POPULACIJSKA RAZMERJA MED MESTOM IN OKOLICO V SLOVENIJI

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "POPULACIJSKA RAZMERJA MED MESTOM IN OKOLICO V SLOVENIJI"

Transcription

1 UDK 911.3:312 (497.12) = 863 POPULACIJSKA RAZMERJA MED MESTOM IN OKOLICO V SLOVENIJI MARJAN RAVBAR * Mesto je že od nekdaj s številnimi vezmi povezano s svojo okolico. Do 19. stoletja je bilo mesto proizvajalec nekaterih proizvodov, nudilo je obrtne, trgovske, sejemske, prometne, kultune, izobraževalne in nekatere druge storitve. Okolica pa je bila potrošnik mestnih izdelkov in uporabnik storitev ter dobavitelj hrane in surovin. To historično simbiozo je spremenila industrializacija in z njo povezani deagrarizacija in urbanizacija, ki so pričeli te tradicionalne odnose spreminjati. Spremembe so intenzivnejše v zadnjih desetletjih. Mesto je pričelo skupaj z bližnjimi naselji tvoriti integrirano prostorsko celoto. Industrializacija je pritegnila v mnoga mesta številne delavce s podeželja. Kot priseljence ali pa kot dnevne migrante. Tudi "prometna revolucija" je postopoma širila prometne stike med mestom in okolico. Posebno vlogo pri tej preobrazbi je imela sprva železnica, kasneje pa avtomobilizem. Vse je povzročalo teritorialno širjenje mest v kocentrično potekajočih pasovih ali vzdolž prometnic. V številnih primerih so se v mestna ozemlja vključila tudi bližnja vaška naselja. Demografska rast, teritorilno širjenje mest, preobrazba odnosov med mestom in okolico, vplivajo tudi na spremenjen fiziognomski izgled ne le mest, temveč tudi njihove širše okolice. Zaradi tega mnogi urbani geografi govorijo o enotnem organizmu, ki ga tvori mesto s svojo bližnjo in širšo okolico. Označujejo ga tudi kot "mestno regijo" (Functional Urban Regions = FUR ali Stadt-Umland-Regionen). Mestne regije torej sestavljajo mesta ter bližnja ali daljnja pri(ob)mestna naselja. Vsak od navedenih pojmov ima svojo zgodovino. Zato je pojmovna razjasnitev za nadaljnje razumevanje nujna. Ker je v mestni regiji gonilna sila teh procesov urbanizacija ali pomestanje, bomo tem procesom v pričujočem prispevku posvetili posebno pozornost. Mag. geogr, raziskovalni svetnik. Inštitut za geogrcfijo Univerze, Trg francoske rcvolucije 7,61000 Ljubljana, YU

2 Za sodobno civilizacijo velja, da kljub znanstveno tehnološki revoluciji in prihajajoči informacijski družbi, še vedno temelji na vsaj dveh temeljnih socialnoekonomskih procesih: na industrializaciji in urbanizaciji. Urbanizacija daje družbi čedalje močnejši pečat. Določa celo način življenja. Pojem urbanizacije po sodobnem razumevanju obsega: vztrajno koncentracijo ekonomskih in socialnih aktivnosti prebivalstva v polih rasti zaradi industrije, uslužnostnih dejavnosti, znanstveno-tehničnega napredka ali individualnih interesov; prostorsko in funkcionalno integracijo sosednjih naselij ali skupin naselij pod vplivi in ob podpori ekonomskih interakcij, socialne mobilnosti prebivalstva in/ali komunikacijskih sistemov; dekoncentracijo socialnoekonomskih aktivnosti, razširitev mestnih transportnih sistemov in infrastrukture v obmestje. povečevanje individualnega akcijskega radija s pomočjo avtomobilizma, poroštvo za povečevanje površin za industrijo in druge aktivnosti; zmanjševanje razlik v življenjskem standardu med mestnim in podeželskim prebivalstvom. (Berg, 1982) Pogoje za razvoj mest je ustvarila pravzaprav šele sodobna industrializacija. Elementi urbanizacije, njune lastnosti, ter obseg sprememb, so ustvarili prav poseben prostorski sistem, katerih glavne funkcije izražajo osvobajanje takoimenovanih življenjskih funkcij kot so bivanje, delo, rekreacija, komuniciranje, izobrazba in oskrba. Spreminjanje povezav zgornjih funkcij vpliva na smeri in intenziteto urbanizacije. Le-ta namreč danes ne pomeni več samo rasti mest in mestnega prebivalstva. Tudi za spremembe v mestih ostaja vrsta bolj ali manj eksplicitnih teorij. Često se vežejo na kazalce (indikatorje) družbenih sprememb. Zato se tudi urbanizacijske faze dele na: predindustrijske, industrijske in postindustrijske (Abu-Lughod, 1968 in Sjöberg, 1960). Drugi avtorji zopet opozarjajo na ciklični potek razvoje mest in urbanizacije: od vzpona do propada (Mumfod, 1938 in 1961, Queen & Thomas 1939). Takšne teorije so postale v sredini sedemdesetih let zopet aktualne. Odločujoči vpliv terciarnega sektorja v mestih ter ekonomska kriza v starih industrijskih mestih sta vzpodbudili empirične raziskave o vzrokih strukurne krize v severnoameriških mestih. Sternlieb & Huges (1975) ter Norton (1979) so zopet opozorili na koncept "življenjskih ciklov v mestih". Tudi skupina raziskovalcev v okviru Evropskega koordinacijskega centra za raziskave družbenih ved (COURB = Costs of Urban Growth) si urbanizacijo zamišlja kot pojav z življenjskim ciklom, v katerem se razporeditev prebivalstva in proizvajalnih enot v času prostorsko

3 spreminja (glej skico 1). Zato razlikujejo različne razvojne stadije urbanizacijskih procesov. Prvi stadij urbanizacije, vodi k "točkovni" rasti predvsem industrijskih mest (centrov). Pospešujejo jih intenzivne migracije prebivalstva iz podeželja. Povečuje se gostota prebivalstva v urbanih središčih. Zaposlitev in boljši zaslužek sta najpomembnejša motiva priseljevanja. To fazo so poimenovali s terminom "urbanizacija". Skica 1: Gibanje prebivalstva v mestih, obmestjih in mestnih regijah v različnih stadijih urbanega razvoja (prirejeno po Berg), 1982) Graph 1: Population changes in towns, suburbs and regions in different stages of urban development (according to Berg, 1982) V šestdesetih letih se v dobršnem delu Zahodne in Srednje Evrope rast mestnega prebivalstva upočasni. Centripetalni proti mestom usmerjeni procesi se postopoma spreminjajo v centrifugalne. Premiki mestnega prebivalstva in produkcijskih enot na mestne robove ne prinašajo le prostorskega razrasta mest ampak tudi pomembne funkcijske povezave med mesti in podeželjem. Za rast prebivalstva in nanj vezanih številnih človekovih aktivnosti na obrobju mest in mestnih aglomeracij, ki v procesu urbanizacije pomeni drugi stadij, se uporablja vrsta strokovnih izrazov: razseljevanje (Zersiedlung) (Boustedt, 1975), psevdomestno območje (Roth, 1976), urban sprawl, slurbs, rural-urban fringe, predmestja, ruralno-urbani kontinuum (Kokole, 1976) itd. Kljub vsemu seje tako v tujini, kot tudi v domači literaturi še najbolj uveljavil pojem "suburbanizacija". V zgostitvenih območjih se je v Zahodni Evropi v sedemdesetih letih uveljavil (pri nas pa postopno prodira v osemdesetih letih) stalni in napreduloči proces preobrazbe poselitvenih struktur, ki se širi iz mest proti njihovim obrobjem (Tonnies, 1981; Wolf, 1981). Pri tem

4 fenomen suburbanizacije razumemo kot prostorski izraz vseh socialnih sprememb v družbi. Vidne pojavne oblike teh sprememb se ne izražajo le v naraščanju (ali širjenju) območij z enodružinskimi prostostoječimi hišami na obrobju mest, v preobrazbi agrarne pokrajine in takoimenovanem begu prebivalstva iz mest, temveč ravno tako v spremebah zaposlitvene strukture (in spremebah strukture delovnih mest) v mestih in na njihovem obrobju. Tega procesa doslej ni bilo moč niti preprečiti niti omiliti kljub planskemu usmerjenju različnih ravni (v Sloveniji so to prostorski in družbeni plani na ravni republike, regij ali občin, ki pri nas intenzivno potekajo že vsaj od sredine sedemdesetih let v Evropi pa takšne tradicije, mnogo daljša). Ko prično v začetku 70-tih let v številnih urbanih aglomeracijah, konurbacijah ali metropolitanskih območjih gosto naseljenih regij severozahodne Evrope opažati upadanje prebivalstva, proces najčešče poimenujejo z izrazom "desurbanizacija", čeprav je tudi tukaj opazna dokajšnja terminološka zmeda. (Gatzweiler-Schliebe, 1982). Termin desurbanizacija, ki pomeni sinonim za tretjo urbanizacijsko fazo, predstavlja pravzaprav razkrajanje predmestij (obmestij). Japonci pod pojmom "deaglomeracija" ali "desurbanizacija" (Yamaguchi, 1983) razumejo predhodni stadij v urbanizacijskih procesih. Za to fazo je značilna močna redistribucija prebivalstva iz območij koncentracije proti obrobju metropolitanskih območij. Kot reakcija na številne negativne ekonomske, socialne ali ekološke efekte pretirane urbanizacije, se v zadnjem času uveljavlja tudi termin "reurbanizacija" (Berg, 1982 in Stiens, 1982). Pojem pomeni zadnjo urbanizacijsko fazo, bistvo procesa pa je v ponovnem vračanju prebivalstva v mesta, ki pa imajo popolnoma spremenjeno teritorialno strukturo. Takšna mesta izkazujejo (izpolnjujejo) spremenjene pogoje temeljnih življenjskih funkcij po bivanju, delovnem mestu in rekreaciji (bivanju prijazni potenciali). Z vidika urbanizacijskih razvojnih stopenj je odnose med mestom in okolico moč analizirati skozi različne razvojne etape. Nekateri raziskovalci poudarjajo tri različne razvojne stopnje (Boustedt, 1975). Prvo fazo označuje takoimenovana klasična oblika suburbanizacije, ki ja nastala z razvojem železniškega prometa. Ta je sprožil razvoj primestij. Mesta se radialno širijo navzven, ali vzdolž prometnic. V tem primeru gre za nadaljevaanje že dolgo veljavnega in ustaljenega procesa lokalne mestne decentralizacije, ki vkjučuje premike prebivalstva in delovnih mest iz središč na rob vsakega mesta. V drugi fazi nastaja specifičen proces suburbanizacije: vpliv mesta se širi v okolico zaradi močnega individualnega avtomobilskega prometa. Tretjo fazo razvoje odnosov mesto okolica označuje povečan obseg dnevne migracije delovne sile iz okolice v mesto, s čimer se urbanizacija postopoma širi.

