera against a 1mm 2 grid. " Size was measured in terms of 2-dimesional area using Motic Images Plus. " Sea anemones were feed every other day with artemia. " The water was changed to clean water of the appropriate salinity every day.! Metamorphosis of Edwardsiella lineata: " Parasite"Planula! Solutions: 1, 11, 21, 31, 41, 51! Cut parasites out of ctenophores! Parasites were brought up or down step-wise to the appropriate salinity with steps at the 1s and 6s and an hour to adjust at each step.! 5 parasites at each salinity! The date of conversion was observed.! The water was changed every day to clean water of the appropriate salinity. Perhaps remind viewer of the parasite->planula->polyp metamorphosis here? How did you define conversion? How do we recognize parasite from planula?! Metamorphosis of Edwardsiella lineata " planula"polyp! Solutions: 1, 11, 21, 31, 41, 51! Cut parasites out of ctenophores! All parasites were placed in 31 salinity.! Waited till they became planula.! Planula were brought up or down step-wise to the appropriate salinity with steps at the 1s and 6s and an hour to adjust at each step.! 5 planula at each salinity! The date of conversion was observed.! The water was changed every day to clean water of the appropriate salinity. How did you define conversion? How do we recognize planula from polyp?

6 ! Metamorphosis of Edwardsiella lineata " planula"parasite in presence of ctenophore! Solutions: 1, 11, 21, 31, 41, 51 insert space! Cut parasites out of ctenophores! All parasites were placed in 31 salinity.! Waited till they became planula.! Planula and uninfected ctenophores were brought up or down step-wise in separate containers to the appropriate salinity with steps at the 1s and 6s and 1hour to adjust at each step.! 5 planula and uninfected ctenophores at each salinity! 1 planula was paired with 1 uninfected ctenophore! Observations were made every 10minutes and time of infection for each pair was noted. insert space Unclear. What are the abbreviations 1s and 6s? Results This is more accurately described as growth rate of regenerating physal fragment!"#$"%%&'()*+,-%-.% 5! ;" <3=>?5@> <3?C<C@? <3C=CF5= A)$-($.(" 1..,. 43>5>>> ) /0 ** 1* 2 Instead of presenting the table, I would show the 1% regression alone, and then show the correlation coefficient and the P- value. The same goes for each of the following graphs & associated tables. Also, remind your audience what the regression is testing: whether the animal grew, or shrunk, or stayed the same (whether the slope of the line relating body size to time is significantly positive or negative) *&#(&3.,(.") 2 ;'L.'%%2,- 5 CC3<F<@= CC3<F<@= F34>4== <3<4C<5= ;'%2(&$/ = >=3CF<<5?3>?C4F= M,)$/ F F53?@<@F" " " ) 4'"5.&"(+% *+,(/,$/) 6$$'$ +)*+,+ 789,:;" <'="$)>?@ ABB"$)>?@ <'="$)>?CD@ ABB"$)>?CD@ N-)'.+':) 5C34<=@ 53?<55C? 3C@C?5 >3<=1O<? 5<3@?=@ 5=3=?=4? 5<3@?=@ 5=3=?=4? P"K$.2$I/'"5 O<3<>4@@ <3<55>F4 O43F@4F <3<4C<5= O<3<??= O<3<<?=C O<3<??= O<3<<?=C You can remove the Linear(##ppt) s from the legend. This is self-evident.

7 !"#$"%%&'()*+,-%-.%)EEF ;" <3F<F=?5 <3=F5C4 I think it would have been helpful to have a slide summarizing the results, e.g., At the following salinities, Nematostella exhibited significant growth...at the following salinities, Nemaostella exhibited significant shrinkage...etc.!"#$"%%&'()*+,-%-.%)ef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

8 !"#$"%%&'()*+,-%-.%)?EF ;" <3===F= I think it was a good idea to show the results for individual animals so your audience could visualize the variance. ;'L.'%%2, CFF@ 543CFF@ 4<3@>5 <3<<4@?F ;'%2(&$/ = C34>?@=5 <3@<?<@ M,)$/ F 5@3=4C>@" " " N-)'.+':)?3@4F>5 <3?<C@C> 553F5?? =3<?1O<@ C3=@?C5 =35?@545 C3=@?C5 =35?@545 P"K$.2$I/'"5 O<3<5=>F <3<<>F4@ OC3?C><C <3<<4@?F O<3<4@C> O<3<<F>C O<3<4@C> O<3<<F>C

9 Starting sizes are different. How well does starting size explain growth during regeneration?

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

11 !"#$"%%&'()*+,-%-.%)?EF ;" <3CC=>?> <3>=F4=4 <3>4?? 5< ;'L.'%%2,- 5 <3@FF<55 <3<>CC?? ;'%2(&$/ F <3FCCF <35<@4CC M,)$/ 53?>=?" " " N-)'.+':) 43F4<CC= <35<CC@ 5C3F<@F C34?1O<= 43>F54== >34?@5= 43>F54== >34?@5= P"K$.2$I/'"5 O<3<<>F5 <3<<5CF O43?CC=@ <3<>CC?? O<3<<=4= O<3<<<>@ O<3<<=4= O<3<<<>@

12 Interesting result with implications for whether the parasite can act as a biological control on the ctenophore in the more extreme salinities. 21 and 31 1, 41, and This graph is hard to follow. Why not give average days to planulation at each salinity (e.g., a bar graph) to better show how the salinities differ.

13 9/22 to 9/25 3days no changes after 9/25 What Happened to 11!Q Conclusions! Edwardsiella did not exhibit significant regeneration at any of the tested salinities.! Nematostella exhibits significant regeneration at 11! and 21!3! M*2%"2%"+,-%2%)'-)"#2)*")*'")*',.R")*$)" 6'7$),%)'//$"2%"I'S'."$($:)'("),"J$..R2-L" spelling %$/2-29'%3

14 ! Sea anemones exhibit better regeneration when they are larger in size to begin with (Reitzel et al).! The adult Edwardsiella used in regeneration were small to begin with and thus the lack of any significant regeneration could be affected in large part by this.! Also, the sample size of adult Edwardsiella in regeneration was smaller due to lack of resources.! Data points for 9/17 were lost for all species and can only be speculated by trend lines which for most cases did not fit well. Future Direction! Regeneration of Edwardsiella under varying salinities should be repeated with larger animals and a larger sample set.! The metamorphosis of Nematostella planula under varying salinities should be compared with that of Edwardsiella.! Infection of ctenophores should be repeated with much smaller increments between steps.

15 Sea anemones in good health can hopefully be used to further research in the field. We ll do our best to carry the torch! Edwardsiella metamorphosis 21!"0.,7":$.$%2)'"),"I'L2--2-L",0"$(&/)3