Dr. Jonathan Muñoz Barreto

Transcription

1 Centro de Transferencia de Tecnología en Transportación Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Agrimensura UPR- Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez Call Box 9000 * Mayagüez, PR Tel * Fax: * 29 Años de Excelencia en el Adiestramiento de Oficiales de Transportación a Nivel Municipal, Estatal, y Federal en Puerto Rico e Islas Vírgenes Instructor Dr. Jonathan Muñoz Barreto Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Agrimensura UPR Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez 17 de noviembre de 2015

2 Open Source GIS: Geospatial Solutions in Transportation Engineering Tuesday, November 17, 2015 INSTRUCTOR s: Dr. Jonathan Muñoz-Barreto Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez Sr. Roy Ruiz-Vélez Puerto Rico Seismic Network University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez

3 Liberal Arts Education No puede impedirse el viento. Pero pueden construirse molinos. Proverbio holandés

4 Liberal Arts Education (Information at Glance) Earth s Population by Latitude and Longitude

5 Liberal Arts Education (Information at Glance) Global Internet Usage Based on Time of Day

6 Liberal Arts Education (Information at Glance) World Map of Vegetation on Earth

7 Liberal Arts Education (Information at Glance) Overall Water Risk Around the World

8 Open Source Geographic Information Systems (Quantum GIS, Map Window, ArcGIS Online) Objectives Procedures for the management of geospatial data (transportation applications)

9 Working Items Basic Concepts of GIS with focus on Open Source Solutions Acquisition of geospatial data (vector and raster) Government databases Applications in transportation Delineation and identification of road infrastructure. Online Geo Data as an option to share information between agencies. Delineation of watersheds and networks for flood mitigation

10 Agenda Morning Session: Review and Fundamental Concepts Afternoon Session: Practice and Computational Time

11 Required Software: QGIS ( Housekeeping Mapwindow (

12 What is GIS? Help to Understand the World around You GIS software is designed to capture, manage, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information. GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize our world in ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. GIS software helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared on a map!

13 What is Open Source Software? Open-source software (OSS) is computer software with its source code made available with a license in which the copyright holder provides the rights to study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose. The term "open source" refers to something that can be modified and shared because its design is publicly accessible.

14 This outbreak is best known for the physician John Snow's study of the outbreak and his discovery that contaminated water, not air, spread cholera. History: 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak Snow later used a spot map to illustrate how cases of cholera were centered on the pump. He also made a solid use of statistics to illustrate the connection between the quality of the source of water and cholera cases. Snow's efforts to connect the incidence of cholera with potential geographic sources.

15 History: 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak

16 Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems

17 Data vs. Information Data Raw facts and observations (just numbers) i.e. Raifall, Temperature, road locations, building footprints Information Data with context or making sense of the data so it is actionable of useful. i.e. Weather Reports & Traffic Reports

18 Map Projections The earth is an oblique sphere. Map projections are attempts to portray the surface of the earth or a portion of the earth on a flat surface. Projections are mathematical transformations. Some distortions of conformity, distance, direction, scale, and area always result from this process. Some projections minimize distortions in some of these properties at the expense of maximizing errors in others. Some projection are attempts to only moderately distort all of these properties.

19 Types of Maps Projections Conformity When the scale of a map at any point on the map is the same in any direction, the projection is conformal. Meridians (lines of longitude) and parallels (lines of latitude) intersect at right angles. Shape is preserved locally on conformal maps. Distance A map is equidistant when it portrays distances from the center of the projection to any other place on the map. Direction A map preserves direction when azimuths(azimuthal - angles from a point on a line to another point) are portrayed correctly in all directions. Area When a map portrays areas over the entire map so that all mapped areas have the same proportional relationship to the areas on the Earth that they represent, the map is an equal-area map.

20 Types of Maps Projections

21 Map Projections on perspective

22 Wiki In geometry, a coordinate system is a system which uses one or more numbers, or coordinates, to uniquely determine the position of a point or other geometric element on the space, These systems can represent points in two-dimensional or threedimensional space. Coordinate Systems

23 Coordinate Systems When Mapping the earth s terrain and natural and cultural features, it is important that all mapped objects be accurately located with respect to an accepted geographic frame of reference. This is particularly important when spatial data from multiple sources are being integrated. (Examples??) If any of the spatial data sets are not accurately defined in an accepted frame of reference, then gaps overlaps and mismatches will occur.

24 NSRS Coordinate Systems: Coordinate Systems Latitude & Longitude State Plane Coordinates UTM Coordinates Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed NAD 83 NAD 27 NGVD 29 NAVD 88 PRVD 02 ITRF15

25 Mixing Coordinate Systems

26 Geographic Information Systems

27 GIS: Tool Box Information System Approach to Science GIS is a powerful tool for storing and retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes. GIS is a system capturing, storing, checking, manipulating, analyzing and displaying data which are spatially referenced to Earth. Analogy: GISciences is to GIS as Statistics is to Statistical software packages.

28 A System a group of connected entities and activities GIS An information System a set of procedures, executed on raw data, to produce information for decision making A Geographic Information System- an information system using geographically reference data.