5 Zato nekateri avtorji danes migracije delovne sile v mesta smatrajo kot najrelevantnejše indikatorje določanja obsega metropolitanskih regij in dnevnih urbanih sistemov. (Berry, 1976, Johnson, 1974). To fazo urbanega razvoj v literaturi pogosto imenujejo kot terciarno ali metropolitansko. Pojavljati se prične na tisti stopnji družbeno-ekonomskega razvoja, ko prično terciarne dejavnosti prevzemati vodilno vlogo v zaposlovanju prebivalstva. Razvoj terciarnih dejavnosti ob njih pa tudi tistih industrijskih panog, ki je vse manj odvisen od bližine energetskih in surovinskih virov, zato pa tembolj od kupne moči prebivalstva, vpliva na prostorski razvoj delovnih mest. Nova delovna mesta se odpirajo, kar je logično, v gosto naseljenih območjih. To praktično pomeni, da prostorska razmestitev novih delovnih mest sledi razmestitvi stanovanj. Prihaja torej do procesov, ki so nasprotni tistim v industrijski fazi urbanizacije, ko se je delovna sila priseljevala v mesta. Pri tem velja še posebej poudariti, da metropolitanizacija pridobiva na pomenu na tisti stopnji družbeno-ekonomskega razvoja, ko se povečuje pomen "srednjih" slojev prebivalstva, katerih življenski standard je dosegel takšno stopnjo, ki omogoča bivanje v družinskih hišah na atraktivnih lokacijah na robu mesta. Zaradi tega prihaja v mestih do določenih prerazporeditev prebivalstva. Primestne in robne mestne cone doživljajo koncentracijo prebivalstva in uslužnostnih dejavnosti. Razvoj prometa ta proces še pospešuje. Poseben pomen ima individualni avtomobilski promet. Shema 1: Klasifikacija populacijskih sprememb v mestnih območjih tipologija značilnosti populacijskih sprememb mesto obmestje mestna regija absolutna + = _ centralizacija = + relativna centralizacija = - relativna decentralicacija = - absolutna _ + decentralizacija = _ ++ + 'prirejeno po: Berg, rast prebivalcev ++ močna rast prebivalcev = - upadanje, stagnacija močno upadanje Odnose med mesti in obmestjem merimo na več načinov. Ta, ki smo ga uporabili v pričujoči raziskavi, temelji na primerjavi diferencialnih hitrosti populacijskih spr-

6 ememb v mestnih središčih, ožjih obmestnih območjih in širšem obmestnem okolju (zgostitvenih območjih). Lahko bi uporabili absolutne ali relativne vrednosti populacijskih sprememb. Ker pa imajo mesta v splošnem več prebivalcev kot obmestna območja, bi absolutne številke lahko odsevale samo to neravnovesje in ne relativnega pomena sprememb v vsaki coni. Zato je klasifikacija prikazana na spodnji shemi zasnovana na relativnih razmerjih stopenj rasti prebivalstva (prikazana shema od številnih možnosti kombinacij dinamike gibanja prebivalstva dopušča vsaj dve možnosti). Centralizaija in nato decentralizacija prebivalstva in delovnih mest sta pojava, značilna za sodobni razvoj urbanih sistemov. Klasične urbane koncentracije ni več. Urbanizacijo nadomešča nasproten proces, ki postaja prevladujoča sila in spreminja vzorce naseljevanja. Nekateri sicer trdijo, da so te težnje samo minljiva motnja, proizvod recesije iz začetka sedemdesetih let. Toda vse težnje 20. stoletja kažejo v isto smer: ustvarjanje urbane civilizacije brez velikih mest v klasičnem pomenu te besede (Berry, 1978). Skoraj vsi razlogi za rast velikih mest so se do korenin spremenili: že nekaj desetletij namreč transport, zveze in proizvodne tehnologije stalno zmanjšujejo potrebo po koncentraciji ljudi in industrije. Na podlagi količnikov kvantitativnih demografskih kazalcev pripravljena analiza (Ravbar, 1989) slovenskih občin kaže, da je absolutna centralizacija prebivalstva usmerjena v mesta (oziroma v mestna središča) tudi po letu 1981 le še v naslednjih občinah: Murska Sobota, Žalec, Šentjur pri Celju, Trebnje in Ljutomer. Absolutna decentralizacija se uveljavlja že v jeseniški, tržiški, škofjeloški, idrijski, ravenski, vrhniški in kočevski občini ter na Obali, Zasavju ter mariborskih in ljubljanskih občinah. V ostalih slovenskih občinah so prevladovale različne oblike relativne centralizacije oziroma relativne decentralizacije. Splošna oznaka prikazane tipologije je, da relativno najmočnejša rast prebivalstva nemestnih naselij obkroža štiri naše največje aglomeracije: Ljubljano, Maribor, obalna mesta in Celje. Radij vplivov je v premem sorazmerju z velikostjo aglomeracije. Izjema v teh procesih so stara močno industrializirana in urbanizirana, toda degradirana območja kot so Jesenice, Tržič, Mežica, Revirji, kjer prebivalstvo v mestih prav tako upada vendar zaradi "ekoloških" komponent beg iz degradiranih območij. Za Slovenijo je bila od nekdaj značilna razmeroma nizka stopnja urbanizacije. Pod vplivom industrializacije smo bili v šestdesetih in sedemdesetih letih priča celo forsirane urbanizacije (Vrišer, 1969), ko se je delež mestnega prebivalstva postopoma dvigoval od 36,1 % v letu 1961 na 44,6 % v letu 1971 in 48,9 % v letu V tem kratkem obdobju se je urbanizacija napajala pretežno s poudarjenimi migracijami prebivalstva s podeželja in dinamičnim razvojem malih mest. povprečne

7 letne stopnje rasti mestnega prebivalstva so se v obdobju 1961/71 gibale za 2,2 % in v obdobju 1971/81 za 2,3 %, medtem ko je skupno prebivalstvo naraščalo po letni stopnji 0,6 % v prvem desetletju in 0,9 % v drugem obdobju. Koeficient koncentracije prebivalstva, izračunan med razmerjem indeksa rasti mestnega prebivalstva proti rasti prebivalstva v ostalih naseljih je za obdobje 1971/81 znašal 1,53. Po letu 1981 (deloma že v drugi polovici sedemdesetih let) opažamo umirjanje rasti mestnega prebivalstva. Do leta 1986 se je delež mestnega prebivalstva sicer povzpel na 50,2 %, vendar se je povprečna letna stopnja rasti znižala na 1,3 %, ob tem da skupno prebivalstvo v republiki narašča po 1,0 % letni stopnji, koeficient koncentracije prebivalstva je v obdobju 1981/86 padel na 1,05 kar pomeni, da mestna naselja naraščajo le še za 5 % hitreje od ostalih naselij. Tako se proces koncentracije prebivalstva v mestih zmanjšuje v korist urbanizacije širše pokrajine. Prihaja torej do sprememb v razvojnih oblikah urbanizacije, ki jo številni avtorji imenujejo kot prehod iz sekundarne v terciarno postindustrijsko fazo urbanizacije. Analize premikov prebivalstva v obdobju kažejo, (gl. tabelo 1.) da se centripetalni proti mestom usmerjeni procesi postopoma spreminjajo v centrifugalne. Premiki mestnega prebivalstva in produkcijskih enot na mestne robove in širša urbanizirana območja ne prinašajo le prostorskega razrasta mest, ampak spreminjajo tudi funkcijske povezave med mesti in podeželjem. V slovenskih mestih opažamo tendence, ki vodijo v smeri stagnacije (čeprav so tudi med njimi razlike). Letno vsa slovenska mesta skupaj po letu 1981 naraščajo povprečno za prebivalcev (v prejšnjem desetletju še za ). Najintenzivnejši procesi se zato predstavljajo v ožji in širši obmestni prostor, kjer prebivalstvo narašča za prebivalcev (v obdobju pred letom 1981 za četrtino manj. Podatki tudi opozarjajo na problem praznjenja podeželja, ki je prisoten na skoraj štirih petinah slovenske zemlje. Tu živi še manj kot petina slovenskega prebivalstva. Letno zmanjševanje je več kot prebivalcev in je v naglem porastu (v prejšnjem deseuetju je bilo letno upadanje še manjše od prebivalcev). Opisane razvojne težnje odražajo dvoje različnih procesov, ki jim bo v prihodnje treba posvetiti pozornost. Na eni strani s v Sloveniji ne srečujemo več z urbanizacijo, marveč s suburbanizacijo. Na drugi strani pa je zelo pereč problem praznjenja obzežnih predelov, ki so praviloma v hribovitem (gričevnatem) in/ali kraškem svetu. Pogled na obe priloženi karti, ki ponazarjata razvoj prebivalstva v zgostitvenih območjih Slovenije v obdobjih 1971/81 in 1981/86 kaže, da se v zaledju slovenskih mest postopno oblikujejo območja z intenzivnejšo dinamiko rasti prebivalstva od samih mest. Takih območij je bilo 1981 leta 194. V njih je skupno prebivalo

