PRIHODNOST ZA NAŠO PRETEKLOST O URE- JANJU PODEŽELSKIH NASELIJ

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1 UDK 911.3:71: (497.12) = 863 PRIHODNOST ZA NAŠO PRETEKLOST O URE- JANJU PODEŽELSKIH NASELIJ Vlado Drozg * Širjenje urbanizacije na podeželje Urbanizacija, pojmovana kot proces širjenja mestnega načina življenja in fizične rasti naselij, v temeljih spreminja strukturo podeželskih naselij. V agrarno pokrajimo prinaša merila in vrednote, ki so nastale v drugačnem okolju, drugačnih pogojih, ob drugačnem načinu življenja. V Sloveniji je urbanizacija podeželja povezana predvsem z deagrarizacijo in industrializacijo (Klemenčič, 1982), čeprav je proces preseljevanja iz mest na podeželje tudi rezultat spremenjenih vrednot o kvaliteti bivalnega okolja, ekološke osveščenosti ljudi in kaoličnosti življenjskih razmer v mestih. Življenje na podeželju postaja atraktivnejše tudi zaradi cenenosti stavbnih zemljišč, tradicionalne navezanosti na zemljo in zaradi disperziranosti delovnih mest. Prebivalstvena struktura podeželja se je močno spremenila. V razmeroma kratkem času od se je delež agrarnega prebivalstva v Sloveniji zmanjšal od 30,9 % na 9,2 % (Natek, 1984), istočasno pa upada število prebivalcev v manjših naseljih, narašča pa v večjih (Jakoš, 1988). Očitno je, da so ne le populacijske, temveč tudi ekonomske razmere na podeželju bistveno drugačne od tistih pred pojavom urbanizacije. Ob tem se spremijajo tudi naselja. Številne novogradnje, predvsem pa spremenjene ekonomske razmere in nov način življenja, vnašajo v nekoč agrarna naselja nove elemente, ki bodisi izvirajo iz urbanega okolja, ali pa so odraz družbeno-ekonomskih razmer ter temu prilagojenih meril in vrednot posameznika. Mag. geografije, raziskovalni sodelavec Inštituta za geografijo Univerze, Trg francoske revolucije 7, Ljubljana, Yu

2 Born ugotavlja, da se med opuščanjem podedovane strukture naselja in ob istočasnem nastajanju novih prvin, ki v okolju še niso uveljavljene, dovolj trdne in organske, kažejo elementi, ki spreminjajo ustroj naselja (Born, 1977 str. 197). Predvsem je pomembno dejstvo, da velika večina prebivalcev dnevno migrira v zaposlitvena središča, v kraju bivanja pa preživijo samo ostanek dneva. V kraju bivanja tako zadovoljujejo samo del življenskih potreb, večino pa v kraju zaposlitve. Tudi večja delitev dela in specializacija dejavnosti je prispevala k temu, da se na podeželje in podeželska naselja širi vpliv urbanih centrov. Urbanizacija podeželja pomeni tako zmanjševanje razlik med mestom in vasjo, izenačevanje življenskih pogojev, skratka širjenje mestnega civilizacijskega fenomena v ruralno okolje. Spreminjanje morfološke strukture podeželskih naselij Urbanizacija prežema ali se kakorkoli povezuje z vsemi komponentami, ki ustvarjajo morfologijo naselja. Poleg socialnega elementa in prevladujoče gospodarske dejavnosti, ki sta že bila omenjena, so to še prirodni pogoji, tehnika stavbarstva, funkcija naselij in kulturno-zgodovinske značilnosti območja. Te kategorije pa v različni pojavni obliki oziroma načinu oblikujejo bistvene elemente morfološke strukture oziroma konstitutivne elemente naselja. To pa so: položaj naselja v pokrajini, sistem komunikacij in prometno omrežje, središče naselja, hiša. Spremembe, ki v naselju nastajajo, so zato strukturne in fiziognomske. 1. Naselja so spremenila svoj značaj.* Lokalna središča, kjer je novogradenj največ, so iz prvotnih centrov funkcijskega območja prerasla v bivališča neagrarnega in deagrariziranega prebivalstva. Nekdanji centralni kraji so bili predvsem središča obrtnih in storitvenih dejavnosti. Zato so bili po površini, številu hiš in številu prebivalcev razmeroma majhni. Vaščanov, ki bi ne bili povezani s katerokoli "centralno" dejavnostjo, v vasi skoraj ni bilo. opozoriti je potrebno, da se spoznanja nanašajo na lokalna središča v Slovenskih goricah

