YYT-C3002 Application Programming in Engineering GIS I. Anas Altartouri Otaniemi

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1 YYT-C3002 Application Programming in Engineering GIS I Otaniemi

2 Overview: GIS lectures & exercise We will deal with GIS application development in two lectures. Because of the versatility of GIS data models and formats, GIS software applications, and GIS application domains and analyses, we will discuss the development of GIS application broadly. 2

3 Overview: GIS lectures & exercise You will learn: To manipulate data with command-line programs in Bash (Unix shell) To geoprocess with free and open-source software libraries To work with spatial databases and SQL To create simple geospatial web services Basic architecture of an information system We will also talk about Writing a program for a geoprocessing task and developing a QGIS plugin for it (a desktop GIS extension) 3

4 GIS Basics 4

5 GIS Basics When you start coding or developing an application in GIS, you will face some concepts, data types, data formats, and operations that are specific to GIS and geospatial data. You need to be familiar with these in order to use geospatial software libraries and applications correctly and in order to develop GIS applications successfully. 5

6 What is a GIS? Stands for Geographic Information System We use GIS software to deal with geospatial data just like we use word processors to deal with text on a computer A GIS consists of digital data, computer hardware, and computer software GIS is more than just software it encompasses all aspects of managing and dealing with digital geospatial data Source: 6

7 What is a GIS application? Application software that allows creation, storage, manipulation, analyzing, management, and presenting geospatial data. Examples: ArcGIS (proprietary), QuantumGIS (FOSS) Web GIS / Web Map Application Often developed for a specific case (limited functionality in comparison to a desktop GIS) Distributed systems that serve spatial data/information and utilize remote resources 7 Source:

8 Common GIS data models Vector data model Represents geographic features using geometry (points, lines, and polygons). Vector features have non-spatial attributes (text or numerical) that describe the features. Raster data model Represents geography as a grid (or a 2D array) of cells (or pixels), each stores a numeric value that represents the conditions for the geographic area covered by that cell. 8 Source:

9 Spatial reference system Geographic coordinate systems Coordinates on spherical surface (latitude and longitude) Projected coordinate systems Planar coordinates Map projection Mathematical transformation from spherical coordinates (latitude, longitude) to planar coordinates (x, y) A spatial reference defines an ellipsoid, a datum, a coordinate system, and all projection parameters SpatialReferenceIDentifier key resource: Source: 9

10 Spatial data formats (just a few) Vector data ESRI Shapefile (mainly.shp,.shx,.dbf, and optionally others) GeoJSON WKT (Well-Known Text) XML-based: Raster GML KML GeoTIFF IMG (ERDAS IMAGINE) ESRI Grid netcdf Source: 10

11 Spatial operations and analyses (examples) Geometry operations Intersection, Union, Difference, Buffer, Clipping, etc. Intersects, Disjoint, Contains, Touches, Within, etc. Spatial prediction Regression; geographically weighted regression (GWR) Interpolation; Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), Kriging Map algebra Local Focal Zonal Network analysis Routing (e.g., road networks, sewer networks) 11

12 Spatial operations and analyses (examples) Geometry operations Intersection, Union, Difference, Buffer, Clipping, etc. Intersects, Disjoint, Contains, Touches, Within, etc. Graphics: QGIS Vector Geoprocessing tools menu 12

13 Spatial operations and analyses (examples) Spatial prediction Regression; geographically weighted regression (GWR) Interpolation; Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), Kriging y 1 Y y 5 X1 y 3 X2 y 2? y n y 4 Xn y 1 y 5 y 3 y 2? y n y 4 Y 13

14 Spatial operations and analyses (examples) Map algebra 14

15 Spatial operations and analyses (examples) Network analysis Routing; e.g., road networks, sewer networks (upstream, downstream) Map data 2017 Google 15

16 GIS Programming and Application Development 16

17 What kind of programming? Develop an application Write a program/script Programming directly in a console Perform a sequence of processing/computing tasks Writing a program/script Run a sequence of processing/computing tasks (a piece of code) frequently, e.g.: - Run some models with various input parameters and/or datasets - Run a routine frequently with different datasets Developing an application software Allow interaction with your program/script, e.g.: Program in a console - To avoid editing variables in the code every time you run it - To publish your code and provide an application software 17

18 GIS application development Desktop Extending a GIS - ArcGIS add-in - QGIS plugin Web-based Web map application - Database/spatial DB - Server-side application, geospatial web services - Client-side application Geoprocessing - Reading/writing libraries - Vector data geoprocessing libraries - Raster data geoprocessing libraries 18

