Final Project Report Entitled. Synthesis and Characterization of Soil Quality by Chemo- Capacitive Method

Transcription

1 Final Project Report Entitled Synthesis and Characterization of Soil Quality by Chemo- Capacitive Method

2 Final Minor Research Project Report entitled Synthesis and Characterization of Soil Quality by Chemo- Capacitive Method Submitted to University Grant Commission, Western regional office, Ganehkhind, Pune Submitted by Mr. Hiranand Ramdas Khambayat Dept. of Physics, Annasaheb Vartak College, Vasai Road (w) , Dist. Thane Through The H.O.D. & The Principal Dept. of Physics, Annasaheb Vartak College, Vasai Road (w) , Dist. Thane

3 Index Chapter-I Introduction Chapter-II Experimentation Chapter-III Statistical data of results Chapter-IV Results based discussion Chapter V Conclusion

4 CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION OF SOIL SENSOR: Fertile soil plays an important role to maintain the quality of yield in Agriculture field. To maintain the soil fertility is the major problem crowded in all over word. Bi-colour leaves / bio material moisture study is reported earlier by Yogi to check leaf moisture for water scheduling of cash crops. To predict the probability of obtaining a profitable response to fertilizer application, Low analysis soils may not always respond to fertilizer applications due to other limiting factors. However, the probability of a response is greater than on a high analysis soil will provide sufficient nutrients for the best possible yields. This chemocapacitive soil sensor is intended for the measurement of moisture content in soils or other materials with a similar consistency. It has been optimized for applications requiring low power consumption in combination with high longterm stability. A standard 0-1V output facilitates easy interfacing to any readout or logging equipment. The chemo-capacitive device includes an external optional

5 temperature Detector. It is especially suited for long-term measurements with battery powered cataloguing equipment. This chemo-moisture sensor is intended as a low-cost alternative where the dynamics of moisture and water withholding are of major concern and a high absolute accuracy is not required. A capacitive method is employed which in principle measures the volumetric water content. The calibration curves, however, are dependent on soil type and salt concentration. Therefore, absolute measurements can be obtained but require calibration by independent methods. The aim of this manuscript is to study the effect of chemo-moisture variation of different fertilizer applied soil and also to study its effect on soil fertility by simple technique. AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF SOIL SENSOR: The present work deals with sensitivity of moisture contain in soil by applying different fertilizer and analysis and characterize by chemo-capacitive technique. The soil moisture sensing characteristics have been evaluated for two different regions soil and treated with different fertilizer that is chemical, bio and naturally present fertilizer in soil. The temperature effect is also trying to relate to the moisture activity at an operating temperature zone from RT to 60 o C. The sensing mechanism of such sensor is based on polarization under the action of

6 the external field. The attempts have been made to correlate dielectric constant k s (a parameter that relate the polarization with the change in partial pressure of humidity reactive oil mixture) with change in operating temperature. Thus the most important objective of our sensor is to verify the fertility of different fertilizer treated soil and its moisture effect on it in the humidity condition.

7 CHAPTER -2 EXPERIMENTATION 2.0 EXPERIMENTATION: The Chemo-capacitive soil sensor measures the soil moisture s by electric polarization and converts it to calibrated readings of soil water suction. The Chemo-capacitive soil sensor consists of two parallel plate electrodes implanted in reference granular matrix material, however the matrix material held in a plastic case. For initial testing, device is kept outside in intimate contact with different types of soil samples, and reaches equilibrium with the soil moisture. The adaptor excites the electrodes with 1-5V ac current with constant frequency of 1 khz and measures the electrical potential which decreases with increasing soil moisture. The data is than calculated and converted in to different sensor specification of soil moisture units. The purpose was to review the advances in the various soil water measuring techniques, and to consult on the procedures for adopting soil water measurement techniques in the future research.