3 Današnja naselja pa so predvsem bivališča prebivalcev, ki dobršen del vsakodnevnih aktivnosti opravijo in preživijo drugje. Vezi med prebivalci in naseljem kot krajem bivanja se s tem nedvomno rahljajo, sam fenomen naselja kot funkcijsko in socialno zaključene enote pa dobiva drugačno vsebino. Nekanja vas je predvsem celota, sestavljena iz med seboj podobnih zgradb, ki učinkujejo skladno, ubrano. Izražala je nek kolektivni duh vaške skupnosti, socialno pregleden in obvladljiv življenski prostor, povezanost in prepletenost sestavnih delov. Nove stanovanjske soseske so že zasnovane z individualističnim pristopom, katerega jasno razmejevanje lastnine ter razdalje med zgradbami še potencirajo. Mnenja smo, da niso nič pretirane trditve Götza, ki pravi, da se z urbanizacijo podeželskih naselij začenja nova faza v njihovem razvoju, še več, da nastaja nov tip naselja, ki je ekomsko neodvisen od bližnje okolice, funkcijsko in socialno pa povezan z regionalnimi središči (Götz, 1988). 2. S pojavom urbanizacije je prekinjena razvojna faza, ki je temeljila na prirodnih omejitvah, kolektivni zavesti ter prilagajanju in sožitju z naravo. Ker se osnovna gospodarska dejavnost skozi stoletja ni spreminjala, vsaj v osnovni usmeritvi ne, je celotna struktura naselja od globalnih elementov do detaljev, prilagojena prevladujoči dejavnosti. S pojavom nove gospodarske dejavnosti in novih socialnih razmerij je ta kontinuiteta prekinjena. Morfološka struktura, ki nastaja v novejšem času, se od prejšnje, avtohtone, močno razlikuje. Prvi sklop urbanizacijskih novosti se kaže v izboru lokacije objektov in sami postavitvi le-teh. Kot ugotavlja Komelj, je položaj naselja poiskan in izbran, naselje pa se ne širi zunaj določenega in utemeljenega območja (Komelj, 1965). Območje zasnove naselja upošteva primarne in verjetno že konstantne pogoje gradnje (npr. stabilnost terena, izpostavljenost poplavam), varovanje obdelovalnih površin, pojavnost naselja v pokrajini kot simbolno vrednost. Zgradbe so običajno v položaju prilagojene reliefu, kar v fiziognomiji naselja učinkuje skladno, harmonično. Objekti, ki odstopajo od tega pravila, učinkujejo kot akcent v prostoru, vidni poudarek, dominanta. Običajno so tako postavljene cerkve, cerkveni kompleksi ali deli središča. Neupoštevanje tega pravila ruši skladnost tako v naselju samem kot v širši okolici. Drugačno postavljanje zgradb spreminja tudi razmerja med objekti samimi. Značilna postavitev objektov ob prometnici ter razdalja med zgradbami je za vrednote urbaniziranega človeka nesprejemljiva. Nove zgradbe so, če že ne v nasprotju s prevladujočo orientacijo, postavljene vstran od ceste, v notranjost parcele ter oddaljene od sosednjih objektov. S tem se ruši enotna gradbena linija ter spreminja ulični profil.

