2014 Insect Pest Management in Virginia Cotton and Peanut

Transcription

1 2014 Insect Pest Management in Virginia Cotton and Peanut D. Ames Herbert, Jr., Extension Entomologist, Virginia Tech Sampling insects using a sweep net Technical Support: Ben Aigner, Graduate Student, Virginia Tech Mike Arrington, Research Specialist, Virginia Tech Joseph Carpenter, Agricultural Technician, Virginia Tech Cassidy Doiron, Agricultural Technician, Virginia Tech Jamie Hogue, Agricultural Technician, Virginia Tech Collin Hoy, Agricultural Technician, Virginia Tech Rebecca McGrath, Agricultural Technician, Virginia Tech Ed Seymore, Agricultural Technician, Virginia Tech Joshua Shaffer, Agricultural Technician, Virginia Tech Rebecca Whalen, Graduate Student, Virginia Tech Sean Malone, Research Specialist, Virginia Tech 2015 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University ENTO-109NP Virginia Cooperative Extension programs and employment are open to all, regardless of age, color, disability, gender, gender identity, gender expression, national origin, political affiliation, race, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, veteran status, or any other basis protected by law. An equal opportunity/affirmative action employer. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia State University, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating. Edwin J. Jones, Director, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; Jewel E. Hairston, Administrator, 1890 Extension Program, Virginia State, Petersburg.

2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank the many cooperators and contributors for their help and support in conducting numerous 2014 field tests and demonstrations. Appreciation is extended to David Langston, Director, and Karl Jones, Farm Manager of the Tidewater AREC, for their help in implementing field tests. Thanks to the many other Extension specialists, Agents, producers, state commodity groups, Ag-Industry personnel, and cooperating commercial companies listed below. PRODUCERS Thanks to the many producers across the region that helped the program by allowing us to conduct field tests and/or sample insects on their farms. Without their cooperation, this program would have less scope and meaning to other farmers. Special thanks to: Milton Dunn, Southampton Co. Scott McGee, Southampton Co. Bob Rogers, Southampton Co. Mike and Ernest Ellis, City of Suffolk Henry Goodrich, Surry Co. Thanks to the producers who assisted Virginia Cooperative Extension and Virginia Tech personnel in the operation of black light traps. This includes: Charles Carter, Charles City Co. George & Randy Gregory, New Kent Co. Frank Williams, Chesapeake D.M. Wells, Prince George Co. Ricky Bennett, Dinwiddie Co. Steve Rosbicki, Prince George Co. Ray Clarke, Dinwiddie Co. Drake Brothers, Southampton Co. Charles Rich, Gloucester Co. James Hanzlik & Son, Sussex Co. Jason Benton, Middlesex Co. UNIVERSITY FACULTY AND STAFF Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Bobby Ashburn, Farm Manager (retired), Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA Maria Balota, Crop Physiologist, Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA Hunter Frame, Field Crops Agronomist, Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA Allen Harper, Director (retired), Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA David Holshouser, Soybean Specialist, Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA James Jenrette, Research Assistant, Eastern Shore AREC, Painter, VA Thomas Kuhar, Entomologist, Dept. of Entomology, Blacksburg, VA Hillary Mehl, Plant Pathologist, Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA Robert Pitman, Director, Eastern Virginia AREC, Warsaw, VA Mary Beahm, Agricultural Specialist, Eastern Virginia AREC, Warsaw, VA Pete Schultz, Director/Entomologist, Hampton Roads AREC, Virginia Beach, VA Hélène Doughty, Senior Research Specialist, Hampton Roads AREC, Virginia Beach, VA Mississippi State University Fred Musser, Entomologist, Dept. of Entomology, Mississippi State, MS 1

3 North Carolina State University Jack Bacheler, Entomologist, Dept. of Entomology, Raleigh, NC Dan Mott, Research Specialist, Dept. of Entomology, Raleigh, NC Dominic Reisig, Entomologist, Dept. of Entomology, Plymouth, NC Michael Roe, Entomologist, Dept. of Entomology, Raleigh, NC Penn State University Shelby Fleischer, Entomologist, Dept. of Entomology, University Park, PA University of Delaware Joanne Whalen, Entomologist, Newark, DE University of Maryland Galen Dively, Entomologist, College Park, MD Virginia State University Mark Kraemer, Entomologist, Dept. of Entomology, Petersburg, VA VIRGINIA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION Laura Siegle, Amelia Co. Scott Baker, Bedford Co. Mike Broaddus, Caroline Co. Watson Lawrence, Chesapeake Mike Parrish, Dinwiddie Co. Keith Balderson, Essex Co. Rachel Grosse, Goochland Co. Brittany Council, Greensville Co. Jim Schroering, Hanover Co. Laura Maxey-Nay, Hanover Co. Janet Spencer, Isle of Wight Co. Lindy Tucker, Lunenburg Co. Taylor Clarke, Mecklenburg Co. David Moore, Middlesex Co. John Allison, New Kent Co. Haley McCann, Nottoway Scott Reiter, Prince George Co. Robbie Longest, Richmond Co. Robert Clark, Shenandoah Co. Neil Clark, Southampton Co. Marcus Williams, Suffolk Glenn Slade, Surry Co. Kelvin Wells, Sussex Co. Roy Flanagan, Virginia Beach Stephanie Romelczyk, Westmoreland Co. COMMODITY GROUPS Cotton Incorporated Cotton Foundation National Peanut Board United Soybean Board USDA/NIFA Extension Integrated Pest Management Virginia Agricultural Council Virginia Cotton Board Virginia Peanut Board Virginia Peanut Growers Association, Inc. Virginia Soybean Board Virginia State Cotton Support Committee 2