8 prebivalcev (brez mestnega prebivalstva). Do leta 1986 se je število zgostitvenih območij povečalo na 274, število v njih prebivajočeg prebivalstva pa na Povprečna gostota prebivalstva v teh območjih znaša 314,5 preb/km kar je več kot trikrat nad slovenskim povprečjem. Tabela 1: Težnje vdemografskemrazvojuposeljenostislovenije vobdobjul tip leto delež v gostota posel. delež povpr.let.stop.rasti površini v ha prebivalstva 1971/ /81 mestna ,4 33,7 središča 81 2,6 1370,2 38,5 2,3 1, ,2 39,0 ožja ,8 8.3 mestna 81 1,8 536,9 10,4 3,2 2,6 območja , širša ,7 34,9 mestna 81 17,4 238,7 35, ,8 območja ,9 36,9 ostala 71 35,0 32,1 Slovenija 81 78,2 28,7 24,1-2, ,5 19,5 skupaj 100,0 98,0 100, Sodeč po dosedanjih raziskavah novejših tokov urbanizacije poteka med mesti in ostalimi naselji določena diferenciacija, ki je rezultat dviga standarda in potrošnje, motorizacije in nadaljnje deagrarizacije ter spremenjene vloge nekaterih terciarnih dejavnosti (Vrišer, 1988). Upada tudi vloga mest. Namesto njih se je pomnožilo število najmanjših središč, ki združujejo industrijski obrat, krajevno skupnost, trgovino za osnovno preskrbo, osnovno šolo in nekaj obrtnih dejavnosti. Takšna naselja funkcijsko jačajo, prebivalstvo v njih pa narašča. Vobdobju 1971/81 jih je bilo v Sloveniji 2 338, v obdobju 1981/86 pa V teh naseljih s pozitivno demografsko rastjo je leta 1981 prebivalo 73,2 %, leta 1986 pa 74,3 % vsega prebivalstva v republiki. Razvoj odnosov med mesti in podeželjem že v veliki meri poteka v smeri zmanjševanja razlik. Pri tem ena in druga stran sprejemata od nasprotne določene sestavine in kvalitete, kar vodi k "ruralno-urbanemu kontinuumu", to je območje, kjer so razlike med mesti in podeželjem majhne, brez pomembnejših cezur in z malo razlikami v materialni opremi. Razvojne težnje se kažejo v večini zaledij slovenskih mest, kjer nastajajo nove podeželske naselbine, ki imajo urbani značaj in fiziognomijo podeželjskega naselja. Prednosti mest najbolj zmanjšujejo ekološki problemi. Moderne komunikacije in izboljšan promet

9 GIBANJE PREBIVALSTVA V ZGOSTITVENIH OBMOČJIH SLOVENIJE (v obdobju od 1971 do 1981) FLUCTUATIONS IN THE POPULATION OF THE REGIONS OF POPULATION CONCENTRATION IN SLOVENIA (from 1971 to 1981) Legenda: ZQOSTITVENA OBMOČJA - THE REGIONS OF POPULATION CONCENTRATION stagnacija (do t%) stagnation (up lo 1%) podpovprečna rast I1.1%-1,5%) below avaraga growth M.1%-1,5%) povprečna rast (t.6%-2.0%) avarage growth (1.6%-2.0%) nadpovprečna rast (2.l%-3,0%) above average growth I2,l%-3,0%l mocno nadpovprečna rast (3.l%-4,0%) growth high above the average (3.1%-4.0%) zelo močno nadpovprečna rast Inad 4%) growth vary high above the avaraga (above 4%) VEČJA MESTNA SREDISCA - LARGER URBAN CENTRES upadanja - decrease vo Povprečje: mastna središča 2,3% Tha avaraga for: urban centras - 2.3% območja koncentracije - 1,6% region of population concentration - 1.6% (SI podpovprečna rast - average growth močno nadpovprečna rast - growth high above the avaraga

10 VO 00 GIBANJE PREBIVALSTVA V ZGOSTITVENIH OBMOČJIH SLOVENIJE (v obdobju od 1981 do 1986) FLUCTUATIONS IN THE POPULATION OF THE REGIONS OF POPULATION CONCENTRATION IN SLOVENIA (from 1971 to 1981) Legenda: ZGOSTITVENA OBMOČJA - THE REGIONS OF POPULATION CONCENTRATION r j podpovprečna rasi ll.1%-l.5%) [. j below average growth (l.l%-l.5%).; povprečna rast (t.6%-2.0%) average growth (t.6%-2.0%) nadpovprečna rasi (2.l%-3.0%) above average growth I2,1%-3,0%l mocno nadpovprečna rasi (3,l%-4.0%) growth high above Ihe average (3.l%-4.0%) zelo mocno nadpovprečna rast Inad 4%) growth very high above the average (above 4%l VEČJA MESTNA SREDISCA - LARGER URBAN CENTRES upadanje - decrease podpovprečna rasi - average growth Povprečje: mestna središča - 1,3% The average for: urban centres - 1,3% območja koncentracije t,8% region of population concentration 1,8% nadpovprečna rast - above average growth mocno nadpovprečna rast - growth high abov

11 POPULACIJSKA RAZMERJA MED... ter ostala izgrajena infrastruktura omogočajo bolj razloženo poselitev. Procesi, ki jih opažamo, so sicer šele v začetni fazi, vendar kažejo tendence nove "teritorialne delitve dela", ki sicer krčijo agrarna naselja in krepijo ostala podeželska naselja (predvsem primestna) z ugodnimi bivalnimi pogoji, izgrajeno infrastrukturo ter dobrimi prometnimi zvezami. Disperzija delovnih mest je tudi eden od razlogov za zaostajanje vloge slovenskega urbanega omrežja. Možnost zaposlovanja v obsegu dnevne migracije prav tako zmanjšuje interes po priseljevanju v mesta in se raje odločajo za bivanje na podeželju. Tako se v zandnjih desetih letih ne srečujemo z urbanizacijo, ampak s suburbanizacijo. To je s pojavom rasti obmestnih naselij in naselij z znatnejšim številom delovnih mest ter zastojem v razvoju mest. Proces sicer ni napačen, a nadalje slabi mesta in pospešuje že tako pretirano razpršenost poselitve v Sloveniji. V določenem smislu je tradicionalno razpršena poselitev v osemdesetih letih dobila nove vzgibe. S pričujočim prispevkom smo na podlagi demografskih sprememb želeli opozoriti na spremembe v tokovih urbanizacije v Sloveniji, ki dobivajo vse bolj suburbanizacijske poteze. Z nadaljnimi poglobljenimi raziskavami o vzrokih, poteku in posledicah (socialnih in prostorskih) pa bo potrebno oblike in dinamiko nakazanih procesov še podrobneje definirati. Uporabljena literatura Abu-Lughod, J., 1968: The City is Death Long Live the City. Some Thoughts about Urbanity. V S. F. FAVA(ed): Urbanism in World Perspective. New York. Beale, C., 1975: The Revival of Population Growth in Nonmetropolitan America. (=Economic Research Service Publication 605, U.S. Depart of Agriculture), Washington. Berg L. van den in sod. 1982: Urban Europe: A Study of Growth and Decline. (=European Coordination Centre for research and Documantation in Social Sciences. Cost of Urban Growth /COURB/ Oxford, Volume, str.:4. Berry, B. J. L., 1978: The Counterurbanisation Process. Human SetUement System. International Perspectives on Structure, Change and Public Policy. Cambridge, str. 28. Berry, B. J. L., 1973: Growth Centres in the American Urban System. Cambridge.

12 Berry, B. J. L., 1976: Urbanisation and Counterurbanisation. (=Urban Affairs Annual Review, vol.11), London. Berry, B. J. L., 1976: The Counterurbanisation process: Urban America Since Beverly Hills, CA/London, (Urban Affairs Annual Review 11), str Berry, B. J. L., in Horton, F.E. 1970: Geographie Perspectives on Urban Systems. New York. Bourgeois-Pichat, J. 1981: Recent Demographic Change in Western Europe: An Assessment. Population and Development Review 7, str: Bourne, L. S. 1984: Urban Canada in Transition: Recent Paterns of Social and Demographic Change. Urban Geography 1, str: Boustedt, O., 1975: Grundriss der empirischen Regionalforschung. Teil III: Sidelungsstruktur. Boustedt, O., 1975: Gedanken und Beobachtungen zum Phönomen der Suburbanisierung. (=Veröfentlichungen der Akadenie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung), Bandl02, Hannover, str Butzin, B. 1984: Zentrum und Peripherie im Wandel. Erscheinungsformen und Determinanten der Dekoncentrationsprozess in Nord Europa und Kanada. Geowiss. d. West. Wilh.Univ. 19 Münster Champion, A. G. 1983: Population Trends in the 1970's. (The Urban and Regional Transformation of Britain), str: London. Conzen, M. P. 1983: Amerinanische Städte im Wandel. Die Neue Stadtgeographie der achstiger Jahre. Geogr. Rdsch. 35, H. 4, str.: Courgeau, D. 1984: Models and Trends of the spatial Population Distribution in France: Comparison with the F.R. Germany. (=IBS-Materialien), str: 19 41, Bielfeld. Drewet, R., 1980: Changing Urban Structures in Europe. (=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol 451). Philadelphia, str.: Fielding, A. J. 1983: Counterurbanisation in Western Europe: Recent Empirical and Theoretical Contribution to the Debate. (=Anglo-Dutch Migration Symposium). Soesterberg, Niederlande. Gatzweiler, H. P. in Schliebe, K., 1982: Suburbanisierung von Bevölkerung und Arbaeitsplätzen Stillstand? Seminare, Symposien, Arbeitspapiere, Heft 17, Bonn.

