Plant survival in southern Mongolian desert steppes - Ecology of communities, interactions and populations. H a b i l i t a t i o n s s c h r i f t

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1 Plant survival in southern Mongolian desert steppes - Ecology of communities, interactions and populations H a b i l i t a t i o n s s c h r i f t zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Dr. rer. nat. habil. vorgelegt der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät I - Biowissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg von Herrn Dr. rer. nat. Karsten Wesche geb. am: in Lüchow Gutachter /in 1. Prof. Dr. Isabell Hensen, Halle 2. Prof. Dr. Jörg Pfadenhauer, München 3. Prof. Dr. Milan Chytrý, Brno Verteidigung: Halle (Saale), den Probevorlesung: Halle (Saale), den urn:nbn:de:gbv: [

2 Plant survival in southern Mongolian desert steppes - Ecology of communities, interactions and populations By K. Wesche Inst. of Biology - Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Germany

3 "Full many a flower is born to blush unseen And wastes its fragrance to the desert air" cited after J. Austen Emma

4 Structure III Contents Contents Organization of the thesis List of publications relevant to the thesis III V V 1 Introduction: The relevance of research in dry Central Asian grasslands 7 Why grasslands matter 7 The situation in Central Asia 8 Emerging topics for a research project in southern Mongolia 9 The organizational framework of the research project 11 2 Study region 16 Choosing a study site 16 Geology, landforms and soils 16 The climate in Mongolia 18 The local climate in the study area 22 3 Communities: Flora and Vegetation Summary: Flora and Vegetation Introduction 26 Results and Discussion 28 Conclusions and Outlook Abstracts of corresponding publications 37 4 Plant-animal interactions: Impact of livestock and small mammals Summary: Livestock and small mammals Introduction 41 Results and Discussion 44 Conclusions and Outlook Abstracts of corresponding publications 55 5 Populations: Population ecology of selected plant species Summary: Plant population ecology Introduction 59 Results and Discussion 61 Conclusions and Outlook Abstracts of corresponding publications 73

5 IV Structure 6 Short summary of the entire thesis 78 Acknowledgements 79 Appendix: Theses compiled in the Gobi Gurvan Saykhan Research Project 81 List of publications and conference contributions by the Gobi Gurvan Saykhan Research Project 82 List of grants organsised by K. Wesche for the Gobi Gurvan Saykhan Research Project 88 Curriculum vitae K. Wesche 88 Statement 91

6 Structure V Organization of the thesis The present thesis is based on a set of peer-reviewed publications that originated from work carried out in the Gobi Gurvan Saykhan Research Project, which has been coordinated by the author since Due to copyright regulations, here only the abstracts are given, more details are available from the author on request. Publications have been organised into three chapters which include an overall introduction and summary to highlight the most relevant aspects of the work. Each of these chapters ends with an overview of ongoing and planned research. In addition to the three chapters summarising the publications, there is a general introduction to the topic, the framework of the larger research project, and another chapter on general aspects of the study region. The thesis ends with a general summary. The appendix gives detailed acknowledgements, a list of degree theses that were compiled in the Gobi Gurvan Saykhan Research Project, a comprehensive list of publications written in the project, a list of grants organised and a CV of the author. List of publications relevant for the thesis (notes in brackets indicate the work that was done by K. Wesche) Chapter 3 - Communities: Flora and vegetation Wesche K., Miehe S. & Miehe G. (2005) Plant communities of the Gobi Gurvan Sayhan National Park (South Gobi Aimag, Mongolia). Candollea 60: (larger part of field work and data analysis, writing and editing the paper) Wesche K. & Ronnenberg K. (2004) Phytosociological affinities and habitat preferences of Juniperus sabina L. and Artemisia santolinifolia Turcz. ex Bess. in mountain sites of the south-eastern Gobi Altay, Mongolia. Feddes Repertorium 115: (idea, data analysis, writing and editing the paper) von Wehrden H., Wesche K., Reudenbach C. & Miehe G. (2006) Vegetation mapping in Central Asian dry eco-systems using Landsat ETM+. A case study on the Gobi Gurvan Saykhan National Park: Erdkunde 60: (idea, main part of field work, editing the paper) Miehe G., Opgenoorth L., Cermak J., Schlütz F., Jäger E. J., Samiya R. & Wesche K (2007) Montane forest islands and Holocene forest retreat in Central Asian deserts: a case study from the southern Gobi Altay, Mongolia. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 250: (part of field work, part of writing and editing the paper) Chapter 4 - Plant-animal interactions: Impact of livestock and small mammals Stumpp M., Wesche K., Retzer V. & Miehe G. (2005) Impact of grazing livestock and distance from water points on soil fertility in southern Mongolia. Mountain Research and Development 25: (part of lab work and data analysis, writing and editing the paper) Wesche K., Nadrowski K. & Retzer V. (in press) Habitat engineering under dry conditions: The impact of pikas (Ochotona pallasi) on southern Mongolian mountain steppes. Journal of Vegetation Science 18: (idea, main parts of idea, field work, data analysis, writing and editing the paper)

7 VI Structure Wesche K., Ronnenberg K. & Retzer V. (submitted) Effects of herbivore exclusion in southern Mongolian desert steppes. (idea, main parts of idea, field work, data analysis, writing and editing the paper) Wesche K. & Ronnenberg K. (submitted) NPK-fertilisation increases plant productivity in southern Mongolia desert steppes. (main parts of idea, field work, data analysis, writing and editing the paper) Chapter 5 - Populations: Population ecology of selected plant species Wesche K., Pietsch M., Ronnenberg K., Undrakh R. & Hensen I. (2006) Germination of fresh and frost-treated seeds from dry Central Asian steppes. Seed Science Research 16: (idea, data analysis, writing and editing the paper, large parts of data collection) Wesche K., Ronnenberg K. & Hensen I. (2005) Lack of sexual reproduction in dry mountain steppe populations of the clonal shrub Juniperus sabina L. in southern Mongolia. Journal of Arid Environments 63: (idea, data analysis, writing and editing the paper) Wesche K., Jäger E. J., von Wehrden H. & Undrakh R. (2005) Status and distribution of four endemic vascular plants in the Gobi Altay. Mongolian Journal of Biological Sciences 3: (idea, field work, analysis of local distribution, writing and editing the paper) Wesche K., Hensen I. & Undrakh R. (2006) Genetic structure of Galitzkya macrocarpa and G. potaninii, two closely related endemics of Central Asian mountain ranges. Annals of Botany 98: (idea, data analysis, writing and editing the paper, part of data collection) Wesche K., Hensen I. & Undrakh R. (2006) Range-wide genetic analysis provides evidence for natural isolation among populations of the Central Asian endemic Potentilla ikonnikovii Juz. (Rosaceae). Plant Species Biology 21: (idea, data analysis, writing and editing the paper, part of data collection)