4 INDEPENDENT CROP CONSULTANTS Stan Winslow, Matt Winslow, and Dale Weeks, Tidewater Agronomics, Inc., Camden, NC COOPERATING COMPANIES Advanced Biological Marketing, Van Wert, OH Agri-Technologies, Inc., Clinton, NC AMVAC Chemical Corporation, Los Angeles, CA Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, NC Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE Gowan Company, Yuma, AZ Monsanto Agricultural Company, St. Louis, MO Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc., Greensboro, NC Valent U.S.A. Corporation, Walnut Creek, CA 3

5 Insect Rating Scales Used in Efficacy Trials and Abbreviations Used in this Publication Thrips injury rating scale for cotton: 0 = no injury 1 = 10% injured leaves, no bud injury 2 = 25% injured leaves, no bud injury 3 = 75% injured leaves, 0-25% buds injured 4 = 90% injured leaves, >25% buds injured 5 = dead plants Thrips injury rating scale for peanut: 0 = no injury 1 = 10% leaves injured 2 = 20% leaves injured 3 = 30% leaves injured 4 = 40% leaves injured 5 = 50% leaves injured + 5% terminal buds injured 6 = 50% leaves injured + 25% terminal buds injured 7 = 50% leaves injured + 50% terminal buds injured 8 = 50% leaves injured + 75% terminal buds injured 9 = 50% leaves injured + 90% terminal buds injured 10 = dead plants Abbreviations used in this publication: 1 st tl: first true leaf ai: active ingredient BC: broadcast BMSB: brown marmorated stink bug cotyl: cotyledon cwt: hundred-weight GC: ground-cracking IF: in-furrow RCBD: randomized complete block design Tidewater AREC: Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center 4

6 Contents Acknowledgments...1 Insect Rating Scales Used in Efficacy Trials and Abbreviations Used in this Publication...4 Climatological Summary of the 2014 Growing Season Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA...7 Soil types, nutrient analyses (ppm), and ph for tests conducted in 2014 Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA Cotton Insect Pest Management Tests and Demonstrations Test: CT14-THP-BAYER-1, Evaluation of seed treatments for insect management in cotton...13 Test: CT14-THP-BAYER-2, Evaluation of in-furrow, at-planting insecticides for thrips management in cotton...18 Test: CT14-THP-DOW, Efficacy of broadcast and band insecticide applications against thrips in cotton (includes Dow, Agri-Technologies, and DuPont protocols)...23 Test: CT14-THP-SYNGENTA-1, Evaluation of seed and foliar insecticide treatments for thrips management in cotton...28 Test: CT14-THP-VALENT, Evaluation of insecticides against thrips in cotton...35 Test: CT14-THP-VCB-2, Can early planted cotton be managed to reduce the yield loss associated with early season thrips damage, and if inputs for thrips management can be decreased in later-planted cotton...38 Test: CT14-THP-Regional-4A, Evaluation of seed and in-furrow-applied insecticides for thrips management in cotton...43 Test: CT14-THP-Regional-4B, Evaluation of seed plus foliar insecticide treatments for thrips management in cotton...50 Test: CT14-THP-Regional-Herbicide, Evaluation of herbicide/thrips injury in cotton...56 Test: CT14-SABREX, Evaluation of SabrEx-PB (planter box treatment) in cotton...62 Test: CT14-SBUG_AMVAC, Efficacy of selected insecticides against stink bug in cotton...65 Test: CT14-SBUG-VALENT, Efficacy of selected foliar insecticides against stink bugs in cotton...69 Test: CT14-SBUG-VCB-1, Can later-planted cotton benefit from later season insecticide treatment for protecting against stink bug damage to bolls...72 Test: CT14-BW-1, Value of bollworm sprays on genetically insect-resistant cotton varieties...76 Test: CT14-BW-2, Efficacy of foliar-applied insecticides against bollworm...80 Peanut Insect Pest Management Tests and Demonstrations Test: PT14-THP-AMVAC, Evaluation of Thimet for thrips management in peanut...85 Test: PT14-THP-BAYER-1, Evaluation of in-furrow, at-planting insecticides for thrips management in peanut...90 Test: PT14-THP-DUPONT, Evaluation of DPX-HGW86 for thrips management in peanut...94 Test: PT14-THP-SYNGENTA-1, Evaluation of seed treatments for early-season insect management in peanut