13 Hall, P. in Hay, D. 1980: Growth Centres in the European Urban System. London. Johnson, J. H 1974: Suburban Growth. Geographical Processes at the Edge of the Western City. University College London. John Wiley & Sons, London. Kokole, V., 1976: Prispevek k identifikaciji ruralno-urbanega kontinuuma, Geografski vestnik, XLVIII, str Mumford, L 1938: The culture of Cities, New York. Mumford, L., 1961: The City in History. New York, (prevod Državna založba Slovenije. Ljubljnaa, 1969) Norton, R. D., 1979: City-Life-Cycles and American Urban policy. Academic Press, New York. Ravbar, M., 1989: Novejši tokovi urbanizacije v SR Sloveniji. Dela št. 6. Geografija in aktualna vprašanja prostorskega razvoja. Oddelek za geografijo Filozofske fakultete Univerze Edvarda Kardelja v Ljubljani. Ljubljana, str Roth, P., 1976: Gedanken zur Erfassung von potentiellen Eignungsräumen für outdoor-recreation im suburbanem Raum mit Hilfe eines kulturräumlichen Belastungfaktors, dargestellt am Beispiel des Kreisses Gross Gerau. Frankfurt, tipk. Sjöberg G., 1960: The Preindustrial City. Glencoe, str Sternlieb, G. & Huges, J. W., 1975: Post-Industrial America: Metropolitan Decline and Inter-Regional Job Shifts. New Brunswick. Stiens, G., 1982: Mögliche Entwicklungsmuster künftiger Suburbanisierung. Eine Auswertung alternativer Langfristszenarien für hochverdichtete Regionen. (= v IzR) str Bonn. Tönnies G., 1981: Die Verdichtungsräume in der Bundesrepublik, Deutschland. Entwicklung, Neuabgrenzung und regionale Belastungsanalyse. Frankfurt/Main Bern, Bd./Vol. 340, Vrišer I., 1969: Mala mesta v SR Sloveniji. Inštitut za geografijo Univerze v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, str. 37. Vrišer I., 1988: Centralna naselja v SR Sloveniji leta 1987, Geografski zbornik XXVIII, Ljubljnaa, str Vrišer I., 1988: Policentrizem v Sloveniji, IB revija za planiranje XXIII, št. 5. Ljubljnaa, str

14 GEOGRAPHICA SLOVENICA 21 i Wolf K., 1981: Agglomerationsraum Rhein-Main. Entwicklungstendenzen von Bevölkerung, wohn- und Arbeitsstätten. Geographische Rundschau 33, H 10, Str.: , Braunschweig. Yamaguchi T., 1983: National policies Pertaining to the Setlement System of Japan. Wiss.Mitt. des IGG. (= Papers at the Vllth Meeting of the Commision on National Setlement Systems). Leipzig, str.:

15 POPULACIJSKA RAZMERJA MED. Populational Relations Between Towns and Their Surroundings in Slovenia MARJAN RAVBAR Summary The assertion holds good that modern civilization, despite the achievements of the scientific technological revolution and the advent of an information science society, is still founded on two basic socio-economic processes, these being industrialization and urbanization. Urbanization is making an increasingly strong mark on society, so far as to determine the style of living. Under the term of "urbanization", the following is understood in contemporary research: a constant concentration of economic and social activities of the population of a region in quarters of growth due to industry, services, scientific and technological progress, or individual interests; the spatial and functional integration of neighbouring settlements or groups of settlements under the influence of, or with the support of economic interaction, the social mobility of the population and/or the communications systems; the de-concentration of socio-economic activities, the spread of a city's transportation systems and infrastructures into the city's surroundings, increasing individual radii of action with the aid of motorization; guaranteed future extension of the industrial and other town activities areas; a decrease in the differences between the standard of living in the town and the country.(berg, 1982) The conditions for the development of towns were, in fact, created by modem industrialization. The elements of urbanization, its characteristics and the scope of changes have created a specific spatial system, the main functions of which are

16 dwelling, labour, recreation, communication, education and supplying. Alterations in the connections between these functions affect the intensity of and the direction taken by urbanization a term which today no longer applies only to the growth of towns and their populations. A host of more or less explicit theories explaining changes in towns also exist. Often these theories are in connection with indicators of social change, which is also why the phases of urbanization are divided as follows: the pre-industrial phase, the industrial, and the post-industrial phase (Abu-Lughod, 1968 and Sjoberg, 1960). Again, other authors emphasize the cyclical course of urbanization and the development of townss: from their rise to their fall (Mumfod, 1938 and 1961, Queen & Thomas, 1939). Such theories experienced a revival in the mid 1970s. The decisive influence of the tertiary sector in towns and the economic crisis in old industrial towns gave the initiative for empirical research on the causes of the structural crisis in the North American towns. Sternlieb & Hughes (1975) and Norton (1979) again called our attention to the concept of "life-cycles in towns". A team of researchers in the European Centre for the Co-ordination of Social Sciences (COURB = Costs of Urban Growth), also defines urbanization as an occurrence with a life-cycle, in which the distribution of the population and units of production undergo spatial changes in the course of time. This is why they distinguish between various stages of development of urbanizational processes. The first stage urbanization, leads to a "point-oriented" population growth, above all, of industrial cities (centres). This is accelerated by the intense migration of the population from the country. The population density of urban centres increases. Employment and better income are the most important motives for settling in towns. This phase was classified under the name of "urbanization". During the 1960s, the growth of town populations slowed down in a large part of western and central Europe. The centripetal processes aimed towards the towns gradually changed into centrifugal ones. The gravitation of the town populations and production units towards the town limits did not bring only the spatial growth of towns, but also important functional ties between the towns and the country. A host of technical terms are in use to designate population growth and the ensuing numerous man activities that take place along the margins of townss and town agglomerations (the second phase in the process of urbanization): uncontrolled urban spread (Zcrsicdlung) (Boustedt, 1975), the pseudo-urban area (Roth, 1976), urban sprawl, slurbs, the rural-urban fringe, the suburbs, the rural-urban continuum (Kokole, 1976), etc. Despite this, the term of "suburbanization" occurs the most often both in foreign and in Slovene literature on the topic. Ever since it has made its appearance in the centres of population concentration of Western Europe during the 1970s, and gradually in the 1980s in Slovenia, the constant process of settlement

17 POPULACIJSKA RAZMERJA MED., structure transformation has been gaining ground steadily and spreading from the towns into their outskirts. (Tonnies, 1981; Wolf, 1981). In this process, suburbanization becomes evident as the spatial expression of all social changes in society. The visible manifestations of these changes do not only express themselves through the growth (or spread) of the areas with detached houses in the town outskirts, in the transformation of rural landscapes, and the so-called flight of the population from the towns, but also through changes in the job-structure (and through changes in the structure of available employment) in the towns and their outskirts. The prevention or mitigation of this process has so far been impossible, despite planning on various levels (in Slovenia, this entailed spatial and social programmes on the level of the Republic, the regional, or the communal level, which have been in progress since the mid 1970s, while the practice goes back a lot further in Europe). When a population decrease was recorded in the beginning of the 1970s in numerous urban agglomerations, or metropolitan areas of the densely populated regions of north-eastern Europe, the process was most commonly referred to as "de-urbanization", (although a considerable variety and some confusion related to the terms used can also be observed in this case). (Gatzweiler-Schliebe, 1982). The term of de-urbanization a synonym for the 3rd phase of urbanization, stands for the disintegration of the suburbs (municipal areas). The Japanese understand the terms of "de-glomeration" and/or "de-urbanization" to mean a transitional stage in the processes of urbanization, (Yamaguchi,1983). A strong redistribution of the population from the centres of concentration towards the periphery of the metropolitan area is characteristic of this phase. As a reaction to the numerous negative economic and social, or ecological effects of exaggerated urbanization, the term of "reurbanization" has of late gained popularity (Berg, 1982 and Stiens, 1982). The term designates the last phase of urbanization. The crux of the process is the renewed return of the population into towns, the territorial structure of which has been altered completely. Such towns fulfil the altered basic needs of living, such as living space, employment and recreation facilities (living-friendly potential). Seen from the viewpoint of the levels of urban development, the relations between towns and their surroundings can be analysed through different phases of development. Some researchers emphasize the existence of three different phases of development (Boustedt, 1975). The first stage denotes the so-called classical form of suburbanization, which came to be with the development of railway transport, triggering off the growth of suburbs. Towns in this phase spread outward along radial transportation routes. What we have in this case, is merely a continuation of the already long established and common process of local urban decentralization which includes the drift of the population and employment from the town centre towards the outskirts of a town.