4 Tudi nove prometnice imajo drugačno zasnovo. Vijugavost, krivine, neenakomerno širino je nadomestilo prometno telo, ki je prilagojeno drugačnim oblikam prometa, merilu prostora pa bistveno manj. Tretji element urbaniziranosti ruralnih naselij je hiša. Zgradbe, ki so iz urbanega okolja prenešene na podeželje, imajo z avtohtonimi oblikami kaj malo skupnega. Medtem, ko so prve nastajale skozi daljše obdobje in skozi recipročen proces med človekom in naravo, se novejše gradijo po vzoru, ki ga posredujejo izdelovalci gradbene opreme, potrošniška miselnost in "arhitekti-izumitelji" (namesto "arhitektov-vzdrževalcev"). Novejše hiše so višje, običajno kvadratnega tlorisa, opremljene so z elementi, ki jih starejše nimajo (balkoni in terase, velika okna, položnejša streha). 3. Pomembna sprememba v morfološki strukturi naselja je spreminjanje vloge in funkcije središča. Središče naselja ima v morfološki strukturi poseben položaj. Že od nekdaj je osrednja, ključna točka vsakega naselja, v kateri je združena njegova funkcija, značaj in bistvo, mesto, kjer se izražata družbena hierarhija in duhovna moč. Do pojava urbanizacije so bile vse dejavnosti locirane izključno v središču naselja, v novejšem času pa disperzija funkcij odvzema središču naselja nekdanji pomen. Nove dejavnosti ali samo nadomestki obstoječih se locirajo izven središča, najpogosteje ob vpadnicah ali v bližini novih stanovanjskih sosesk. Nekdanja več funkcionalnost se izgublja. Središče v formalnem smislu še ima nekdanji pomen, vitalni elementi, ki bi ga ohranjali in vzdrževali, pa se izgubljajo. Vzrok temu največkrat ni utesnjenost lokacije ali pomanjkanje prostora, temveč cenenost gradnje in trenutni, kratkoročni efekti, ki zadovoljujejo kriterije povprečnosti. Perspektive urejanja podeželskih naselij Urbanizacija je proces takih razsežnosti, ki v temeljih spreminja nekoč agrarna naselja. Zaradi novih gospodarskih dejavnosti, nove socialne strukture in novega načina življenja se naselja spreminjajo, dobivajo drugačno podobo in vsebino. Born ugotavlja, da so bili podobni mejniki v razvoju naselij tudi v času kolonizacije, ob opuščanju fevdalnega reda, uvajanja neagrarnih dejavnosti (Born, 1977). Verjetno pa je tokratna sprememba tako korenita, da lahko govorimo o novi fazi razvoja podeželskih naselij. Kaže se v novi funkciji, socialnih elementih in novi morfologiji. Od tod naprej dobiva proces urbanizacije kulturno dimenzijo. Gre namreč za vprašanje ohranjanja in vzdrževanja fizične strukture naselja, ki je rezultat organiskih, subtilnih, celo arhaičnih silnic in predstav o urejanju človekovih bivališč. V njih je razviden način sožitja med naravo in družbo, duh kraja in časa, kar danes pojmujemo kot kulturno dediščino in kulturno krajino. Tradicijo pa je potrebno razvijati in vzdrževati, ne pa konzervirati, pravi maksima Augusta Rodina.