7 Test: PT14-THP-SYNGENTA-2, Large-scale testing of insecticides for early-season insect and disease management in peanut Test: PT14-THP-NPB-1, The best combinations to boost seed treatment efficacy and yield Test: PT14-THP-NPB-2, The best combinations to boost Admire Pro efficacy and yield Test: PT14-THP-NPB-3, High-end input programs Test: PT14-THP-REGIONAL-RUNNER, Multi-state evaluation of a seed treatment and in-furrow granular insecticide for thrips management in runner-type peanut Test: PT14-THP-REGIONAL-VIRGINIA, Multi-state evaluation of a seed treatment and in-furrow granular insecticide for thrips management in virginia-type peanut Test: PT14-SCR-VALENT-1, Evaluation of selected insecticides for rootworm management in peanut Test: PT14-VPB-2B, Belay for rootworm management in peanut Additional Research Corn earworm survey of field corn in Virginia, Average nightly number of Helicoverpa zea (corn earworm/bollworm) moths captured in eastern Virginia black light traps, 2014 season Average nightly number of brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB) captured in eastern Virginia black light traps, 2014 season

8 Climatological Summary of the 2014 Growing Season Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA Weather data in Tables 1 and 2 are from Dr. Hillary Mehl s Peanut Cotton InfoNet station located at the Virginia Tech Tidewater AREC Research Farm, 1045 Hare Road, Suffolk, VA. Table 1. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures ( F) for Day of month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min Avg

9 Table 1, continued. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures ( F) for Day of month JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min Avg

10 Table 2. Daily precipitation (inches) for 2014 Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA. Day of month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN Total

11 Table 2, continued. Daily precipitation (inches) for 2014 Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA. Day of month JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Total

12 Table 3. Soil types, nutrient analyses (ppm), and ph for tests conducted in 2014 Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA. Field # Crop Soil type(s) P K Ca Mg Zn Mn ph 6 Cotton Eunola, Nansemond, Uchee 13 Cotton Dragston, Rains 14 Cotton Dragston, Emporia 15 Peanut Emporia, Nansemond 23 Cotton Emporia, Uchee 25 Cotton Emporia Peanut Emporia, Eunola, Uchee 35 Peanut Nansemond, Dragston 36 Cotton Uchee, Nansemond 39 Cotton Emporia, Eunola 40 Cotton Dragston, Emporia, Eunola 63D Peanut Emporia, Nansemond 66 Peanut Nansemond, Emporia, Eunola 67 Cotton Emporia, Nansemond

13 2014 Cotton Insect Pest Management Tests and Demonstrations 12

14 Test: CT14-THP-BAYER-1, Evaluation of seed treatments for insect management in cotton # Material(s)* Rate(s) 1 Insecticide-untreated 2 Gaucho 600 FS mg ai/seed 3 Aeris Seed Applied System 0.75 mg ai/seed 4 Aeris Seed Applied System + Fluopyram 600 FS 0.75 mg ai/seed mg ai/seed 5 Gaucho 600 FS + Poncho Votivo 2 nd Gen mg ai/seed mg ai/seed 6 Cruiser 600 FS mg ai/seed 7 Test Compound mg ai/seed *All treatments contain the following per 100 kg seed: Vortex 2.5 g ai, 27 g ai, Allegiance 15.6 g ai, Evergol 5 g ai, Pro-Ized Blue 67.8 ml, Calcium 500 g, Color Coat 65.2 ml, Secure Plus Seed Gloss 391 ml, Suspending 25 g, and 250 g. Test: CT14-THP-BAYER-1 Year: 2014 Crop: Cotton Variety: ST 4946 GLB2 Field: 6 Location: Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA Experimental design: RCBD Plot size: 2 rows x 40 Row spacing: 36 Planting date: May 5 Harvest date: Nov 3 Row feet harvested: 64 Field preparation: Rip-strip tilled May 4 13

15 Test name: CT14-THP-BAYER-1 Herbicides Additional insecticides Lime & fertilizer 4/21 Touchdown 1 qt 7/29 Brigade 6 oz 4/21 Quadfire 2 qt* 5/06 Acumen 1 pt 8/14 Belt 2 oz 4/ lb 5/06 Cotoran 4L 1 qt 6/17 Roundup WeatherMax 1 qt 6/26 Buccaneer 22 oz 8/14 Baythroid XL 2 oz 6/ units 6/20 Boron 1 qt 7/31 Buccaneer 22 oz Growth regulators 6/26 Pentia 6 oz *per 100 gal water 7/29 Pentia 10 oz Defoliation 10/09 Finish 6 Pro 1 qt 10/09 Folex 10 oz 10/09 Super Boll 1 pt 10/09 Dropp 3 oz 14