8 BRIEF EXPERIMENTATION IN FLOWCHARTS: START Designing of Chemo-capacitive soil sensor Probe Selection of Two Aluminum metal plates of Size 15 x 15 cm Fabrication of Chemo-capacitive soil sensor using separated by insulating spacing of one CM Soil moisture Chemo-capacitive sensors Probing of Chemo-capacitive sensor and Sensor specification study Analysis related to different fertilizer-soil and moisture holding effect on it Analysis related to temperature variation Sensor Specification study i.e. Sensitivity, Selectivity, repeatability, response time, recovery time etc

9 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF HOME BUILT SOIL SENSOR: Experimental setup show the chemo capacitive probe mead up of 0.025cm thick aluminum sheet (15LX15B) cm 2 separated by insulating strips with the spacing 1.1cm as shown in figure below. Fabricated Probe of Chemo-capacitive Soil sensors PROBING OF CHEMO-CAPACITIVE SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR:

10 The chemo-capacitive sensors are probed in different soil containers that are collected from different region that is Waliv region and Aagashi regions and the terminals of the sensors are taken out and connected to study the different sensor specification like sensitivity with respective temperature, and to measure the moisture contain in the different fertilizer applied soil. The probed sensors are shown below: Probing of Chemo-capacitive soil moisture sensor

11 COMPLETE EXPERIMENTAL SET UP TO STUDY DIFFERENT SENSOR SPECIFICATION: The sensors are linked to the different standard and calibrated accessories for measurement of dielectric and capacitive variation with change in temperature and moisture contain in the different fertilizer applied. The setup as shown below

12 Experimental Setup of Home built Soil Sensor CHEMO-CAPACITIVE SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR ACCESSORIES: LCR meter is one of the important instrumental elements of our characterization system connected to the soil moisture probe for measuring continues changing in capacitance and dielectric measurement as shown below Inductance, Capacitance and Resistive Meter (LCR)

13 ADDITIVE CONCENTRATION WEIGHT MEASURING DIGITAL BALANCE: The digital balance is use to measure the additive concentration of different fertilizers that is chemical fertilizer (urea) Bio fertilizer with different weight percentages. Additive concentration weights measuring digital balance

14 CHAPTER: 3 STATISTICAL DATA OF RESULTS STATISTICAL DATA OF RESULTS: The chapter deals with the results obtained during the experimentation described in chapter-ii concerned with different soil chemo-capacitive system. As mentioned in chapter-1, a lot of work is reported on soil sensor as a functional material for soil moisture sensing applications. The literature survey indicated there is no report of soil modified with different fertilizers as an additive for soil fertility applications. In the present work different fertilizers applied soil samples are taken for moisture sensing applications is investigated. Based on the experimental results the material characterization is one of the most important studies to control material processing, materials properties and further it may help in developing a model on the basis of the characterization results obtained. In the following article, data for sensor specifications is presented based on. Optimization of weight percentage of additive, Repeatability and Reproducibility and Response time recovery time.

15 3.1 RESULTS BASED ELECTRICAL CHARACTERIZATION: As the soil moisture chemo capacitive sensors are based on polarization and variation of dielectric properties of material that is used. The statistical data of variation of sensitivity factor are presented below. OBSERVATIONS BASED ON VARIATION OF SENSITIVITY FACTOR, WITH RESPECTIVE OPERATING TEMPERATURE FOR DIFFERENT ADDITIVE CONCENTRATION OF BIO FERTILIZER APPLIED WALIV SOIL: The result based on change in variation of calculated sensitivity factor and temperature are tabulated as follows. Observation table: Statistical data of Variation of Sensitivity Factor with respective operating temperature for different additive concentration of biofertilizer applied Waliv Soil.

16 Sensitivity Factor (SF) for different additive Temperature concentration of Bio- fertilizer applied Soil OBSERVATIONS BASED ON VARIATION OF DIELECTRIC FACTOR, WITH RESPECTIVE OPERATING TEMPERATURE FOR DIFFERENT ADDITIVE CONCENTRATION OF BIO FERTILIZER APPLIED WALIV SOIL: In this unit, the statistical data of operating temperature and corresponding dielectric variation is reported for different additive weight concentration of biofertilizer applied in soil. The detailed readings for the temperature effect on the Waliv Soil and bio-fertilizer is given in Annexure V.

17 Observation table: Statistical data of Variation of Dielectric Factor with respective operating temperature for different additive concentration of bio fertilizer applied Waliv Soil. Dielectric Variation for different additive Temperature concentration of Bio-fertilizer applied soil

18 OBSERVATIONS BASED ON VARIATION OF DIELECTRIC FACTOR, WITH RESPECTIVE OPERATING TEMPERATURE FOR DIFFERENT ADDITIVE CONCENTRATION OF UREA APPLIED WALIV SOIL: In this unit, the statistical data of operating temperature and corresponding dielectric variation is reported for different additive weight concentration of urea applied in waliv soil. The detailed readings for the temperature effect on the Waliv Soil and urea is given in Annexure V. Observation table: Statistical data of Variation of Dielectric Factor with respective operating temperature for different additive concentration of bio urea applied to Waliv Soil. Dielectric Variation for different additive Temperature concentration of Urea applied to Waliv soil Variation found to be less and Soil found to be hard and wet