5 Gre torej za vprašanje, kako urejati nekoč agrarna naselja, da bodo zadržala značilno podobo in identiteto, obenem pa bodo prilagojena sodobnemu načinu življenja in potrebam urbaniziranega človeka.* Ali drugače, kako uskladiti novogradnje z obstoječo zasnovo, ne da bi se ob tem razvrednotila podoba in vsebina naselja.** Menimo, da za rešitev tega problema obstajajo trije možni koncepti: obnavljanje in preurejanje obstoječih zgradb, kjer gre za dosledno prenavljanje objektov brez večjih novogradenj, ki bi kakorkoli spremenile tloris in vsebino naselja. Možno je spreminjanje namembnosti objektov (npr. ureditev bivalnih prostorov v nekdanjih gospodarskih poslopjih) in s tem povezane adaptacije. Naselje ob tem obdrži podobo iz časov pred pojavom urbanizacije. novogradnje v sklopu naselja, ki se po položaju, razmestitvi in volumnu prilagajajo obstoječi zasnovi. Pri tem gre za dopolnjevanje in vključevanje posameznih objektov v strukturo naselja ter zapolnjevanje prostih površin. formiranje stanovanjske soseke na novi lokaciji, običajno v bližini vasi, ki v položaju in zasnovi povzema glavne značilnosti starejših naselij. Vsem konceptom je skupno, da izhajajo iz obstoječe avtohtone strukture naselij ter se podrejajo pokrajinskim značilnostim postavljanja objektov, zasnovi tlorisa, volumnu zgradb. Izbor posameznega koncepta temelji na presoji, ki upošteva kulturno zgodovinsko vrednost naselja, njegovo enkratnost in pojavnost v pokrajini, posebnosti tlorisne zasnove, ohranjenost gradbenega fonda, bližino urbanizacijskih jeder, prostorske možnosti ter razne ekonomske in socialne kazalce.*** Ne glede na to, po katerem pristopu bomo urejali in načrtovali naselje, je v vsakem primeru * pri tem se omejujemo samo na fizično strukturo naselij ** omeniti je potrebno, da so podobno vprašanje obravnavali številni avtoiji, katerih rezultati so nedvomno pomembni za končno rešitev problema: Gabrijelčič (1985), Kocbek (1982), Marinko (1986), Ogorelec (1989), Prosen (1988). *** (glej tudi Heck, 1983).

6 potrebno spoznati morfološko strukturo oziroma značaj obravnavanega kraja. Pri tem mislimo na poznavanje značilnosti morfoloških elementov in njihovih medsebojnih odnosov, razumevanje identitete naselja ter poznavanje osnovnih silnic, ki so oblikovale strukturo naselja. Veliko podatkov in uporabnih spoznanj pridobimo s t. i. morfološko analizo.* Pri tej metodi gre za analiziranje in spoznavanje značilnosti posameznih sestavnih delov naselja morfoloških elementov ter ponovnega sklepanja o bistvenih potezah celotnega naselja.** Ker je morfologija naselja zelo celovita, obstaja veliko možnih pristopov proučevanja. Zato je zelo pomemben pravilen izbor indikatorjev, t.j. kriterijev, po katerih bomo razvrščali in opisali analizirane morfološke elemente, prav tako pa tudi pravilno formulirana vprašanja (beri: definicija problema), na katera bi z analizo poskušali odgovoriti. Ker je vsebina morfološke analize prilagojena konkretnemu naselju, je na tem mestu možno podati samo splošna izhodišča, osnovne usmeritve, ki ob kasnejšem detajliranju in poglabljanju pripeljejo do uporabneg rezultata oziroma cilja. Brez posebne sistematike so izbrani naslednji elementi, ki najpopolneje izražajo značilnost in bistvo naselja: 1. konstitutivni elementi naselja Položaj naselja v pokrajini nam pogosto razkrije osnovno prirodno determinanto oziroma element, ki določa zasnovo naselja, razmestitev objektov, prometno mrežo. Iz analize položaja sklepamo tudi na vizualne in likovne posebnosti naselja, prilagojenost objektov topografiji ali drugim prirodnim elementom ter odnos med naseljem in pokrajino. Prometno omrežje in sistem komunikacij predstavlja element členitve prostora (javni zasebni, aktivni pasivni), prostor za vzpostavljanje socialnih stikov (trg, križišča), črto razmejevanja med posameznimi zazidanimi otoki oziroma skupinami elementov, odprtost naselja ter nenazadnje ogrodje, na katerega se navezuje prostorska širitev. Poučen jc vpogled v hierarhijo prometnic, ulični profil t.j. obzidanost, križišča. * ob tem pa številno avtorji (Johnston, Schirmacher, Trieb) opozaijajo, da je za popolnejše razumevanje fenomena "naselja" potrebno seči tudi po antropološki in psihološki literaturi. Naj omenimo samo nekatera dela: W. Metzger: Gastaltpsyhologie, Frankfurt 1988, Ortega y Gasset: Man & People, London 1967, F. Schumacher: Der Geist der Baukunst, Regensburg 1938, E. Cassirer: An Essay on Man, London ** o teoretsko-metodoloških izhodiščih metode se zainteresirani bralec lahko spozna v delih: F. Weinhandl: Gestalthaftes sehen, Ergebnise und Aufgaben der Morphologie, Darmstadt 1967 in E. Schirmacher: Stadtvorstellungen, München 1988.