16 Table 4. Thrips injury ratings 1, CT14-THP-BAYER-1. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, # Material Rate May 23 May 29 Jun 2 Jun 11 1 Insecticide-untreated 2.31 a 3.25 a 4.19 a 4.19 a 2 Gaucho 600 FS mg ai/seed 0.75 c 1.25 de 1.13 c 0.94 de 3 Aeris Seed Applied System 0.75 mg ai/seed 0.75 c 1.13 e 0.94 c 0.75 e 4 Aeris Seed Applied System 0.75 mg ai/seed 0.75 c 1.19 de 1.06 c 0.94 de + Fluopyram 600 FS mg ai/seed 5 Gaucho 600 FS mg ai/seed 0.75 c 1.50 d 1.19 c 1.00 d + Poncho Votivo 2 nd Gen mg ai/seed 6 Cruiser 600 FS mg ai/seed 1.69 b 2.88 b 2.75 b 2.56 c 7 Test Compound mg ai/seed 1.81 b 2.50 c 3.13 b 3.63 b LSD Thrips injury based on a 0-5 scale, 0 = no injury and 5 = dead plants. 15

17 Table 5. Stand counts per 40 row ft 1, CT14-THP-BAYER-1. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, # Material Rate/A May 21 May 27 1 Insecticide-untreated b 2 Gaucho 600 FS mg ai/seed a 3 Aeris Seed Applied System 0.75 mg ai/seed a 4 Aeris Seed Applied System 0.75 mg ai/seed a + Fluopyram 600 FS mg ai/seed 5 Gaucho 600 FS mg ai/seed a + Poncho Votivo 2 nd Gen mg ai/seed 6 Cruiser 600 FS mg ai/seed a 7 Test Compound mg ai/seed a LSD NS Based on counting all living plants per row (two 40-ft rows were sampled per plot). In plots with missing row feet due to planter error, stand was adjusted to 40 row feet. Table 6. Standardized vigor ratings, plant height, and yield, CT14-THP-BAYER-1. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, Vigor ratings 1 Height 2 (cm) # Material Rate/A May 27 Jun 24 Lint lb/acre 3 1 Insecticide-untreated 4.00 a 28.0 b 1,791 2 Gaucho 600 FS mg ai/seed 3.00 b 31.5 a 1,756 3 Aeris Seed Applied System 0.75 mg ai/seed 3.00 b 32.2 a 1,984 4 Aeris Seed Applied System 0.75 mg ai/seed 3.00 b 32.1 a 1,957 + Fluopyram 600 FS mg ai/seed 5 Gaucho 600 FS mg ai/seed 3.00 b 33.2 a 1,865 + Poncho Votivo 2 nd Gen mg ai/seed 6 Cruiser 600 FS mg ai/seed 3.00 b 31.0 a 1,535 7 Test Compound mg ai/seed 4.00 a 33.0 a 1,952 LSD NS 1 Plant vigor based on a 1-6 scale, 1 = excellent, 2 = very good, 3 = good, 4 = satisfactory, 5 =marginally unsatisfactory, and 6 = unsatisfactory. 2 Plant height based on sampling 5 plants per plot. 3 Cotton was harvested on November 3. Gross yields were reduced by 57.27% to account for seed and trash. 16

18 Table 7. Mean number of thrips per 5 plants, collected from the guard rows of treatment 1, CT14-Bayer-1. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, May 27 Tobacco (Frankliniella fusca) Immature # thrips Trt (75.0%) Western (Frankliniella occidentalis) 0.00 (0%) Eastern (Frankliniella tritici) 0.00 (0%) Adult thrips Onion (Thrips tabaci) 1.00 (14.3%) Soybean (Neohydatothrips variabilis) 0.75 (10.7%) Total adult thrips

19 Test: CT14-THP-BAYER-2, Evaluation of in-furrow, at-planting insecticides for thrips management in cotton # Material* Rate Application date(s) 1 Imidacloprid seed 0.13 mg ai/seed storage rate (SSR) 2 Aeris + SSR 3 Aeris + SSR Velum Total 4 SSR + Velum Total 5 SSR + Velum Total 6 SSR + Velum Total 7 SSR + Velum Total Movento MPC 8 SSR + Temik 15G 14 oz/a (in-furrow) 10 oz/a (in-furrow) 14 oz/a (in-furrow) 18 oz/a (in-furrow) 18 oz/a (in-furrow) 8 oz/a (at pinhead square and again in days) 5 lb/a (in-furrow) Jun 27 and Jul 9 Test: CT14-THP-BAYER-2 Year: 2014 Crop: Cotton Variety: ST 5458 B2RF Field: 6 Location: Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA Experimental design: RCBD Plot size: 2 rows x 40 Row spacing: 36 Planting date: May 5 Harvest date: Nov 3 Row feet harvested: 64 Treatment application(s): Liquid in-furrow Nozzle type: microtube Nozzle spacing: 36 PSI: 51 GPA: 5 Granular in-furrow Tractor-mounted inverted polypropylene jars with calibrated lid holes Broadcast with backpack Nozzle type: 8004VS Nozzle spacing: 18 PSI: 18 GPA: 14.3 Field preparation: Rip-strip tilled May 4 18

