Aileen Buckley, Ph.D. and Charlie Frye

Transcription

1 An Information Model for Maps: Towards Production from GIS Databases Aileen Buckley, Ph.D. and Charlie Frye Researchers, ESRI

2 GIS vs. cart GIS Outline of the presentation Introduction Differences between GIS and cartographic DLM - DCM Describing cartographic GIS to support Supporting multi-scale multi-purpose

3 GIS vs. cart GIS Differences between GIS and cartographic Processing cartographic is different from processing GIS Representations of for graphic display Symbols Labels Geoprocessing for cartography not spatial analysis Classification Selection by attribute Selection by size Changing the view on the as opposed to changing the in the base

4 Changing the representation changes the message For cartography dissolve roads so you can use a continuous road symbol For analysis dissolve roads so you can validate connectivity in the network GIS GIS vs. cart

5 GIS GIS vs. cart

6 GIS vs. cart GIS DLM - DCM Digital Landscape Model or DLM GIS base (wire frame model) compiled from source information registered to the ground several standardized scales accuracy and resolution are of primary concern Digital Model or DCM stored in a product base (for a map) enhanced and modified from DLM specific to a map s purpose graphic clarity and visual integrity are of primary concern

7 Digital Landscape Models Modifications and Enhancements Digital Models Map Production Map / Atlas Products 1 km resolution DLM DCM_10Million 10M World Wall Map DCM_250K 250K Road Map m resolution DLM DCM_100K DCM_50K 100K Recreation Map 50K Wall Map DCM_Campus10K 10K Campus Map Derived 10m DLM DCM_10Ktopo 10K OS Topo Map Series 5 m resolution DL:M DCM_5K 5K OS Base Map Real World Geoprocessing Finishing

8 GIS vs. cart Types of maps High Special Use Maps Reference Maps GIS Number of map features (and the subsequent complexity of relationships among them) Trail Map Analysis Results Bike Map Topo Map Thematic Maps Atlas Reference Map Low Suitability Map Crime Hot Spots Census Data Atlas Thematic Map Low Number of users and uses (indicates the level of general application) High

9 GIS base GIS GIS vs. cart

10 Multiple DCM products Terrain analysis Traditional topographic views GIS GIS vs. cart

11 Multiple DCM products Town planning Infrastructure development GIS GIS vs. cart

12 Multiple DCM products Land cover analysis Site suitability GIS GIS vs. cart

13 GIS vs. cart GIS Describing cartographic The are intended to transform information DLM -> DCM -> final map product As you go through the transformations, you: move from multi-purpose to targeted use may move across limited scale ranges Design the workflow and model the before you go into production

14 Fundamental information transformations in cartography DATA COLLECTION CARTOGRAPHY MAP USE Transform 1 Transform 2 Transform 3 Geographical environment Geospatial Map Map image Census Ground survey GPS Remote sensing Digitizing Selection Generalization Symbolization Labeling Reading Analysis Interpretation

15 DLM DCM production workflow Small R4 R8 R7 DLM DCM Derived Map scale R5 R6 R3 R2 R1 Large Small Number of users Large

16 GIS vs. cart ing for map production Geographical environment GIS Conceptual GIS ArcGIS geobase 250K Road Map 10K Campus Map Map products + Workflow 10K OS Topo Map Series 5K OS Base Map Map production process

17 Map customer and map purpose Graphic ideation Graphic plan Map conceptualization process Graphic refinement REFINEMENT Map conceptualization MAP Publication Final product Workflow Map production process ArcGIS geobase Conceptual Geographical environment

18 GIS vs. cart GIS GIS to support cartographic What does this all look like in an ArcGIS environment? What themes are relevant for the map purpose? What cartographic features? What cartographic attributes? How do you modify the DLM to create the DCM? We talked about transforming GIS to cartographic This is where the cartographic geoprocessing happens This is what it looks like

19 Cultural Cultural Features (Buildings, Areas, Points of Interest) Type (how to symbolize and for some kinds of cultural features, it is the label) Name (for label) Size or Area (used to set threshold for which features are shown) GIS GIS vs. cart

20 GIS vs. cart GIS Boundaries Boundary Lines (any level) Type (how to symbolize) L_Name (left/upper label) R_Name (right/lower label) Annotation must be produced to ensure proper identification Legal Areas (any type) Type (how to symbolize and what kind of label) Name (for label) WithinMSA (Boolean for drawing/labeling) City Points Name (how to label) Size (how to symbolize and label) Special Type (how to label or symbolize) WithinMSA (Boolean for drawing/labeling)