7 Središče naselja je, kot je že bilo omenjeno, osrednja in najpomembnejša točka naselja. Ima prav poseben pomen ne le v strukturi kraja, temveč tudi v fiziognomiji. Zanimiva je analiza etažnosti objektov v središču, pomembna je njegova večfunkcionalnost od upravne, oskrbne do socialne funkcije, fiziognomske značilnosti, smeri najpomembnejših komunikacij. Hiša je pravzaprav osnovni element naselja. Vendar nas v morfološki analizi ne zanima toliko arhitektonska zasnova objektov kot položaj objektov v naselju, odnos do drugih objektov, prometnic, odnos do prirodnih elementov, etažnost skratka zazidanost in razmestitev gradbene strukture. 2. Orientacija nam pomeni predvsem prostorsko obvladljivost, občutek preglednosti in jasne členitve prostora. Vzpostavlja jo razmestitev dominant in vidnih poudarkov, npr. markantne vegetacije, sakralnih znamenj, vodnjaki. Prav tako tudi značilne posebnosti prometnega omrežja, objekt, ki v položaju izstopa iz okolice, pomen in funkcija središča, način vključevanja novejših stavb v strukturo naselja. 3. Komunikacije v vsakem naselju obstajajo točke ali predeli, kjer se odvijajo socialni stiki med prebivalci, prireditve javnega značaja. Razpoznavanje značilnosti razmestitve in oblikovanje takšnih območij je pomemben del poznavanja morfološke strukture. 4. Notranji red ali ustroj naselja pomaga doumeti logiko strukture naselja, prostorskega razvoja, razmestitve elementov morfologije. Do teh spoznanj, ki jih predstavimo v obliki sheme naselja, pridemo s proučevanjem naselja kot celote. Osnovna misel tega pristopa je, daje celota več kot vsota sestavnih delov, torej neka nova kategorija, ki je sicer bolj splošna (manj konkretna), vendar hkrati globlja in širša. Za razumevanje ustroja naselja je potrebno poglabljanje v sistem zazidanosti, namembnost posameznih delov naselja, fiziognomijo značilnih "punktov", parcelacijo (glej tudi Schirmacher, str ). 5. Členitev naselja v posamezne "morfološke enote", ki jim je skupen način zazidave, starost, etažnost, funkcija, je prev tako uporaben rezultat morfološke analize. Morfološke enote lahko opredelimo po različnih kriterijih, nato pa s prekrivanjem in dopolnjevanjem izluščimo najpomembnejše. Zaključek Razrešitev strokovnih dilem o prihodnosti podeželskih naselij je šele majhen prispevek v reševanju problema. Faza implementacije je tisti proces, kjer cela stvar zaživi ali propade.

8 Poleg ekonomske in pravne podlage je za uspeh potrebna še prepričanost ljudi v koristnost tega početja, ekološka in kulturna osveščenost ter utrjeno spoznanje, da so vasi del naše kulturne dediščine. LITERATURA 1. Born M.:Geographie der Ländlichen Siedlungen, Stuttgart Debelak M. in ost., Razvoj in urejanje vasi v Sloveniji, Ljubljana, Urbanistični inštitut Drozg V.: Morfologija vaških naselij, Ljublajana, Inštitut za geografijo Gabrijelčič P.: Urejanje in varstvo kulturne krajine, FAGG, Ljubljana Götz S.rDorfentwicklung und Dorferneuerung, v Dorferneuerung, Graz, Amt der Steiermarkischen Landesregirung Heck L.:Für das Dorf, Köln Jakoš A.: Spremembe v gibanju prebivalstva po naseljih SR Slovenije v obdobju , Geografski vestnik LX, Ljubljana Klemenčič V.: Urbanizacija in degrarizacija ter izraba zemlje za proizvodnjo hrane, Geografske značilnosti preobrazbe slovenskega podeželja, Ljubljana Kocbek-Pirkovič J.:Morfološka analiza mestnega prostora, Varstvo spomenikov XXIV, Ljubljana Marinko J.: Topologija ruralnih naselij v Sloveniji, disertacija, FAGG, Ljubljana Natek M.: Tipi rasti števila prebivalstva v SR Sloveniji v desetletju , Geografski vestnik LVI, Ljubljana Ogorelec B.: Analiza agrarne pokrajine za potrebe prostorskega planiranja, magistrsko delo, FF, Ljubljana Prosen A.: Metode planiranja odprtega prostora, FAGG, Ljubljana Scirmacher E.: Stadtvorstellungen, München 1988