20 Test name: CT14-THP-BAYER-2 Herbicides Additional insecticides Lime & fertilizer 4/21 Touchdown 1 qt 7/29 Brigade 6 oz 4/21 Quadfire 2 qt* 5/06 Acumen 1 pt 8/14 Belt 2 oz 4/ lb 5/06 Cotoran 4L 1 qt 6/17 Roundup WeatherMax 1 qt 6/26 Buccaneer 22 oz 8/14 Baythroid XL 2 oz 6/ units 6/20 Boron 1 qt 7/31 Buccaneer 22 oz Growth regulators 6/26 Pentia 6 oz *per 100 gal water 7/29 Pentia 10 oz Defoliation 10/09 Finish 6 Pro 1 qt 10/09 Folex 10 oz 10/09 Super Boll 1 pt 10/09 Dropp 3 oz 19

21 Table 8. Thrips injury ratings 1, CT14-THP-BAYER-2. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, # Material Rate May 23 May 29 Jun 4 Jun 11 1 Imidacloprid seed 0.13 mg ai/seed 1.13 a 2.06 a 2.38 a 1.81 a storage rate (SSR) 2 Aeris + SSR 0.88 ab 1.00 b 1.00 b 0.56 b 3 Aeris + SSR 0.50 c 0.31 c 0.56 c 0.25 c Velum Total 14 oz/a (in-furrow) 4 SSR 0.50 c 0.50 c 0.50 c 0.25 c + Velum Total 10 oz/a (in-furrow) 5 SSR 0.63 bc 0.50 c 0.38 c 0.50 b + Velum Total 14 oz/a (in-furrow) 6 SSR 0.50 c 0.88 b 0.42 c 0.25 c + Velum Total 18 oz/a (in-furrow) 7 SSR 0.44 c 0.56 c 0.33 c 0.25 c + Velum Total Movento MPC 18 oz/a (in-furrow) 8 oz/a (at pinhead square and again in days) 8 SSR 0.56 c 0.50 c 0.38 c 0.50 b + Temik 15G 5 lb/a (in-furrow) LSD Thrips injury based on a 0-5 scale, 0 = no injury and 5 = dead plants. 20

22 Table 9. Stand counts per 40 row ft 1, CT14-THP-BAYER-2. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, # Material Rate May 21 Jun 13 1 Imidacloprid seed 0.13 mg ai/seed storage rate (SSR) 2 Aeris + SSR Aeris + SSR Velum Total 14 oz/a (in-furrow) 4 SSR Velum Total 10 oz/a (in-furrow) 5 SSR Velum Total 14 oz/a (in-furrow) 6 SSR Velum Total 18 oz/a (in-furrow) 7 SSR Velum Total Movento MPC 18 oz/a (in-furrow) 8 oz/a (at pinhead square and again in days) 8 SSR Temik 15G 5 lb/a (in-furrow) LSD NS NS 1 Based on counting all living plants per row (two 40-ft rows were sampled per plot). One plot from Treatment 6 and one plot from Treatment 7 was relocated within the test area between the May 21 and June 13 sampling dates. Table 10. Nematode counts per 500 cc soil from early May 2014, CT14-THP-BAYER-2. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, Meloidogyne (Root-knot) juveniles Tylenchorhyncus (Stunt) Pratylenchus (Lesion)

23 Table 11. Earliness ratings: nodes above white flower (NAWF) 1 and nodes above cracked boll (NACB) 1, and yield 2, CT14- THP-BAYER-2. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, NAWF NACB # Material Rate Aug 12 Sep 30 Lint lb/acre 1 Imidacloprid seed 0.13 mg ai/seed d 1,678 storage rate (SSR) 2 Aeris + SSR ab 1,897 3 Aeris + SSR bc 1,965 Velum Total 14 oz/a (in-furrow) 4 SSR bc 1,785 + Velum Total 10 oz/a (in-furrow) 5 SSR a 2,006 + Velum Total 14 oz/a (in-furrow) 6 SSR a 1,999 + Velum Total 18 oz/a (in-furrow) 7 SSR c 1,767 + Velum Total Movento MPC 18 oz/a (in-furrow) 8 oz/a (at pinhead square and again in days) 8 SSR bc 1,770 + Temik 15G 5 lb/a (in-furrow) LSD NS 0.80 NS 1 Based on sampling 5 plants per plot. 2 Cotton was harvested on November 3. Gross yields were reduced by 56.81% to account for seed and trash. 22

24 Test: CT14-THP-DOW, Efficacy of broadcast and band insecticide applications against thrips in cotton (includes Dow, Agri-Technologies, and DuPont protocols) # Material Rate Application date(s) 1 Aeris-treated seed 2 Aeris + Radiant SC + Agri-Dex 3 Aeris + Radiant SC + Agri-Dex 4 Aeris + Radiant SC + Agri-Dex 5 Aeris + Orthene oz/a 1 st true leaf) May 22 1% v/v 3 oz/a 1 st true leaf) May 22 1% v/v 3 oz/a 1 st true leaf) May 22 1% v/v 6 oz/a 1 st true leaf) May 22 May 22 and May 30 6 Levo 2.4 SL 42 oz/a 1 st true leaf and again in 7 days) 7 Exirel 10SE 13.5 oz/a 1 st true leaf and again in 7 days) May 22 and May 30 Test: CT14-THP-DOW Year: 2014 Crop: Cotton Variety: DP 1028 B2RF Field: 36 Location: Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA Experimental design: RCBD Plot size: 4 rows x 40 Row spacing: 36 Planting date: May 6 Harvest date: Oct 20 Row feet harvested: 64 Treatment application(s): Broadcast with backpack Nozzle type: 8004VS Nozzle spacing: 18 PSI: 18 GPA: 14.3 Band with backpack Nozzle type: 8004E Nozzle spacing: 36 PSI: 23 GPA: 16.8 Field preparation: Rip-strip tilled May 4 23