19 OBSERVATIONS BASED ON VARIATION OF SENSITIVITY FACTOR, WITH RESPECTIVE OPERATING TEMPERATURE FOR DIFFERENT ADDITIVE CONCENTRATION OF BIO FERTILIZER APPLIED AAGASHI SOIL: The result based on change in variation of calculated sensitivity factor and temperature are tabulated in the following table. Observation table: Statistical data of Variation of Sensitivity Factor with respective operating temperature for different additive concentration of bio fertilizer applied Aagashi Soil. Sensitivity factor Variation for different additive Temperature concentration of Bio-fertilizer applied Aagashi soil

20 OBSERVATIONS BASED ON VARIATION OF DIELECTRIC FACTOR, WITH RESPECTIVE OPERATING TEMPERATURE FOR DIFFERENT ADDITIVE CONCENTRATION OF BIO-FERTILIZER APPLIED AAGASHI SOIL: In this unit, the statistical data of operating temperature and corresponding dielectric variation is reported for different additive weight concentration of biofertilizer applied in Aagashi soil. Observation table: Statistical data of Variation of Dielectric Factor with respective operating temperature for different additive concentration of bio fertilizer applied Aagashi Soil. Dielectric Variation for different additive concentration of Temperature Bio-fertilizer applied Aagashi soil

21 OBSERVATIONS BASED ON VARIATION OF DIELECTRIC FACTOR, WITH RESPECTIVE OPERATING TEMPERATURE FOR DIFFERENT ADDITIVE CONCENTRATION OF UREA APPLIED AAGASHI SOIL: In this unit, the statistical data of operating temperature and corresponding dielectric variation is reported for different additive weight concentration of urea applied in Aagashi soil. Statistical data of Variation of Dielectric Factor with respective operating temperature for different additive concentration of urea applied Aagashi Soil. Dielectric Variation for different additive concentration of Temperature Urea applied Aagashi soil

22 RESULTS BASED PHOTOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERIZATION: In this unit the Photographical data are shown in the different photograph as shown below PHOTOGRAPHICAL OBSERVATIONS BASED ON MICROPHOTOGRAPH OF ADD MIXTURE OF WALIV SOIL AND BIO FERTILIZER: The result based on change in variation of add mixture of Waliv Soil and Bio fertilizer are shown in the photographs.

23 Microphotograph of add mixture of waliv soil and bio fertilizer Microphotograph of add mixture of Waliv Soil and Bio fertilizer with 5,10,15,20 Wt% of concentration. PHOTOGRAPHICAL OBSERVATIONS BASED ON MICROPHOTOGRAPH OF ADD MIXTURE OF WALIV SOIL AND UREA: The result based on change in variation of add mixture of Waliv Soil and Bio fertilizer. Microphotograph of add mixture of Waliv Soil and Urea

24 Microphotograph of pure Waliv Soil Microphotograph of add mixture of Waliv Soil and Urea Microphotograph of add mixture of Waliv Soil and Urea with 5 Wt% concentration.

25 Microphotograph of add mixture of Waliv Soil and Urea Microphotograph of add mixture of Waliv Soil and Urea with 10 Wt% concentration. Microphotograph of add mixture of Waliv Soil and Urea Microphotograph of add mixture of Waliv Soil and Urea with 15 Wt% concentration. Microphotograph of add mixture of Waliv Soil and Urea

26 Microphotograph of add mixture of Waliv Soil and Urea with 20 Wt% concentration. PHOTOGRAPHICAL OBSERVATIONS BASED ON MICROPHOTOGRAPH OF ADD MIXTURE OF AAGASHI SOIL AND BIO FERTILIZER: The result based on change in variation of add mixture of Waliv Soil and Bio fertilizer. Microphotograph of add mixture of Aagashi Soil and Bio-Fertilizer

27 Microphotograph of add mixture of Aagashi Soil and Bio-fertilizer. PHOTOGRAPHICAL OBSERVATIONS BASED ON MICROPHOTOGRAPH OF ADD MIXTURE OF AAGASHI SOIL AND UREA: The result based on change in variation of add mixture of Aagashi Soil and Urea are shown in the different photographs. Microphotograph of add mixture of Aagashi Soil and Urea Microphotograph of add mixture of Aagashi Soil and 5Wt% of Urea Microphotograph of add mixture of Aagashi Soil and Urea