9 A Future for Our Past On the Planning of Rural Settlements Vlado Drozg Summary 1. The Spread of Urbanization Into Rural Areas Urbanization alters the structures of rural setdements at their cores. It introduces standards of value and worth into agricultural landscapes which have their origins in other surroundings, in a different way of life. In Slovenia, the urbanization of rural areas is chiefly connected with de- agrarizadon and industrialization (KlemenCiC, 1982), although the population shift from cities to the countryside is also a result of changes in values concerning: the quality of living space, ecological consciousness and the chaotic conditions of living prevalent in cities. Life in the country is also becoming more attractive because of the low prices of building lots, traditional ties with the land, and also due to job dispersion. The populational and economic conditions in the countryside today differ significantly from those prior to urbanization. This has also brought change to rural setdements. Several new structures, and above all, changes in economic relations and a new life style are introducing new elements into rural settlements, which either have their origins in urban surroundings, or are a reflection of the socioeconomic conditions and the corresponding standards of value and worth of individual inhabitants. 2. Alterations in the Morphological Structure of Rural Settlements Urbanization pervades and is connected with all the components that create the morphology of a settlement. Apart from the social element and the predominant economic activities which have already been mentioned, there are also the natural conditions, the construction techniques, the function of the settlement and the cultural-historical characteristics of the region to be taken into account. These

10 categories shape the fundamental elements of the morphological structure, i.e. the constituent elements of a settlement, which are: location of the settlement in the landscape communications and transport system settlement's centre houses The changes which take place in settlements are therefore both structural and physiognomical. The nature of the settlements has changed. (Here we must note that the findings refer to local centres in the Slovenske gorice). The local centres with the largest number of new structures have grown from initial centres of functional regions into the habitats of non-agricultural and deagriculturalized populations, which is why they are relatively small, judging by the number of houses, the size of the population and the surface they cover. Contemporary settlements are, above all, the habitats of people who are active elsewhere for a fair percentage of the day.the villages of bygone days expressed the collective spirit of the village community a socially assessable and easily mastered living space. The new residential districts have, on the other hand, been founded with an individualistic approach, which is only magnified by the clear divisions between property and the distances between the buildings. The advent of urbanization has disturbed the developmental phase, which was based on natural limitations, the collective consciousness, as well as adaptation to and living with nature. Because the fundamental economic activities have remained unchanged throughout the centuries, (that is, at least not the basic trend), the entire structure of the settlement from its global elements down to the details, is adapted to the prevalent activity. This continuity has been interrupted by the development of new economic activities and new social conditions. The first complex of urbanizational novelties manifests itself in the choice of the locations of the structures and the building of these itself. The area where an urban settlement is founded takes into account all the primary building conditions and probably also all the set conditions which must be considered prior to building such as are for example, the stability of the terrain, the possibility of floods, the protection of arable lands and the symbolic value of the emergence of a settlement in the landscape. The buildings are usually situated so as to be adapted to the relief, which has a harmonic, congruous effect.