25 Test name: CT14-THP-DOW Herbicides Additional insecticides Lime & fertilizer 4/22 Touchdown 1 qt 7/29 Brigade 6 oz 4/22 Quadfire 2 qt* 5/09 Acumen 1.5 pt 4/ lb 5/09 Cotoran 1 qt 6/26 Buccaneer 22 oz 6/ units 6/20 Boron 1 qt Growth regulators 6/26 Pentia 6 oz *per 100 gal water 7/29 Pentia 8 oz Defoliation 10/01 Finish 6 Pro 1 qt 10/01 Folex 10 oz 10/01 Super Boll 1 pt 10/01 Dropp 3 oz 24

26 Table 12. Thrips injury ratings 1, CT14-THP-Dow. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, The first true leaf applications were made on May 22 with the +7 day applications on May 30. # Material Rate May 23 May 29 Jun 2 Jun 10 1 Aeris-treated 0.88 b 1.44 c 1.94 c 1.94 c seed 2 Aeris + Radiant SC + Agri-Dex 1.5 oz/a 1 st true leaf) 1% v/v 0.88 b 1.31 c 0.56 e 1.00 d 3 Aeris + Radiant SC + Agri-Dex 4 Aeris + Radiant SC + Agri-Dex 3 oz/a 1 st true leaf) 1% v/v 3 oz/a 1 st true leaf) 1% v/v 0.88 b 1.00 d 0.50 e 0.75 e 0.81 b 1.00 d 0.75 d 1.00 d 5 Aeris 0.88 b 0.75 e 0.63 de 1.00 d + Orthene 97 6 oz/a 1 st true leaf) 6 Levo 2.4 SL 42 oz/a 1 st true leaf 4.44 a 4.50 a 4.69 a 4.63 a and again in 7 days) 7 Exirel 10SE 13.5 oz/a 1 st true leaf 4.38 a 3.75 b 3.75 b 3.44 b and again in 7 days) LSD Thrips injury based on a 0-5 scale, 0 = no injury and 5 = dead plants. 25

27 Table 13. Mean number of thrips per 5 plants, CT14-THP-Dow. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, May 20 May 28 Jun 3 Jun 10 Immature Imma- Imma- Imma- # Material Rate Adult ture Adult ture Adult ture Adult 1 Aeris-treated 0.50 b 5.25 b 3.25 c a b a seed 2 Aeris + Radiant SC + Agri-Dex 1.5 oz/a 1 st true leaf) 1% v/v 0.25 b 2.25 b 0.75 c 6.00 a-c 5.50 b b Aeris + Radiant SC + Agri-Dex 4 Aeris + Radiant SC + Agri-Dex 3 oz/a 1 st true leaf) 1% v/v 3 oz/a 1 st true leaf) 1% v/v 0.50 b 3.50 b 2.00 c 2.25 c 0.50 b b b 4.00 b 0.75 c 3.25 bc 2.50 b b Aeris 1.00 b 4.50 b 5.00 c 9.25 a 5.25 b b Orthene 97 6 oz/a 1 st true leaf) 6 Levo 2.4 SL 42 oz/a 1 st true leaf 2.25 b a a a a a and again in 7 days) 7 Exirel 10SE 13.5 oz/a 1 st true leaf 4.75 a a b 8.50 ab 0.50 b b 9.75 and again in 7 days) LSD NS NS 26

28 Table 14. Stand counts per 40 row ft and yield, CT14-THP-Dow. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, Plants/40 row ft 1 Lint # Material Rate May 22 lb/acre 2 1 Aeris-treated b 1,842 a seed 2 Aeris + Radiant SC + Agri-Dex 1.5 oz/a 1 st true leaf) 1% v/v b 1,769 a 3 Aeris + Radiant SC + Agri-Dex 4 Aeris + Radiant SC + Agri-Dex 3 oz/a 1 st true leaf) 1% v/v 3 oz/a 1 st true leaf) 1% v/v b 1,816 a a 1,812 a 5 Aeris ab 1,781 a + Orthene 97 6 oz/a 1 st true leaf) 6 Levo 2.4 SL 42 oz/a 1 st true leaf 66.8 d 1,385 b and again in 7 days) 7 Exirel 10SE 13.5 oz/a 1 st true leaf 72.3 c 1,617 ab and again in 7 days) LSD Based on counting all living plants per row (two 40-ft rows were sampled per plot). 2 Cotton was harvested on October 20. Gross yields were reduced by 56.23% to account for seed and trash. 27