19 Programming Languages for GIS A long list! (see for example: Python R JavaScript SQL C++ Java

20 GIS application development Geoprocessing with open source libraries GEOS Geometry Engine Shapely Python package for manipulation and analysis of planar geometric objects (GEOS bindings) GDAL Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (Python, Perl, and other bindings) Fiona GDAL Python binding NumPy Python extension that provides support for large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices PyGRASS Python API for GRASS GIS (wide range of vector and raster analysis functions) 20

21 GIS application development Extending a desktop GIS QGIS plugin An example plugin Resources for developers: PyQt4: A cross-platform application and UI framework Plugin Builder 21

22 GIS application development Extending a desktop GIS QGIS plugin 22 Source:

23 GIS application development Extending a desktop GIS ArcGIS add-in An example add-in: Shape Metrics toolbox ( A free online course on customizing ArcGIS and developing an ESRI Add-In is available from the Department of Geography, Penn State University, at: 23

24 User-interface development User interface Command-line Graphical Usability Engineering 1 A system should be easy to learn and remember, be efficient in performing tasks, have low error rates and easy recovery from errors, and be pleasant to use 1 Human-computer interaction 2 Designing a user interface (for geospatial applications) 3 1 Nielsen, J. (1993). Usability Engineering. San Diego: Academic press, San diego, CA. 362 p. 2 Skarlatidou, A. (2010). Web-mapping applications and HCI considerations for their design. In: M. Haklay (Ed.), Interacting with Geospatial Technologies. Wiley Blackwell, UK, pp Nivala, A. M., Sarjakoski, L. T., Sarjakoski, T. (2007). Usability methods familiarity among map application developers. International journal of human-computer studies, 65(9),

25 Exercise walkthrough Software We will use OSGeo-Live VM A self-contained bootable DVD, USB thumb drive or Virtual Machine based on Lubuntu, that allows trying a wide variety of open source geospatial software without installing anything 1 All software applications and tools listed below (and many more) are available in this virtual machine. Demo 1 Source: 25

26 Exercise walkthrough Material 26

27 Exercise walkthrough Case The exercise following the GIS lectures is divided in two parts. Most of the tasks of the exercise deal with a specific case: calculating the openness of locations in the sea. There are also generic tasks that aim to introduce the databases, spatial databases, and SQL. 27

28 Exercise walkthrough Procedure Download the topographic data Create a grid of points Create radiating lines Create polygons of the sea area Clip the grid points Clip and clean the radiating lines Aggregate the fetch lengths around each grid point Interpolate an openness grid Prepare the data Command-line tools Software library Do the computations Spatial database 28

29 29

30 Exercise walkthrough $ mkdir /home/user/yourdir $ cd /home/user/yourdir/gis/data/input/topodb/paituli_downloads/ $ for zip in *; do unzip $zip -d extracts/${zip%%.*}; done $ for dir in extracts/*; do for file in $dir/m*p.*; do cp $file../mxxxxxxp/m$(basename $dir)p.${file##*.}; done; done $ cd../mxxxxxxp $ for shapefile in *.shp; do ogr2ogr -update -append merger.shp $shapefile -f "ESRI Shapefile"; done $ ogr2ogr -sql "SELECT * FROM merger WHERE LUOKKA=36211" sea_water_luokka_36211.shp merger.shp $ ogr2ogr -dialect sqlite -sql "SELECT ST_Union(geometry), LUOKKA FROM sea_water_luokka_36211 GROUP BY LUOKKA" /home/user/yourdir/gis/data/output/sea.shp sea_water_luokka_36211.shp 30

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33 Exercise walkthrough 33

34 (x, y+radlinelength) ID=1 (x, y) for p in range(len(pt)): id = ptatt.read_record(p) origin = pt.get(p) lineend = pysal.cg.shapes.point((pt.get(p)[0], pt.get(p)[1] + radlinelength)) ray = pysal.cg.shapes.ray(origin, lineend) line = pysal.cg.shapes.chain([origin, lineend]) radlines.write(line) radlinesatt.write(id) for r in range(numradlines-1): lineend = pysal.cg.standalone.get_point_at_angle_and_dist( ray, angle, radlinelength) ray = pysal.cg.shapes.ray(origin, lineend) line = pysal.cg.shapes.chain([origin, lineend]) radlines.write(line) radlinesatt.write(id) 34

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39 Next lecture & exercise In the next lecture, we will talk about web map applications and their design and architecture; Web GIS planning and design Database (geospatial data queries) Server-side application (geospatial web services) Client-side application (geospatial data loading and rendering) In the next exercise, we will work with PostGIS and perform spatial queries and analysis. We will also set spatial data services using Geoserver. 39

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