28 Microphotograph of add mixture of Aagashi Soil and10 Wt% of Urea Microphotograph of add mixture of Aagashi Soil and 15 Wt% of Urea

29 CHAPTER -4 RESULTS BASED DISCUSSION The chapter deals with the results obtained during the experimentation described in chapter-3 concerned with different soil chemo-capacitive system. As can be seen from fig.4.1] the sensitivity response is more in case of the granular mixture of waliv soil and 15 Wt% of bio fertilizer soil as compared to 0,5,10 and 20 Wt% of add mixture. W A L IV S O IL 2 5 K M F R O M S E A S H O R E + B F Sesitivity Factor (SF) W B F 0 W B F 5 W B F 1 0 W B F 1 5 W B F O p era tin g tem p ( o C )

30 Fig.4.1 Sensitivity factor variation of Granular Mixture of Waliv soil and Biofertilizer with respect to operating temperature for different concentration. (i.e. 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 respectively) WALIV SOIL 25 KM FROM SEA SHORE +BIO- FERTILIZER 1.40 W BF 05 W BF W BF 15 W BF Dielectric Variaiton Operating Temp. ( o C)

31 Fig4.2 (a) Dielectric Variation of Granular Mixture of Waliv soil and Bio-fertilizer with respect to operating temperature for different concentration. (i.e. 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 respectively) W A L I V S O I L 2 5 K M F R O M S E A S H O R E + U R E A W U Dielectric Variation O p e r a t i n g t e m p. ( o C ) Fig.4.2 (b) Dielectric Variation of Granular Mixture of Waliv soil and Urea with respect to operating temperature for different concentration (i.e. 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 respectively) but measurable response is shown for 5 gram concentration.

32 In case of dielectric variation [Fig4.2 (a)] it is observed that more dielectric change is in case of add mixture of 15 Wt%. While in case of add mixture of waliv soil and uria [Fig4.2 (b)] only response is seen to 5 Wt% concentration for 10, 15, 20 Wt% concentration has not shown recordable change, it shows decorative hard urea flowers are found at the edges of container after 2 days and soil becomes hard as can be observed in the microphotograph [fig.3.2.2(a to e)] Sensitivity Factor (SF) A A G A S H I S O IL 2 K M F R O M S E A S H O R E + B F A B F 0 A B F 5 A B F 1 0 A B F O p era tin g tem p. ( o C ) Fig4.3 Sensitivity variation of Granular Mixture of Aagashi soil and Biofertilizer with respect to operating temperature.

33 Dielectric Variaiton AAGASHI SOIL 2 KM FROM SEA SHORE + BIO-FERTILIZER ABF0 ABF15 ABF05 ABF Operating Temperature ( o C) Fig4.4 (a) Dielectric Variation of Granular Mixture of Aagashi soil and Bio-fertilizer with respect to operating temperature.

34 AAGASHI SOIL 2 KM FROM SEA SHORE + UREA Dielectric Variation AU05 AU10 AU Operating Temp. ( o C) Fig.4.4 (b) Dielectric Variation of Granular Mixture of Aagashi soil and Urea with respect to operating temperature. Same changes can be seen in case of add mixture of Aagashi soil and biofertilizer sensitivity response is more in case of the granular mixture of Aagashi

35 soil and 15 gram bio fertilizer as compared to 0,5,10 and 20 gram of add mixture similar change can be verified in case of dielectric response [Fig.4.4(a)], But in case of add mixture of Aagashi soil and Urea [Fig.4.4(b)], the response is seen all the concentration but more is seen to 15 gram concentration samples of surface morphology show more void to the samples which indicates the hardness of the samples which is not useful to soil fertility Soil moisture content may be determined via its effect on dielectric constant by measuring the capacitance between two electrodes implanted in the soil. Where soil moisture is predominantly in the form of free water (e.g., in sandy soils), the dielectric constant is directly proportional to the moisture content. The probe is normally given a frequency excitation to permit measurement of the dielectric constant. The readout from the probe is not linear with water content and is influenced by soil type and soil temperature. Therefore, careful calibration is required and long-term stability of the calibration is questionable. In soil systems, rapid changes in moisture content strongly affects soil aeration status. In addition to changes in bulk conditions, there are micro sites or zone where diffusion of oxygen is restricted, such as small pores filled with water and the interior of aggregates where oxygen consumption is more rapid than oxygen diffusion. In areas were there is better access to soil air and pockets of easily