29 Test: CT14-THP-SYNGENTA-1, Evaluation of seed and foliar insecticide treatments for thrips management in cotton # Material(s)* Rate(s) 1 Base only See footnote Application date(s) 2 Cruiser 5FS mg ai/seed 3 A16115 Cruiser 5FS 0.49 mg ai/seed mg ai/seed 4 A mg ai/seed 5 A mg ai/seed Agrimek 0.70SC 2.6 oz/a 1 st true leaf) May 22 6 A mg ai/seed Orthene oz/a 1 st true leaf) May 22 7 A mg ai/seed Radiant SC Agri-Dex 1.5 oz/a 1 st true leaf) 1% v/v (tank mixed with Radiant) May 22 8 A mg ai/seed Dimethoate 480EC 0.2 lba/a (6.5 oz/a) 1 st true leaf) May 22 9 A mg ai/seed Bidrin 8EC 0.2 lba/a (6.5 oz/a) 1 st true leaf) May STP15101 STP15142 A17823 A20451 STP10182 STP15273 STP g ai/100 kg seed g ai/100 kg seed g ai/100 kg seed 5.0 g ai/100 kg seed 9.0 g ai/100 kg seed mg ai/seed mg ai/seed Treatments 1-9 contained the following base seed treatments: Apron XL 7.5 g ai/100 kg seed; Maxim 2.5 g ai/100 kg seed; Systhane 21 g ai/100 kg seed; Dynasty CST 0.03 mg ai/seed. 28

30 Test: CT14-THP-SYNGENTA-1 Year: 2014 Crop: Cotton Variety: CPN A99 Field: 67 Location: Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA Experimental design: RCBD Plot size: 4 rows x 40 Row spacing: 36 Planting date: May 9 Harvest date: Oct 31 Row feet harvested: 64 Treatment application(s): Broadcast with backpack Nozzle type: 8004VS Nozzle spacing: 18 PSI: 18 GPA: 14.3 Field preparation: Rip-strip tilled May 6 Comments: No aphids or mites present in May 19 samples; no aphids present in May 27 samples. Five plots on left side of test have some rows shorter than 40 ft. 29

31 Test name: CT14-THP-SYNGENTA-1 Herbicides Additional insecticides Lime & fertilizer 4/22 Touchdown 1 qt 7/29 Brigade 6 oz 4/22 Quadfire 2 qt* 5/09 Cotoran 1 qt 4/ lb 5/09 Acumen 1.5 pt 6/26 Buccaneer 22 oz 6/ units 6/20 Boron 1 qt Growth regulators 6/26 Pentia 6 oz *per 100 gal water 7/29 Pentia 8 oz Defoliation 10/09 Finish 6 Pro 1 qt 10/09 Folex 10 oz 10/09 Super Boll 1 pt 10/09 Dropp 3 oz 30

32 Table 15. Thrips injury ratings 1, CT14-THP-SYNGENTA-1. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, The first true leaf applications were broadcast on May 22. # Material Rate May 27 Jun 2 Jun 10 1 Base only 3.81 a 4.44 a 4.56 a 2 Cruiser 5FS mg ai/seed 3.00 b 3.38 b 3.75 b 3 A mg ai/seed 2.44 c 3.06 b 3.50 c Cruiser 5FS mg ai/seed 4 A mg ai/seed 3.00 b 3.31 b 3.13 d 5 A mg ai/seed 1.44 d 1.94 c 1.81 f Agrimek 0.70SC 2.6 oz/a 1 st true leaf) 6 A mg ai/seed 1.63 d 1.13 d 1.50 g Orthene oz/a 1 st true leaf) 7 A mg ai/seed 1.38 d 1.94 c 1.50 g Radiant SC Agri-Dex 1.5 oz/a 1 st true leaf) 1% v/v (tank mixed with Radiant) 8 A mg ai/seed 1.63 d 2.88 b 2.56 e Dimethoate 480EC 0.2 lba/a 1 st true leaf) 9 A mg ai/seed 1.44 d 1.25 d 1.69 fg Bidrin 8EC 0.2 lba/a 1 st true leaf) 10 STP g ai/100 kg seed 2.38 c 3.25 b 3.38 c STP15142 A17823 A20451 STP10182 STP15273 STP g ai/100 kg seed g ai/100 kg seed 5.0 g ai/100 kg seed 9.0 g ai/100 kg seed mg ai/seed mg ai/seed LSD Thrips injury based on a 0-5 scale, 0 = no injury and 5 = dead plants. 31