21 GIS vs. cart GIS Transportation Roads Class (how to symbolize) Type (determine correct kind of label) Name (for text labels) Highway Route Number (for highway labels) UrbanRural (for multipurpose which may be represented differently within urban areas) Label String (store exactly what is to be labeled and then the Name does not need to be edited/compromised) Railroads Type (how to symbolize) Owner (how to label)

22 GIS vs. cart GIS Hydrography Area Features Name (how to label) Type (how to symbolize and which features to label, and sometimes is the label) Area (used to set threshold for which features are shown) Line Features Name (how to label) Type (how to symbolize) Size, Discharge, or Level (how to symbolize or as a filter for which features to show dendritic branch count and Stream Order are not useful here)

23 GIS vs. cart GIS Surface Overlays Land cover/land use/zoning/flood zones/homeland security (risk), etc. Type (how to symbolize) Abbreviated Type (for labeling, e.g., soils, surface geology, etc.) Area (used to set threshold for which features are shown or get labels) Uncertainty (used to modify symbology of either features or labels to show reliability, etc.)

24 GIS vs. cart GIS Terrain Contours Elevation (for labels) Units (for labels or conversion when mix of is present) Type (for symbol, includes index, intermediate, depression, etc.) LabelYN (optional: for determining whether to draw a gap or a line, gaps are where labels get placed) Spot Elevations Type (how to symbolize) Elevation (part of label) Units (part of label)

25 DEM Elevation Raster Elevation (how to symbolize) Hillshade Raster Value (how to symbolize) GIS GIS vs. cart

26 Putting them all together on the map GIS GIS vs. cart

27 Data Model Feature Types Symbols and Labels Cartography Table Links the feature to its representation (symbol + label) Construct the Basemap Data Model together GIS GIS vs. cart

28 Feature Type A type of feature on the map that has unique symbology and/or labeling GIS GIS vs. cart

29 Feature Type (CFT) Ties everything together GIS GIS vs. cart

30 Feature Type ID (CFTID) in the Cartography Table Each cartographic feature type has a Unique ID Unique description GIS GIS vs. cart

31 Feature Types (CFTs) in the Cartography Table Feature class Feature geometry Feature Type (CFT) ID & description GIS GIS vs. cart

32 Label Specifications Contain the rules for labeling a specific Feature Type GIS GIS vs. cart

33 Label Specs in the Cartography Table Feature class Feature geometry Feature Type (CFT) ID & description Label text Label specifications GIS GIS vs. cart

34 Symbol Specifications Contain the rules for symbolizing a specific Feature Type GIS GIS vs. cart

35 Symbols Contained in a Microsoft Access base Named for each Feature Type (CFT) GIS GIS vs. cart

36 Symbol Specs in the Cartography Table Feature class Feature geometry Feature Type (CFT) ID & description Symbol specifications Label text Label specifications GIS GIS vs. cart

37 The Completed Cartography Table in the Basemap Data Model

38 GIS vs. cart GIS Supporting Multi-purpose Multi-scale Mapping Cartography Table content can be extended across scales and across purposes Add rows and columns to Cartography Table Rows -- Add new cartographic feature types Columns -- Alternate symbology and labeling multi-scale & multi-purpose SQL query strings for filtering and labeling

39 GIS vs. cart GIS - 1 is different from processing GIS Purpose of processing cartographic is to change the view on the as opposed to change the in the base DLM = GIS base; DCM = map product base Many maps and their DCMs can come from one DLM

40 GIS vs. cart GIS - 2 Workflows are intended to transform information DLM -> DCM -> map As you go through the transformations, you: move from multi-purpose to targeted use may move across limited scale ranges Design the workflow and model the before you go into production Model the GIS to support cartographic

41 of the Data Model Identify the cartographic features Assign a unique CFTID and description Assign symbology & labeling Compile the info into the Cartography Table Use the Cartography Table to drive the GIS GIS vs. cart

42 GIS vs. cart GIS Attributes Geom For any Feature Class ID Attributes... Type Coded Value Domain 0 Description... Prison 1 Description... Park 2 Description... Cemetery 3 Description... Mall 4 Description... Strip Mall Each type of Feature has a number and a description in the Coded Value domain. Integer values allow for faster display.

43 Symbols Labels GIS GIS vs. cart

44 Example: Cultural CFTID CFTID CFTID CFTID CFTID CFTID

45 Reduce this to something that they can see the text Scales Labels/ Anno Features Notes

46 Point features Line features Area features Domains Anno

47 Surface Cover