18 In the second phase, a specific process of suburbanization develops: the influence of the town spreads far into its surroundings, due to heavy individual automobile traffic. The third phase of development in relations between towns and their surroundings is marked above all by the increased scope of commuting from the towns surroundings into the city centre, causing the gradual spread of urbanization. This is why some authors hold commuting to be the most relevant indicator for the definition of the outer reaches of metropolitan regions and daily urban systems. (Berry 1976, Johnson, 1974). This phase of urban development is often referred to as the tertiary, or metropolitan phase. It makes its first appearances at the stage of socio-economic development when the tertiary activities begin taking over the leading role in the employment of a town's population. The development of tertiary activities (and the respective fields of industry), which is increasingly less dependent on the vicinity of sources of energy and raw materials, but therefore more dependent on the spending power of its inhabitants, affects the spatial development of employment. New jobs, logically, become available in the more densely populated areas. This means that the spatial distribution of employment follows the distribution pattern of the living units. Thus, processes are emerging, opposite to those that emerged in the industrial phase of urbanization, which was marked by centripetal work force movement. Here, it must be stressed in particular that metropolization is becoming more important at the level of socio-economic development, at which the role of society's middle class is increasing, and at which its standard of living has reached the phase at which middle class city-dwellers can afford to live in detached houses in attractive suburbs of the town outskirts. This causes a certain shift in the town's population structure. The town hinterland and zones on the town's periphery undergo a concentration of population and personal service activities. This process is sped up by the development of the transport system, in which individual automobile traffic plays a particularly important role. The relations between towns and suburbs can be gauged in several ways. The method used in this study is based on the comparison of the differentiated rates of population changes in town centres, the town proper and the greater town area (in centres of population density). The choice had to be made between the use of the absolute or the relative values of population changes. On the grounds that the population of towns is in general greater than that of their suburbs, and that the absolute values would reflect only this disproportion, and not the relative value of the changes in each zone, we chose the use of the relative values. Thus the classification depicted in the diagram is based on the relative ratios of the population growth rates. A centralization, followed by a decentralization of the population and employment are a phenomenon characteristic of the developments in urban systems. The

19 POPULACIJSKA RAZMERJA MED., classical urban concentrations no longer exist. Urbanization is gradually being substituted by the opposite process, which is becoming the dominant factor, changing settlement patterns. Some researchers are of the opinion that these trends are only a passing disturbance, a product of the recession of the early '70s; but all tendencies of the 20th century are headed in the same direction: the creation of an urban civilization without large towns in the classical sense of the word (Berry, 1978). Almost all of the reasons for the growth of large towns have changed at the roots. For the past few decades, the advancement of transportation, communication and production technologies have lessened the need for the concentration of people and industries. Sheme 1: The classification of population changes in urban areas* typology the cherecteristics of population changes towns suburbs urban region absolute + _ _ centralization = + relative centralization = - relative de centralization = - absolute de- = _ + centralization = according lo Berg, population growth ++ a strong population growth = - a population decline, stagnation a strong population decline Analyses of population movement in the period between indicate that the centripetal processes aimed towards the towns, are gradually changing into centrifugal ones. The drift of town inhabitants and units of production towards the town outskirts and the outer urbanized areas have not only effected the spatial spread of towns, but are also altering the functional links between towns and countryside. Tendencies leading towards stagnation have been observed in the towns of Slovenia (although there are still great differences between the individual towns). All the towns in Slovenia together have, after 1981, had an annual growth of only 9,350 inhabitants (compared to the 14,640 one decade earlier). The most intensive processes are therefore moving into the closer and further surroudings, where the population increases annually by 16,300 inhabitants (which is one quarter more than in the decade before 1981). The statistical data also bring to our notice

20 the problem of rural depopulation a process occurring in almost four fifths of Slovenia, as only less than one fifth of Slovenia's population now live in this area. The annual decline of the rural population amounts to more than 13,500 inhabitants and the number is increasing rapidly. (During the previous decade the annual decrease of the rural population was still less than 10,000). The trends of development described in this article reflect the results of two different processes, the progress of which should be monitored carefully in the future. On the one hand, urbanization in Slovenia has given way to the process of suburbanization, while on the other hand, the abandonment of extensive rural areas mostly in hilly and/or karst regions, poses a grave problem.

THE TOWNS AND THE TRAFFIC OF THEIR OUTSKIRTS IN SLOVENIA

THE TOWNS AND THE TRAFFIC OF THEIR OUTSKIRTS IN SLOVENIA UDC 911. 37:38(497. 12-201)=20 Marjan Zagar * THE TOWNS AND THE TRAFFIC OF THEIR OUTSKIRTS IN SLOVENIA In the urban policy of the long-term development of SR Slovenia the decision has been made that in

More information

RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF SLOVENE TOWNS - SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND TRANSFORMATION

RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF SLOVENE TOWNS - SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND TRANSFORMATION Dela 21 2004 139-144 RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF SLOVENE TOWNS - SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND TRANSFORMATION Dejan Rebernik Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, University in Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 2, 1000 Ljubljana,

More information

Educational structure and the structure of economic activities as one of the key factors explaining the differences in development in Slovenia

Educational structure and the structure of economic activities as one of the key factors explaining the differences in development in Slovenia Educational structure and the structure of economic activities as one of the key factors explaining the differences in development in Slovenia Anton Perpar 1, Damijana Kastelec 2, Andrej Udovč 3 1 2 3

More information

PROBLEMATIC OF THE FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF SLOVENE CITIES

PROBLEMATIC OF THE FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF SLOVENE CITIES Dela 21 2004 131-137 PROBLEMATIC OF THE FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF SLOVENE CITIES Mirko Pak Pod vrbami 1, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia e-mail: mirko.pak@ff.uni-lj.si Abstract Slovene cities are subject of rapid

More information

Rural Gentrification: Middle Class Migration from Urban to Rural Areas. Sevinç Bahar YENIGÜL

Rural Gentrification: Middle Class Migration from Urban to Rural Areas. Sevinç Bahar YENIGÜL 'New Ideas and New Generations of Regional Policy in Eastern Europe' International Conference 7-8 th of April 2016, Pecs, Hungary Rural Gentrification: Middle Class Migration from Urban to Rural Areas

More information

AP Human Geography Free-response Questions

AP Human Geography Free-response Questions AP Human Geography Free-response Questions 2000-2010 2000-preliminary test 1. A student concludes from maps of world languages and religions that Western Europe has greater cultural diversity than the

More information

LAND USE AND SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY: BUILDING AN EFFICIENT SYSTEM OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION (CASE STUDY OF LJUBLJANA)

LAND USE AND SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY: BUILDING AN EFFICIENT SYSTEM OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION (CASE STUDY OF LJUBLJANA) LAND USE AND SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY: BUILDING AN EFFICIENT SYSTEM OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION (CASE STUDY OF LJUBLJANA) 1 INTRODUCTION The City of Ljubljana is only one of the cities of Central and Eastern

More information

Topic 4: Changing cities

Topic 4: Changing cities Topic 4: Changing cities Overview of urban patterns and processes 4.1 Urbanisation is a global process a. Contrasting trends in urbanisation over the last 50 years in different parts of the world (developed,

More information

European spatial policy and regionalised approaches

European spatial policy and regionalised approaches Findings of the ESPON 2006 Programme COMMIN Final Conference 26-27 April 2007 European spatial policy and regionalised approaches by Dr. Kai BöhmeB ! Territory matters Structure of presentation! Territorial

More information

Attempt to prepare seasonal weather outlook for Slovenia

Attempt to prepare seasonal weather outlook for Slovenia Attempt to prepare seasonal weather outlook for Slovenia Main available sources (ECMWF, EUROSIP, IRI, CPC.NCEP.NOAA,..) Two parameters (T and RR anomally) Textual information ( Met Office like ) Issued

More information

The National Spatial Strategy

The National Spatial Strategy Purpose of this Consultation Paper This paper seeks the views of a wide range of bodies, interests and members of the public on the issues which the National Spatial Strategy should address. These views

More information

PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN SLOVENIAN TOWNS

PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN SLOVENIAN TOWNS Int. Journal for Housing Science, Vol.31, No.3 pp 205-214, 2007 Published in the United States PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN SLOVENIAN TOWNS Mojca Sasek Divjak Urban Planning Institute of the Republic

More information

Summary and Implications for Policy

Summary and Implications for Policy Summary and Implications for Policy 1 Introduction This is the report on a background study for the National Spatial Strategy (NSS) regarding the Irish Rural Structure. The main objective of the study

More information

INDIANA ACADEMIC STANDARDS FOR SOCIAL STUDIES, WORLD GEOGRAPHY. PAGE(S) WHERE TAUGHT (If submission is not a book, cite appropriate location(s))

INDIANA ACADEMIC STANDARDS FOR SOCIAL STUDIES, WORLD GEOGRAPHY. PAGE(S) WHERE TAUGHT (If submission is not a book, cite appropriate location(s)) Prentice Hall: The Cultural Landscape, An Introduction to Human Geography 2002 Indiana Academic Standards for Social Studies, World Geography (Grades 9-12) STANDARD 1: THE WORLD IN SPATIAL TERMS Students

More information

Measuring Agglomeration Economies The Agglomeration Index:

Measuring Agglomeration Economies The Agglomeration Index: Measuring Agglomeration Economies The Agglomeration Index: A Regional Classification Based on Agglomeration Economies J. P. Han Dieperink and Peter Nijkamp Free University, The Netherlands* Urban agglomerations

More information

Operational Definitions of Urban, Rural and Urban Agglomeration for Monitoring Human Settlements

Operational Definitions of Urban, Rural and Urban Agglomeration for Monitoring Human Settlements Operational Definitions of Urban, Rural and Urban Agglomeration for Monitoring Human Settlements By Markandey Rai United Nations Human Settlements Programme PO Box-30030 Nairobi, Kenya Abstract The United

More information

Links between socio-economic and ethnic segregation at different spatial scales: a comparison between The Netherlands and Belgium

Links between socio-economic and ethnic segregation at different spatial scales: a comparison between The Netherlands and Belgium Links between socio-economic and ethnic segregation at different spatial scales: a comparison between The Netherlands and Belgium Bart Sleutjes₁ & Rafael Costa₂ ₁ Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic

More information

Curriculum Unit. Instructional Unit #1

Curriculum Unit. Instructional Unit #1 Curriculum Unit Name of Course: AP Human Geography Grade Level(s): 9-12 Brief Description (Course Catalog): The purpose of the AP Human Geography course is to introduce students to the systematic study

More information

Socials Studies. Chapter 3 Canada s People 3.0-Human Geography

Socials Studies. Chapter 3 Canada s People 3.0-Human Geography Socials Studies Chapter 3 Canada s People 3.0-Human Geography Physical Geography Study of the natural features of the Earth s surface including landforms, climate, ocean currents and flora and fauna Human

More information

MEETING THE CHALLNAGE OF THE URBAN RURAL DIVIDE MAG. SLAVKA ZUPAN

MEETING THE CHALLNAGE OF THE URBAN RURAL DIVIDE MAG. SLAVKA ZUPAN MEETING THE CHALLNAGE OF THE URBAN RURAL DIVIDE MAG. SLAVKA ZUPAN Urban millenium (Source: GTZ- Services for Sutainable Urban Development))! Today 3 billion of people lives in towns and cities! Every day

More information

REVITALIZATION PROCESSES OF OLD INDUSTRIALIZED REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF FUNCTIONAL URBAN AREAS. Justyna Gorgoń

REVITALIZATION PROCESSES OF OLD INDUSTRIALIZED REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF FUNCTIONAL URBAN AREAS. Justyna Gorgoń STUDIA REGIONALIA Volume 47, 2016, pp. 87 94 doi: 10.12657/studreg-47-06 Journal of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Committee for Spatial Economy and Regional Planning & European Regional Science Association

More information

Vincent Goodstadt. Head of European Affairs METREX European Network

Vincent Goodstadt. Head of European Affairs METREX European Network Vincent Goodstadt Head of European Affairs METREX European Network METREX (Network of 50 European Metropolitan Regions and Areas ) Exchanging Knowledge (e.g. Benchmarking) Climate Change CO2/80/50 Expertise

More information

Problems In Large Cities

Problems In Large Cities Chapter 11 Problems In Large Cities Create a list of at least 10 problems that exist in large cities. Consider problems that you have read about in this and other chapters and/or experienced yourself.

More information

São Paulo Metropolis and Macrometropolis - territories and dynamics of a recent urban transition

São Paulo Metropolis and Macrometropolis - territories and dynamics of a recent urban transition São Paulo Metropolis and Macrometropolis - territories and dynamics of a recent urban transition Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of São Paulo University Prof. Dr. Regina M. Prosperi Meyer WC2 - World

More information

Developing a global, peoplebased definition of cities and settlements

Developing a global, peoplebased definition of cities and settlements Developing a global, peoplebased definition of cities and settlements By Lewis Dijkstra, Lewis.Dijkstra@ec.europa.eu Head of the Economic Analysis Sector DG for Regional and Urban Policy, Regional & Urban

More information

It is clearly necessary to introduce some of the difficulties of defining rural and

It is clearly necessary to introduce some of the difficulties of defining rural and UNIT 2 CHANGING HUMAN ENVIRONMENTS G2 Theme 2 Investigating Settlement Change in MEDCs 2.1 What are the distinctive features of settlements? It is clearly necessary to introduce some of the difficulties

More information

AP Human Geography. Course Outline Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives: Weeks 1-4

AP Human Geography. Course Outline Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives: Weeks 1-4 AP Human Geography The Course The AP Human Geography course is designed to provide secondary students with the equivalent of one semester of a college introductory human geography class. The purpose of

More information

The ESPON Programme. Goals Main Results Future

The ESPON Programme. Goals Main Results Future The ESPON Programme Goals Main Results Future Structure 1. Goals Objectives and expectations Participation, organisation and networking Themes addressed in the applied research undertaken in ESPON projects

More information

Residential Market and Urban Planning in Transition. Case Study of Poznań.

Residential Market and Urban Planning in Transition. Case Study of Poznań. 3 rd Central European Conference in Regional Science CERS, 2009 1258 Residential Market and Urban Planning in Transition. Case Study of Poznań. ADAM RADZIMSKI Adam Mickiewicz University 61-680 Poznań,

More information

The Governance of Land Use

The Governance of Land Use The planning system Levels of government and their responsibilities The Governance of Land Use Country fact sheet Germany Germany is a federal country with four levels of government. Below the national

More information

Analysis of travel-to-work patterns and the identification and classification of REDZs

Analysis of travel-to-work patterns and the identification and classification of REDZs Analysis of travel-to-work patterns and the identification and classification of REDZs Dr David Meredith, Teagasc, Spatial Analysis Unit, Rural Economy Development Programme, Ashtown, Dublin 15. david.meredith@teagasc.ie

More information

Name Date Period Barron s (6 th edition) Chapter 7 Urban Geography

Name Date Period Barron s (6 th edition) Chapter 7 Urban Geography Name Date Period Barron s (6 th edition) Chapter 7 Urban Geography Historical Geography of Urban Environments 1. In what way did the development of different types of occupations (carpenters, merchants,

More information

Urban Form and Travel Behavior:

Urban Form and Travel Behavior: Urban Form and Travel Behavior: Experience from a Nordic Context! Presentation at the World Symposium on Transport and Land Use Research (WSTLUR), July 28, 2011 in Whistler, Canada! Petter Næss! Professor

More information

URBANI SISTEM IN PROMETNO OMREŽJE V SLOVENIJI

URBANI SISTEM IN PROMETNO OMREŽJE V SLOVENIJI UDK 911.37:656.1/5(497.12) URBANI SISTEM IN PROMETNO OMREŽJE V SLOVENIJI Andrej Černe Stanko Pele ""* Uvod Prepričanje, da lahko pretekle prostorske razvojne značilnosti prometa zanemarimo je zmotno. Prostorske

More information

The more, the merrier? Urbanization and regional GDP growth in Europe over the 20th century

The more, the merrier? Urbanization and regional GDP growth in Europe over the 20th century The more, the merrier? Urbanization and regional GDP growth in Europe over the 20th century Kerstin Enflo * Anna Missiaia Joan Rosés Abstract Preliminary draft prepared for the Economic History Society

More information

Advanced Placement Human Geography

Advanced Placement Human Geography Advanced Placement Human Geography Introduction to AP Human Geography The Advanced Placement course in Human Geography is designed to introduce students to the systematic study of the processes that have

More information

1. Demand for property on the coast

1. Demand for property on the coast 1. Demand for property on the coast Key message Irrespective of density and location, population in Europe in general tends to concentrate in coastal areas. Detailed spatial elaboration of processes shows

More information

Tourism in Peripheral Areas - A Case of Three Turkish Towns

Tourism in Peripheral Areas - A Case of Three Turkish Towns Turgut Var Department of Recreation, Park and Tourism Sciences Ozlem Unal Urban planner Derya Guven Akleman Department of Statistics Tourism in Peripheral Areas - A Case of Three Turkish Towns The objective

More information

Edexcel Geography Advanced Paper 2

Edexcel Geography Advanced Paper 2 Edexcel Geography Advanced Paper 2 SECTION B: SHAPING PLACES Assessment objectives AO1 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of places, environments, concepts, processes, interactions and change, at

More information

Grade 9 Social Studies Canadian Identity. Chapter 3 Review Canada s People. Chapter 3: Canada s People

Grade 9 Social Studies Canadian Identity. Chapter 3 Review Canada s People. Chapter 3: Canada s People Grade 9 Social Studies Canadian Identity Chapter 3 Review Canada s People Chapter 3: Canada s People Terms (notes or textbook) Population Distribution Site Factors Seigneurial system Corridors Urbanization

More information

Land Use in the context of sustainable, smart and inclusive growth

Land Use in the context of sustainable, smart and inclusive growth Land Use in the context of sustainable, smart and inclusive growth François Salgé Ministry of sustainable development France facilitator EUROGI vice president AFIGéO board member 1 Introduction e-content+

More information

accessibility accessibility by-pass bid-rent curve bridging point administrative centre How easy or difficult a place is to reach.

accessibility accessibility by-pass bid-rent curve bridging point administrative centre How easy or difficult a place is to reach. accessibility accessibility How easy or difficult a place is to reach. How easy or difficult it is to enter a building. administrative centre bid-rent curve The function of a town which is a centre for

More information

Course Name Rural and Urban Sociology. Department Humanities and Social Sciences IIT Kanpur. Dr. Anindita Chakrabarti. NPTEL Online - IIT Bombay

Course Name Rural and Urban Sociology. Department Humanities and Social Sciences IIT Kanpur. Dr. Anindita Chakrabarti. NPTEL Online - IIT Bombay NPTEL Online - IIT Bombay Course Name Rural and Urban Sociology Department Humanities and Social Sciences IIT Kanpur Instructor Dr. Anindita Chakrabarti file:///d /NPTL%20WORK/Dr.%20Anindita%20Chakrabarti/UrbanSociology/lecture1/main.html

More information

Department of Regional Development and Spatial Planning

Department of Regional Development and Spatial Planning Department of Regional Development and Spatial Planning Applied Research in the field of Regional Development and Spatial Planning delivers the scientific background for a sustainable socio-economic development

More information

HSC Geography. Year 2013 Mark Pages 10 Published Jul 4, Urban Dynamics. By James (97.9 ATAR)

HSC Geography. Year 2013 Mark Pages 10 Published Jul 4, Urban Dynamics. By James (97.9 ATAR) HSC Geography Year 2013 Mark 92.00 Pages 10 Published Jul 4, 2017 Urban Dynamics By James (97.9 ATAR) Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Your notes author, James. James achieved an ATAR of 97.9 in 2013 while

More information

Whitehand, J.W.R. (1966) The selection of research students, Universities Quarterly 21, 44 7.