29 GIS Components Data Hardware Software Brainware: People/Procedures/Plan Infrastructure: GIS operation Environment

30 GIScience: Contributing Disiplines Geography Cartography Remote Sensing Geomatics Engineering Geodesy Statistics Operation Research Computer Science Mathematics Management

31 Non-Spatial Data Attributes or information that describes the spatial entity Basic Elements of GIS: Data Spatial Data: Geographically referenced data Latitude and Longitude X and Y Coordinates Street Address Range and township Location shown on a map

32 GIS Data: Spatial is Special Geographic Location is a key feature of all government data. ( Experts estimate that as much of the 80% of the cost associated with a GIS system is related to the development and maintenance of its spatial data. Federal Agencies alone are spending $ billion annually on collection and management of geospatial data (National academy of public administration)

33 Examples of Data integration Ortho-rectified Aerial photos Satellite Images Image Products Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) Demographic Data Physical Features Hydrography Geology Etc Research Field Data

34 Spatial Assessment Spatial analysis or spatial statistics includes any of the formal techniques which study entities using their topological, geometric, or geographic properties

35 Spatial Assessment Spatial analysis is how we understand our world mapping where things are, how they relate, what it all means, and what actions to take. Understanding Where Where are my (X or Y thing) located? Understanding where is about putting the world in context. This includes geocoding your data, putting it on a map, and symbolizing it in ways that can help you visualize and understand your data.

36 Spatial Assessment Spatial analysis is how we understand our world mapping where things are, how they relate, what it all means, and what actions to take. Measuring Size, Shape, and Distribution How long is the road/river? How tall is the building? How large are the sugar cane fields? Measuring size and shape shows how large an object is or describes a feature in terms of its area, perimeter, length, height, and volume. It also helps to understand the distribution of multiple features.

37 Spatial Assessment Spatial analysis is how we understand our world mapping where things are, how they relate, what it all means, and what actions to take. Determining How Places Are Related Which rivers or roads are within 10 miles of a pipeline? Have other crimes occurred at this location? Answering spatial questions often requires an understanding of spatial relationships such as proximity, coincidence, intersection, overlap, visibility, and accessibility.

38 Spatial Assessment Spatial analysis is how we understand our world mapping where things are, how they relate, what it all means, and what actions to take. Finding the Best Locations and Paths Whether you're looking for the best route to travel, the best corridor to build a pipeline, or the best location to site a new store, spatial analysis helps you make more informed decisions about the best locations and paths

39 Spatial Assessment Spatial analysis is how we understand our world mapping where things are, how they relate, what it all means, and what actions to take. Detecting and Quantifying Patterns Where are clusters of high expenditures on electronic goods? Where are the hot spots of cancer deaths? Detecting and quantifying patterns in data can be used to find hot spots and outliers, find natural data clusters, and analyze changes in patterns over time.

40 Spatial Modeling

41 Visualization The term visualization encompasses a broad range of analytic tools and techniques that includes GIS, 3D modeling, and data and statistical visualizations. The common thread is the underlying desire to organize date into a coherent visual display that can be readily interpreted and understood.

42 Visualization Data visualization is the subset of visualization that involves the graphic display of data too complex for manual processing, and the resultant imagery is typically the end result of an algorthmic process or generated from a large-scale dataset. Prime examples of this type of visualization done through the IDRE-HPC team include 100K DLA simulation, laser simulation, fluid simulation, and network analysis. Statistical visualization originates from the statistical analysis of datasets and is supported by the combined forces of IDRE s Stats Group and GIS, Visualization and Modeling team.

43 GIS Data: Raster In its simplest form, a raster consists of a matrix of cells (or pixels) organized into rows and columns (or a grid) where each cell contains a value representing information, such as temperature. Rasters are digital aerial photographs, imagery from satellites, digital pictures, or even scanned maps.

44 GIS Data Raster Data stored in a raster format represents real-world phenomena: Thematic data (also known as discrete) represents features such as land-use or soils data. Continuous data represents phenomena such as temperature, elevation, or spectral data such as satellite images and aerial photographs. Pictures include scanned maps or drawings and building photographs.

45 GIS Data Raster Cell values can be either positive or negative, integer, or floating point. Integer values are best used to represent categorical (discrete) data and floating-point values to represent continuous surfaces.

46 GIS Data Raster

47 GIS Data Raster

48 GIS Data Raster

49 GIS Data Vector Vector is a coordinate-based data model that represents geographic features as points, lines, and polygons. Each point feature is represented as a single coordinate pair, while line and polygon features are represented as ordered lists of vertices. Attributes are associated with each vector feature, as opposed to a raster data model, which associates attributes with grid cells.

50 GIS Data Vector vs. Raster

51 GIS Data Vector vs. Raster

52 Open Source GIS Solutions

53 Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo) Non-profit non-governmental organization whose mission is to support and promote the collaborative development of open geospatial technologies and data. The foundation was formed in February 2006 to provide financial, organizational and legal support to the broader Free and open source geospatial community. It also serves as an independent legal entity to which community members can contribute code, funding and other resources, secure in the knowledge that their contributions will be maintained for public benefit.