36 decomposed organics, and intense decomposition can deplete available oxygen and produce a number of redox-active organic compounds. From a global perspective redox is an important aspect of energy and carbon transfer. Carbon reduction and its subsequent oxidation fuel the biological world. Carbon reduction or gain in electrons is often called photosynthesis by the uninitiated and the reverse oxidation reaction is called respiration when applied to humans and other large animals. Microbial respiration accompanies or is synonymous with mineralization. Regardless of your perspective, redox reactions are important aspects of soil chemistry. Redox reactions change the speciation and solubility of many elements, create new compounds and alter the biochemistry of soils. In a complex mixture such as soils the interpretation of redox relationships is difficult. Since the dynamics of soil oxygen which drives the changes in redox potential are rapid, equilibrium may not be attained. From a thermo chemistry view point redox is not at equilibrium, because all of the energy yielding compounds by definition contain excess free energy and are unstable with respect to carbon dioxide and water. Processes which reduce oxygen levels and decrease redox potentials are driven by microbial consumption of oxygen. Conditions necessary for lowering redox potentials include, a source of decomposable organic materials (energy source), a population of microbes

37 capable of utilizing this energy source for metabolism, and a restriction on the resupply of oxygen. These requirements are not uniformly distributed in soils and sediments. Thus, redox reactions and redox potentials are not uniform throughout the soil matrix. In fact, redox potentials are highly variable and therefore are best used as an indication or relative status of the soil.

38 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION From the data and outcome obtained in chapter 3 and 4 is can concluded that the add mixture of waliv soil and 15 wt% of bio fertilizer is better as compare to 0,5,10 and 20 wt% of add mixture of waliv soil and Bio-fertilizer were as the selectivity response is seen to at 5 wt% samples. While in case of Aagashi soil, the add mixture of 5 wt% bio- fertilizer and Aagashi soil is batter as compare to add mixture of 0, 10, 15 and 20 wt% biofertilizer to maintain the soil fertility and water holding capacity however the selectivity is found to highest at 0 wt% sample. But in case of urea it reduces the quality of soil (i.e. both waliv and Aagashi) in all the combination. The Concluding data shown as fellows

39 Table: 5.1 Sensitivity factor and Selectivity Data of add mixture of Waliv Soil and Bio-Fertilizer Sensitivity Factor Selectivity (Waliv Soil +Bio-Fertilizer) SF S0 S5 S10 S15 S20 SF SF SF SF SF

40 Table: 5.2 Sensitivity factor and Selectivity Data of add mixture of Aagashi Soil and Bio-Fertilizer Sensitivity Factor Selectivity (Aagashi Soil +Bio-Fertilizer) SF S0 S5 S10 S15 S20 SF SF SF SF Not shown better response SF20 Not shown any selectivity response

41 SPECIFICATION / PARAMETER STUDY OF CHEMO- CAPACITIVE SOIL MOISTURE SENSORS: Sensors are required to be appropriately characterized. These are done in terms of certain parameters and specification as discussed below: 1) Sensitivity factor: 98 % 2) Selectivity and specificity: 100 % 3) Response Time: ~1-3 second 4) Recovery time: ~ 2-3 sec 5) Accuracy: 98 %. 6) Precision: 100% repeatable. 7) Resolution: Average change in resolution is minimum. 8) Nonlinearity: It is found to be minimum that is 0.1%

42 FINAL REPORT The entire minor research project entitled Synthesis and Characterization of Soil Quality by Chemo- Capacitive Method is completed. The following paper has been prepared on the project, which is already presented and published in international conference. 1) Participated In International Conference on sensors and related Networks (SENNET 07) held on December, 2007 at VIT University, Vellore,India. 2) Participated in two days National conference on PHYSICS OF SEMICONDUCTER DEVICES & SMART MATERIALS held on December 22-23, 2007 at Karmveer Bhaurao Patil College,Vashi, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS: 1. H. R. Khambayat, A.V. Shelke, P. S. More, S. B. Deshpande Chemo-capacitive sensing characteristics of natural, bio- and chemical-fertilizer-applied soil samples accepted for poster presentation at International conference ICAMA 2007 Kolhapur P A.V. shelke,h. R. Khambayat P. S. More, S. B. Deshpande Sensing of Deterioration of Edible Oils in Humid Regions accepted & presented at International conference SENNET O7 at VIT University, Vellore, India, In Collaboration with Indian Nuclear Society, Kalpakkam Chapter& University OF Applied Sciences, Karlsruhe, Germany. Pp