Whitehand, J.W.R. (1966) The selection of research students, Universities Quarterly 21, 44 7. Professor Jeremy Whitehand Selected Publications Whitehand, J.W.R. (1966) The selection of research students, Universities Quarterly 21, 44 7. Whitehand, J.W.R. (1967) 'Fringe belts: a neglected aspect

More information

The Governance of Land Use

The Governance of Land Use The planning system Levels of government and their responsibilities The Governance of Land Use COUNTRY FACT SHEET NORWAY Norway is a unitary state with three levels of government; the national level, 19

More information

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY B.A. PROGRAMME COURSE DESCRIPTION

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY B.A. PROGRAMME COURSE DESCRIPTION DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY B.A. PROGRAMME COURSE DESCRIPTION (3 Cr. Hrs) (2340100) Geography of Jordan (University Requirement) This Course pursues the following objectives: - The study the physical geographical

More information

Mapping Welsh Neighbourhood Types. Dr Scott Orford Wales Institute for Social and Economic Research, Data and Methods WISERD

Mapping Welsh Neighbourhood Types. Dr Scott Orford Wales Institute for Social and Economic Research, Data and Methods WISERD Mapping Welsh Neighbourhood Types Dr Scott Orford Wales Institute for Social and Economic Research, Data and Methods WISERD orfords@cardiff.ac.uk WISERD Established in 2008 and funded by the ESRC and HEFCW

More information

Tackling urban sprawl: towards a compact model of cities? David Ludlow University of the West of England (UWE) 19 June 2014

Tackling urban sprawl: towards a compact model of cities? David Ludlow University of the West of England (UWE) 19 June 2014 Tackling urban sprawl: towards a compact model of cities? David Ludlow University of the West of England (UWE) 19 June 2014 Impacts on Natural & Protected Areas why sprawl matters? Sprawl creates environmental,

More information

The Periphery in the Knowledge Economy

The Periphery in the Knowledge Economy REGIONS IN THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY REGIONS ET ECONOMIE DU SAVOIR Mario Polese Richard Shearmur, in collaboration with Pierre-Marcel Desjardins Marc Johnson The Periphery in the Knowledge Economy The Spatial

More information

P. O. Box 5043, 2600 CR Delft, the Netherlands, Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong,

P. O. Box 5043, 2600 CR Delft, the Netherlands,   Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, THE THEORY OF THE NATURAL URBAN TRANSFORMATION PROCESS: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STREET NETWORK CONFIGURATION, DENSITY AND DEGREE OF FUNCTION MIXTURE OF BUILT ENVIRONMENTS Akkelies van Nes 1, Yu Ye 2 1

More information

National Spatial Development Perspective (NSDP) Policy Coordination and Advisory Service

National Spatial Development Perspective (NSDP) Policy Coordination and Advisory Service National Spatial Development Perspective (NSDP) Policy Coordination and Advisory Service 1 BACKGROUND The advances made in the First Decade by far supersede the weaknesses. Yet, if all indicators were

More information

CARIBBEAN POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND INTERRELATIONS: A ASSESSMENT VOLUME 1

CARIBBEAN POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND INTERRELATIONS: A ASSESSMENT VOLUME 1 LC/CAR/G.352 ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Subregional Headquarters for the Caribbean ECLAC/CELADE DEMOGRAPHY UNIT jc:.'arlv'- H. CARIBBEAN POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND

More information

Urban-Rural Partnerships in Europe

Urban-Rural Partnerships in Europe Disclaimer: The views expressed in this document are those of the author, and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Directors, or the governments

More information

Eco-social Impacts of Second Home Tourism in Rural Finland

Eco-social Impacts of Second Home Tourism in Rural Finland FUNTS Eco-social Impacts of Second Home Tourism in Rural Finland The XXIII ESRS Congress Vaasa, Finland 17-21 August 2009 Mervi J. Hiltunen & Mia Vepsäläinen Centre for Tourism Studies University of Joensuu

More information

Too Close for Comfort

Too Close for Comfort Too Close for Comfort Overview South Carolina consists of urban, suburban, and rural communities. Students will utilize maps to label and describe the different land use classifications. Connection to

More information

International Court of Justice World Trade Organization Migration and its affects How & why people change the environment

International Court of Justice World Trade Organization Migration and its affects How & why people change the environment Social Issues Unit 2 Population Grade 9 Time for Completion: 12 class period State Standard: The student uses a working knowledge and understanding of the spatial organization of Earth s surface and relationships

More information

Assessing and planning the human settlement system in Slovenia: a preliminary report Dr. David Bole, Dr. Janez Nared, Dr.

Assessing and planning the human settlement system in Slovenia: a preliminary report Dr. David Bole, Dr. Janez Nared, Dr. Assessing and planning the human settlement system in Slovenia: a preliminary report Dr. David Bole, Dr. Janez Nared, Dr. Jani Kozina Research center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts Anton

More information

City definitions. Sara Ben Amer. PhD Student Climate Change and Sustainable Development Group Systems Analysis Division

City definitions. Sara Ben Amer. PhD Student Climate Change and Sustainable Development Group Systems Analysis Division City definitions Sara Ben Amer PhD Student Climate Change and Sustainable Development Group Systems Analysis Division sbea@dtu.dk Contents 1. Concept of a city 2. Need for the city definition? 3. Challenges

More information

Fig. 1. The Hartshorne-Haggett model Source: Cséfalvay, 1994.

Fig. 1. The Hartshorne-Haggett model Source: Cséfalvay, 1994. 64 BORDER REGION STRUCTURES Andrea Székely Institute of Economics and Rural Development, Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, H-6724 Szeged, Mars tér 7., Hungary e-mail: szekely@mk.u-szeged.hu

More information

A.P. Human Geography

A.P. Human Geography A.P. Human Geography 2012-2013 Instructor: Chris Vitt Brief Description of Course AP Human Geography is designed to provide students with a learning experience equivalent to that obtained in most college

More information

GEOGRAPHY - HIGHER LEVEL

GEOGRAPHY - HIGHER LEVEL M.24 AN ROINN OIDEACHAIS AGUS EOLAÍOCHTA LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION 2000 GEOGRAPHY - HIGHER LEVEL MONDAY, 12 JUNE AFTERNOON 2.00 TO 5.20 Four questions to be answered, namely Question 1, Question

More information

Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission

Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission M. 24 Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION 2004 GEOGRAPHY HIGHER LEVEL MONDAY, 14 JUNE, AFTERNOON 1.30 TO 4.50 Four questions to be answered, namely

More information

National planning report for Denmark

National planning report for Denmark National planning report for Denmark from the Minister for Environment and Energy Local identity and new challenges Summary 2000 1 CONTENTS 4 PREFACE: REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING 6 1. BALANCED

More information

Urban development. The compact city concept was seen as an approach that could end the evil of urban sprawl

Urban development. The compact city concept was seen as an approach that could end the evil of urban sprawl The compact city Outline 1. The Compact City i. Concept ii. Advantages and the paradox of the compact city iii. Key factor travel behavior 2. Urban sustainability i. Definition ii. Evaluating the compact

More information

AS Population Change Question spotting

AS Population Change Question spotting AS Change Question spotting Changing rate of growth How the rate of growth has changed over the last 100 years Explain the reasons for these changes Describe global or national distribution. Study the

More information

Donatas Burneika, Ruta Ubareviciene (Institute of geology and geography, Vilnius)

Donatas Burneika, Ruta Ubareviciene (Institute of geology and geography, Vilnius) The economic crisis and development of Vilnius urban region spatial aspects Donatas Burneika, Ruta Ubareviciene (Institute of geology and geography, Vilnius) Main aim The aim of the presentation is to

More information

LOUISIANA STUDENT STANDARDS FOR SOCIAL STUDIES THAT CORRELATE WITH A FIELD TRIP TO DESTREHAN PLANTATION KINDERGARTEN

LOUISIANA STUDENT STANDARDS FOR SOCIAL STUDIES THAT CORRELATE WITH A FIELD TRIP TO DESTREHAN PLANTATION KINDERGARTEN LOUISIANA STUDENT STANDARDS FOR SOCIAL STUDIES THAT CORRELATE WITH A FIELD TRIP TO DESTREHAN PLANTATION KINDERGARTEN Standard 2 Historical Thinking Skills Students distinguish between events, people, and

More information

c. What is the most distinctive above ground result of high land costs and intensive land use? i. Describe the vertical geography of a skyscraper?

c. What is the most distinctive above ground result of high land costs and intensive land use? i. Describe the vertical geography of a skyscraper? AP Human Geography Unit 7b Guided Reading: Urban Patterns and Social Issues Mr. Stepek Key Issue #1: Why Do Services Cluster Downtown? (Rubenstein p 404 410) 1. What is the CBD? What does it contain and

More information

Ch. 13: Urban Patterns

Ch. 13: Urban Patterns Ch. 13: Urban Patterns Name: Introduction & Case Study (p. 430-432) 1. Describe some differences between urban and rural environments. 2. Why do MDCs have a higher percentage of people living in urban

More information

Difference in regional productivity and unbalance in regional growth

Difference in regional productivity and unbalance in regional growth Difference in regional productivity and unbalance in regional growth Nino Javakhishvili-Larsen and Jie Zhang - CRT, Denmark, Presentation at 26 th International input-output conference in Brazil Aim of

More information

World Geography. WG.1.1 Explain Earth s grid system and be able to locate places using degrees of latitude and longitude.