54 OSGeo Projects Web Mapping deegree geomajas GeoMOOSE GeoServer Mapbender MapBuilder MapFish MapGuide Open Source MapServer OpenLayers Desktop Applications GRASS GIS Marble QGIS Geospatial Libraries FDO GDAL/OGR GEOS GeoTools OSSIM PostGIS Metadata Catalogs GeoNetwork pycsw Outreach Projects Public Geospatial Data Education and Curriculum OSGeo Live

55 QGIS QGIS (previously also known as Quantum GIS) is a free (GNU GPL v2) and open source GIS application It enable the user to visualize, manage, edit, analyse data, and compose printable maps. It runs on Linux, Unix, Mac OSX, Windows and Android and can be downloaded free of charge from qgis.org

56 QGIS Features The major features of QGIS include: Direct viewing and exploration of spatial data Advanced symbology (edit rendering styles) QGIS Browser as a simple and fast data viewer Support for numerous vector, raster, and database formats ESRI shapefiles, GeoJSON, KML/KMZ, and GPX PostGIS, SpatiaLite, MSSQL spatial, WMS (Create, edit and export spatial data Work with nodes, lines and polygons Convert between different coordinate systems (re-projection) Down/upload directly to a GPS unit Perform spatial analysis Find polygon centroids and basic statistics Distance matrix and line intersections Publish your map on the internet An extensible plug-in architecture Remote control JOSM

57 QGIS Coordinate Systems Earth is a three-dimensional body, roughly spherical in shape, yet the vast majority of maps are flat (2-dimesional). QGIS has support for approximately 2,700 known CRS. Some, such as WGS-84 are global projections, whereas others represent only specific regions. QGIS can be used to convert between CRS. Open the input layer making sure to select the correct CRS as described above. Use Layer->Save As... to export the layer with a different CRS (you may choice between the "Project" CRS or select a CRS from QGIS's extensive list).

58 MAPWindow Features MapWindow GIS is an open source GIS (mapping) application and set of programmable mapping components. It has been adopted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as the primary GIS platform for its BASINS (Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources) watershed analysis and modeling software. MapWindow includes standard GIS data visualization features as: DBF attribute table editing shapefile editing Data converters Dozens of standard GIS formats are supported, including: Shapefiles, GeoTIFF, ESRI ArcInfo ASCII and binary grids

59 Other Software's (Open Source) GRASS GIS Originally developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: a complete GIS. gvsig Written in Java. Runs on Linux, Unix, Mac OS X and Windows. ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System) Integrates image, vector and thematic data. JUMP GIS / OpenJUMP ((Open) Java Unified Mapping Platform) The desktop GISs OpenJUMP, SkyJUMP, deejump and Kosmo all emerged from JUMP.[3] MapWindow GIS Free desktop application and programming component. QGIS (previously known as Quantum GIS) Runs on Linux, Unix, Mac OS X and Windows. SAGA GIS (System for Automated Geoscientific Analysis) - A hybrid GIS software. Has a unique Application Programming Interface (API) and a fast-growing set of geoscientific methods, bundled in exchangeable Module Libraries. udig API and source code (Java) available.

60 Other Software's (Open Source) QGIS

61 Other Software's (Open Source) GRASS GIS

62 Other Software's (Open Source) SagaGIS

63 Other Software's (Open Source) MapWindow

64 Computational Time QGIS, Mapwindow & ArcGIS Online

65 Exercise # 1 Ejercicio 1: Descargar y abrir datos en QGIS, editar y digitalizar una nueva carretera Fuente de datos: Si tienes acceso a internet puedes hacer este ejercicio desde cero sin tener datos ninguno, descargando todo por Internet.

66 Exercise # 2 Ejercicio 2: Convertir de texto a puntos elementos de infraestructura vial Este ejercicio consiste en plotear unos puntos tomados en el campo a partir de un archivo de texto. Estos corresponden a un sistema de alcantarillado pluvial. Luego editaremos la base de datos y digitalizaremos una tubería conectando así los sistemas. Finalmente haremos un mapa.

67 Exercise # 3 Ejercicio 3: Delineación automática de cuencas hidrográficas El ejercicio consiste en delinear las cuencas hidrográficas de una zona con el fin de calcular variables hidrológicas para estudios H&H para mitigación de inundaciones en carreteras o para estructuras hidráulicas en carreteras (puentes, tajeas, tubos, otros).

68 Exercise # 4 Ejercicio 4: Publicar y compartir mis datos (demo) Este ejercicio consiste en una demostración de cómo podemos compartir nuestros datos con clientes o personas que no tengan la herramienta de GIS. Usaremos GoogleEarth y el App ArcExplorer de ArcGIS.

69 Exercise #5 Ejercicio 5: Estimación de pérdidas de carreteras dentro de una zona de peligro Este ejercicio busca calcular los pies lineales de carreteras que se encuentran dentro de la zona de riesgo y que pudieran verse afectadas en caso de un tsunami en Mayagüez.