43 3. The absorption coefficient of soils was determined using Spectrophotometer. The variation of the absorption coefficient of waliv and Aagashi soils with the wavelength is studied. Data indicates that the absorption coefficient of the soils varies with wavelength. It is observed that the waliv soil has the more absorption coefficient than the Aagashi soil tested with ought adding any fertilizer. The variations of the absorption coefficient in the range of wavelength studied were maximum for the waliv soil and least for the Aagashi soil. 4. After adding fertilizers ( Urea and Bio-fertilizer) Absorption coefficient reduces significantly. There is infinitesimally small variations of the absorption coefficient in the range of wavelength studied for both soils with both fertilizers. The remaining papers # 3 and papers # 4 etc. I will publish very soon with your acknowledge. Therefore, I am submitting herewith the final report of my project (vide letter No.F.No /07 (WRO) dated 16 th Jan 2008) along with Utilization Certificate of Rs.43500/-with Audited statement of expenditure.

44 WALIV SOIL 100 ml distilled water + Waliv Soil λ nm ABS for 1 gm ABS for 0.5 gm ABS for 0.2 gm AAGASHI SOIL 100 ml distilled water + Aagashi Soil λ nm ABS for 1 gm ABS for 0.5 gm ABS for 0.2 gm WALIV SOIL WITH 5% UREA 100 ml distilled water + Waliv Soil with 5% Urea λ nm ABS for 1 gm ABS for 0.5 gm

45 WALIV SOIL WITH 10% UREA 100 ml distilled water + Waliv Soil with 10% Urea λ nm ABS for 1 gm ABS for 0.5 gm WALIV SOIL WITH 15% UREA 100 ml distilled water + Waliv Soil with 15% Urea λ nm ABS for 1 gm ABS for 0.5 gm

46 WALIV SOIL WITH 20% UREA 100 ml distilled water + Waliv Soil with 20% Urea λ nm ABS for 1 gm ABS for 0.5 gm WALIV SOIL WITH 5%BIO-FERTILISER 100 ml distilled water + Waliv Soil with 5% Bio-Fertiliser λ nm ABS for 1 gm ABS for 0.5 gm WALIV SOIL WITH 10%BIO-FERTILISER 100 ml distilled water + Waliv Soil with 10% Bio-Fertiliser λ nm ABS for 1 gm ABS for 0.5 gm

47 WALIV SOIL WITH 15%BIO-FERTILISER 100 ml distilled water + Waliv Soil with 15% Bio-Fertiliser λ nm ABS for 1 gm ABS for 0.5 gm WALIV SOIL WITH 20%BIO-FERTILISER 100 ml distilled water + Waliv Soil with 20% Bio-Fertiliser λ nm ABS for 1 gm ABS for 0.5 gm AGASHI SOIL WITH 5%UREA

48 100 ml distilled water + Aagashi Soil with 5% Urea λ nm ABS for 1 gm ABS for 0.5 gm AAGASHI SOIL WITH 10%UREA 100 ml distilled water + Aagashi Soil with 10% Urea λ nm ABS for 1 gm ABS for 0.5 gm AAGASHI SOIL WITH 15%UREA 100 ml distilled water + Aagashi Soil with 15% Urea λ nm ABS for 1 gm ABS for 0.5 gm

49 AAGASHI SOIL WITH 20%UREA 100 ml distilled water + Aagashi Soil with 20% Urea λ nm ABS for 1 gm ABS for 0.5 gm AAGASHI SOIL WITH 5%BIO-FERTILISER 100 ml distilled water + Aagashi Soil with 5% Bio-Fertiliser λ nm ABS for 1 gm ABS for 0.5 gm AAGASHI SOIL WITH 10%BIO-FERTILISER

50 100 ml distilled water + Aagashi Soil with 10% Bio-Fertiliser λ nm ABS for 1 gm ABS for 0.5 gm AAGASHI SOIL WITH 15%BIO-FERTILISER 100 ml distilled water + Aagashi Soil with 15% Bio-Fertiliser λ nm ABS for 1 gm ABS for 0.5 gm AAGASHI SOIL WITH 20%BIO-FERTILISER 100 ml distilled water + Aagashi Soil with 20% Bio-Fertiliser λ nm ABS for 1 gm ABS for 0.5 gm

51