World Geography. WG.1.1 Explain Earth s grid system and be able to locate places using degrees of latitude and longitude. Standard 1: The World in Spatial Terms Students will use maps, globes, atlases, and grid-referenced technologies, such as remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and Global Positioning Systems

More information

DETERMINE OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN IZMIR

DETERMINE OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN IZMIR Sukran Yalpir Asli Bozdag Saban Inam DETERMINE OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN IZMIR Globalization INTRODUCTION Economic pressure cause Economic migration cause cause Spatial organizations Spatial

More information

Interregional Cooperation in the Apennines

Interregional Cooperation in the Apennines INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP THE ALPS AND THE ARDENNES: SHARING EXPERIENCES AMONG TRANSBOUNDARY MOUNTAIN AREAS Interregional Cooperation in the Apennines Massimo Sargolini, professor at the University of Camerino,

More information

Low Density Areas : Places of Opportunity. Enrique Garcilazo, OECD Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development

Low Density Areas : Places of Opportunity. Enrique Garcilazo, OECD Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development Low Density Areas : Places of Opportunity Enrique Garcilazo, OECD Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development Open Days, Brussels, 11 th October, 2016 Outline 1. Performance low density

More information

Declaration Population and culture

Declaration Population and culture Declaration Population and culture The ministers of the parties to the Alpine Convention regard the socio-economic and socio-cultural aspects mentioned in Article 2, Paragraph 2, Item a., as being central

More information

Social Studies Curriculum Sixth Grade

Social Studies Curriculum Sixth Grade Social Studies Curriculum Sixth Grade A. History Students will examine the key historic movements, events, and figures that contributed to the development of modern Europe and American nations from early

More information

Socio-Economic and Ecological Indicators of the Metropolitan Area of Bucharest

Socio-Economic and Ecological Indicators of the Metropolitan Area of Bucharest 12 Socio-Economic and Ecological Indicators of the Metropolitan Area of Bucharest Gabriela Ţigu 1, Olimpia State 2, Delia Popescu 3 1 Prof. PhD, The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies 2,3 Assoc. Prof.

More information

Labour Market Areas in Italy. Sandro Cruciani Istat, Italian National Statistical Institute Directorate for territorial and environmental statistics

Labour Market Areas in Italy. Sandro Cruciani Istat, Italian National Statistical Institute Directorate for territorial and environmental statistics Labour Market Areas in Italy Sandro Cruciani Istat, Italian National Statistical Institute Directorate for territorial and environmental statistics Workshop on Developing European Labour Market Areas Nuremberg,

More information

Lecture 9: Location Effects, Economic Geography and Regional Policy

Lecture 9: Location Effects, Economic Geography and Regional Policy Lecture 9: Location Effects, Economic Geography and Regional Policy G. Di Bartolomeo Index, EU-25 = 100 < 30 30-50 50-75 75-100 100-125 >= 125 Canarias (E) Guadeloupe Martinique RÈunion (F) (F) (F) Guyane

More information

Frans Thissen Department of Geography, Planning and International Development Studies Rural Poverty in Flanders

Frans Thissen Department of Geography, Planning and International Development Studies Rural Poverty in Flanders Frans Thissen Department of Geography, Planning and International Development Studies Rural Poverty in Flanders a diversity of poverty in a diversity of places Rural poverty research in Flanders Henk Meert

More information

SPATIAL EVALUATION OF URBAN FORM WITH RESPECT TO BUILDING DENSITY IN ÝSTANBUL

SPATIAL EVALUATION OF URBAN FORM WITH RESPECT TO BUILDING DENSITY IN ÝSTANBUL SPATIAL EVALUATION OF URBAN FORM WITH RESPECT TO BUILDING DENSITY IN ÝSTANBUL Burçin Yazgý*, Vedia Dökmeci* *Urban Planning Department, Ýstanbul Technical University, Turkey byazgi@gmail.com, dokmeciv@itu.edu.tr

More information

The Concepts of Post-industrial Shift and their Relevance to the Arctic Context: A City Study of Iqaluit, Nunavut.

The Concepts of Post-industrial Shift and their Relevance to the Arctic Context: A City Study of Iqaluit, Nunavut. The Concepts of Post-industrial Shift and their Relevance to the Arctic Context: A City Study of Iqaluit, Nunavut. Hugo Haley Abstract Mega-trends emerge from the restructuring of the global economy. These

More information

Bishkek City Development Agency. Urban Planning Bishkek

Bishkek City Development Agency. Urban Planning Bishkek Bishkek City Development Agency Urban Planning Bishkek Bishkek City Development Agency Official name City budget Population Area GRP Import value Export value External trade turnover Foreign direct investments

More information

Experience and perspectives of using EU funds and other funding for the implementation of district renovation projects

Experience and perspectives of using EU funds and other funding for the implementation of district renovation projects Experience and perspectives of using EU funds and other funding for the implementation of district renovation projects Ministry of the Interior of Lithuania Regional policy department Administration, coordination,

More information

May kindly Tim Page prepare the Bulgaria page header with the same design as the others? Bulgaria Urban Region of Sofia

May kindly Tim Page prepare the Bulgaria page header with the same design as the others? Bulgaria Urban Region of Sofia May kindly Tim Page prepare the Bulgaria page header with the same design as the others? Bulgaria Urban Region of Sofia National Planning Context Urban Region of Sofia Geography Statistics Trends Historical

More information

Urban Expansion of the City Kolkata since last 25 years using Remote Sensing

Urban Expansion of the City Kolkata since last 25 years using Remote Sensing [ VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL JUNE 2018] E ISSN 2348 1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 Urban Expansion of the City Kolkata since last 25 years using Remote Sensing Soumita Banerjee Researcher, Faculty Council

More information

CHAPTER VII PATTERNS OF URBANISATION

CHAPTER VII PATTERNS OF URBANISATION 7.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER VII PATTERNS OF URBANISATION Urbanisation has been regarded as an index of the level of socio-economic development of a country; hence, the study of urbanisation assumes importance

More information

STRATEGY FOR SPATIAL PLANNING AND RENEWAL OF URBAN POLICY: THE SOFA OF CENTRAL METROPOLITAN AREA

STRATEGY FOR SPATIAL PLANNING AND RENEWAL OF URBAN POLICY: THE SOFA OF CENTRAL METROPOLITAN AREA KINGDOM OF MOROCCO MINISTRY OF SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT STRATEGY FOR SPATIAL PLANNING AND RENEWAL OF URBAN POLICY: THE SOFA OF CENTRAL METROPOLITAN AREA STATE AND ORIENTATION OF THE SNAT

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. AP Test 13 Review Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Compared to the United States, poor families in European cities are more

More information

AP Human Geography Free Response Questions Categorized

AP Human Geography Free Response Questions Categorized AP Human Geography Free Response Questions Categorized 2002-2010 2. Population (13-17%) 3. Over the past 150 years, Europe has changed from a source to a destination region for international migration.

More information

Strand 1: Principles of Constitutional Democracy. Strand 2: Principles and Processes of Governance Systems

Strand 1: Principles of Constitutional Democracy. Strand 2: Principles and Processes of Governance Systems Social Studies GLE S - Grade 4 Strand 1: Principles of Constitutional Democracy 1. Knowledge of the principles expressed in documents shaping constitutional democracy in the United States A. Knowledge

More information

FROM INDUSTRY DEPENDENT URBAN AGGLOMERATION TO CONTEMPORARY METROPOLITAN AREA TOWARDS THE RENEWED LISBON STRATEGY

FROM INDUSTRY DEPENDENT URBAN AGGLOMERATION TO CONTEMPORARY METROPOLITAN AREA TOWARDS THE RENEWED LISBON STRATEGY FROM INDUSTRY DEPENDENT URBAN AGGLOMERATION TO CONTEMPORARY METROPOLITAN AREA TOWARDS THE RENEWED LISBON STRATEGY Tomasz Sławiński - architect Deputy Director Mazovian Office for Spatial Planning and Regional

More information

Urban Geography. Unit 7 - Settlement and Urbanization

Urban Geography. Unit 7 - Settlement and Urbanization Urban Geography Unit 7 - Settlement and Urbanization Unit 7 is a logical extension of the population theme. In their analysis of the distribution of people on the earth s surface, students became aware

More information

AP Human Geography Unit 7a: Services Guided Reading Mr. Stepek Introduction (Rubenstein p ) 1. What is the tertiary sector of the economy?

AP Human Geography Unit 7a: Services Guided Reading Mr. Stepek Introduction (Rubenstein p ) 1. What is the tertiary sector of the economy? Public Business Consumer AP Human Geography Unit 7a: Services Guided Reading Mr. Stepek Introduction (Rubenstein p 372 374) 1. What is the tertiary sector of the economy? 2. What is a service activity?

More information

GRAAD 12 NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12

GRAAD 12 NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 GRAAD 12 NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 GEOGRAPHY P1 FEBRUARY/MARCH 2013 MARKS: 300 TIME: 3 hours This question paper consists of 11 pages and a 12-page annexure. Geography/P1 2 DBE/Feb. Mar. 2013

More information

Urban Transportation Planning Prof. Dr.V.Thamizh Arasan Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Urban Transportation Planning Prof. Dr.V.Thamizh Arasan Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Urban Transportation Planning Prof. Dr.V.Thamizh Arasan Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Module #03 Lecture #12 Trip Generation Analysis Contd. This is lecture 12 on

More information

Key issues of regional development: DIAMONT WP6 experience. Vincent Briquel, Cemagref, France

Key issues of regional development: DIAMONT WP6 experience. Vincent Briquel, Cemagref, France Key issues of regional development: DIAMONT WP6 experience Vincent Briquel, Cemagref, France WP6 objectives DIAMONT: provide with a basis for monitoring the sustainability of regional development in the

More information

Population Density and Growth. Distribution of people on Earth

Population Density and Growth. Distribution of people on Earth Population Density and Growth Distribution of people on Earth Population Density! Terminology!! Population density is a measure of how compact or concentrated a population is. It takes area of land into

More information