11 Otherwise situated buildings alter the relations between the buildings. New buildings are usually if not exactiy in conflict with the prevalent orientation, located at a distance from the road, in the centre of the lot, and at a distance from the neighbouring structures. The new lines of communication have also been built following different conceptions. The previous winding roads of irregular width have given way to traffic bodies adapted to different modes of transport, yet less adapted to the appreciation of space. The third element of the level of urbanization of rural settlements is the house. The buildings that have been transferred from urban surroundings to the country have extremely little in common with the autochthonous ones. While the latter have developed over a long period of time, aided by the reciprocity between man and nature, the new structures are built following the guidelines set by designers and building-material producers, consumer mentality and "inventive" architects (instead of "continuity-conscious" architects). The more recent houses are higher, usually have a square floor plan, and feature elements which the older ones do not, such as balconies, terraces, large windows and more gently sloping roofs. An important change in the morphological structure of any settlement almost always occurs when the role and function of its centre are altered. Until the advent of urbanization, all village activities without exception took place in the centre of the village, while the dispersion of these activities has stripped village centres of their traditional functions.the new activities, or the substitutes for already existing ones, are located outside of the settlement's centre (which is, in most cases, located alongside the access roads or in the vicinity of new residential sectors) and the previously existing multi-functionality is rapidly disappearing. 3. The Perspectives of the Planning of Urban Settlements Urbanization is a process of such huge dimensions, that it alters one-time agricultural settlements to the core. The current alterations are most probably so thorough, that one can speak of a new phase in the development of rural settlements. This is evident in their new functions, social elements and morphology. From here onwards, the process of urbanization acquires a cultural dimension, bringing to light the question of the preservation and upkeep of cultural heritage and cultural landscapes. We are of the opinion that three possible concepts exist for the solution of this problem:

12 the renovation and adaptation of the existing buildings in those cases where the thorough renovation of the structures without many new buildings being erected is in progress; new building of new structures within the settlement, so that their locations, situations and volumes fit in with the already existing concept of the settlement; the founding of residential sectors in new locations usually in the vicinity of the village. All these concepts have in common the fact that they have arisen out of the original, autochthonous structure of the settlements and that they are entirely in keeping with the landscape characteristics formed by the location of the structures, the floor plans and the volumes of the buildings. The choice of each individual concept should be based on a judgement which takes into account the cultural and historical value of the settlement, its uniqueness and appearance as part of the landscape, the special features of its layout, the state of repair of the building fund, the vicinity of centres of urbanization, spatial possibilities and economic and social indicators.regardless of the choice, it is, in any case necessary to obtain a thorough knowledge of the morphological structure (i.e. the nature) of the settlement in question.the basic starting points for a morphological analysis are as follows: The constituent elements of the settlement The settlement's location in the landscape usually reveals the basic (natural) decisive factor that determines its conception, the distribution of the buildings, the transport network. By analyzing the situation, one can also judge by the visual and artistic particularities of the settlement, the extent of the buildings' adaptation to the topography of other natural elements, and the relation between the settlement and the landscape, The transport network and communications system represent an element of space separation, a place for establishing social contacts, the dividing line between individual islands of built up areas (i.e. groups of elements) and the openness of the settlement. The settlement's core is the central and most important point. It is of specific import not only to the settlement's structure, but also its physiognomy. The analysis of the number of storeys that the buildings in the centre have, can be interesting, while the centre's multifunctionality is important its functions ranging from administrative, to supplies and social functions, as well as its physiognomical characteristics and the directions of the most important lines of communication.

13 The house is the basic element of a settlement. The morphological analysis of the houses concentrated mainly on the distribution of the structures and density of construction. Orientation was taken to mean spatial control, the impression of a clear view and distinct spatial divisions. It is established by the distribution of the dominant and visible points of emphasis. Communications in each settlement there are points or areas where public events and social contacts among its inhabitants take place. The internal order or arrangement of the settlement help us to understand the logic of the setdement's structure and spatial development. The division of the settlement into individual "morphological units". These morphological units are specified according to various criteria. The most important morphological units are then discovered by means of overlapping and completion. Conclusion The solution to professional dilemmas concerning the future of urban settlements is only a small contribution towards the solution of the whole problem. The implementation phase is the process during which the whole undertaking either comes to life, or fails. Apart from solid economic and legal foundations, the conviction of people that the effort is justified is also necessary for success, as well as the ecological and cultural awareness of all concerned, and the deep-seated realization that villages are a part of our cultural heritage.

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