33 Table 16. Mean number of thrips and other arthropods per 5 plants, CT14-THP-SYNGENTA-1. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, May 19 May 27 Jun 2 # Material Rate Immature thrips Adult thrips Immature thrips Adult thrips Mites Immature thrips Adult thrips Aphids Mites 1 Base only 1.00 a 9.25 a a a a Cruiser 5FS mg ai/seed 0.00 c 0.75 c 4.50 bc b b d 3 A mg ai/seed 0.00 c 1.25 bc 4.75 bc bc b-d Cruiser 5FS mg ai/seed 4 A mg ai/seed 0.00 c 2.50 bc 5.25 bc b bc A mg ai/seed 0.25 bc 2.00 bc 4.75 bc 8.25 b-e ef Agrimek 0.70SC 2.6 oz/a 1 st true leaf) 6 A mg ai/seed 0.00 c 3.00 bc 5.75 bc 2.75 e ef Orthene oz/a 1 st true leaf) 7 A mg ai/seed 0.00 c 1.50 bc 0.50 c 4.75 de f Radiant SC Agri-Dex 1.5 oz/a 1 st true leaf) 1% v/v (tank mixed with Radiant) 8 A mg ai/seed 0.00 c 2.00 bc 9.75 b 5.00 de c-e Dimethoate 480EC 0.2 lba/a 1 st true leaf) 9 A mg ai/seed 0.00 c 2.75 bc 3.00 bc 5.25 c-e d-f Bidrin 8EC 0.2 lba/a 1 st true leaf) 10 STP g ai/100 kg seed 0.75 ab 3.25 b 5.50 bc bc b-d STP15142 A17823 A20451 STP10182 STP15273 STP g ai/100 kg seed g ai/100 kg seed 5.0 g ai/100 kg seed 9.0 g ai/100 kg seed mg ai/seed mg ai/seed LSD NS NS NS NS 32

34 Table 17. Mean number of thrips and other arthropods per 5 plants, CT14-THP-SYNGENTA-1. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, Jun 9 # Material Rate Immature thrips Adult thrips Aphids Mites 1 Base only a-c Cruiser 5FS mg ai/seed b-d A mg ai/seed a-d Cruiser 5FS mg ai/seed 4 A mg ai/seed ab A mg ai/seed a Agrimek 0.70SC 2.6 oz/a 1 st true leaf) 6 A mg ai/seed cd Orthene oz/a 1 st true leaf) 7 A mg ai/seed d Radiant SC Agri-Dex 1.5 oz/a 1 st true leaf) 1% v/v (tank mixed with Radiant) 8 A mg ai/seed a-c Dimethoate 480EC 0.2 lba/a 1 st true leaf) 9 A mg ai/seed d Bidrin 8EC 0.2 lba/a 1 st true leaf) 10 STP g ai/100 kg seed a STP15142 A17823 A20451 STP10182 STP15273 STP g ai/100 kg seed g ai/100 kg seed 5.0 g ai/100 kg seed 9.0 g ai/100 kg seed mg ai/seed mg ai/seed LSD NS NS NS 33

35 Table 18. Stand counts, vigor ratings, nodes above cracked boll (NACB), and yield, CT14-THP-SYNGENTA-1. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, Plants/40 row ft 1 Vigor rating 2 (%) NACB 3 # Material Rate May 23 Jun 12 Jun 2 Sep 30 Lint lb/acre 4 1 Base only a 1,975 2 Cruiser 5FS mg ai/seed b 2,095 3 A mg ai/seed a 2,149 Cruiser 5FS mg ai/seed 4 A mg ai/seed ab 2,155 5 A mg ai/seed ab 2,017 Agrimek 0.70SC 2.6 oz/a 1 st true leaf) 6 A mg ai/seed b 2,105 Orthene oz/a 1 st true leaf) 7 A mg ai/seed ab 2,064 Radiant SC Agri-Dex 1.5 oz/a 1 st true leaf) 1% v/v (tank mixed with Radiant) 8 A mg ai/seed b 2,024 Dimethoate 480EC 0.2 lba/a 1 st true leaf) 9 A mg ai/seed a 2,168 Bidrin 8EC 0.2 lba/a 1 st true leaf) 10 STP g ai/100 kg seed b 2,107 STP15142 A17823 A20451 STP10182 STP15273 STP g ai/100 kg seed g ai/100 kg seed 5.0 g ai/100 kg seed 9.0 g ai/100 kg seed mg ai/seed mg ai/seed LSD NS NS NS 0.53 NS 1 Based on counting all living plants from Row 1 of each plot. In plots with missing row feet due to planter error, stand was adjusted to 40 row feet. 2 Vigor ratings based on plot with highest vigor in each rep = 100%. 3 Nodes above cracked boll based on sampling 5 plants per plot. 4 Cotton was harvested on October 31. Gross yields were reduced by 55.65% to account for seed and trash. 34

36 Test: CT14-THP-VALENT, Evaluation of insecticides against thrips in cotton # Material Rate Application date(s) 1 Untreated 2 Aeris Insecticide-treated seed 3 Aeris Belay 50WG 4 Aeris Orthene 97 Belay 50WG 5 Aeris Orthene 97 6 Aeris Orthene 97 Belay 50WG Orthene 97 7 Aeris Orthene 97 Belay 50WG Knack 0.86EC 8 Aeris Orthene 97 Belay 50WG Knack 0.86EC Orthene lb ai/a (in-furrow) 12 oz/a (in-furrow) 0.2 lb ai/a (in-furrow) 12 oz/a (in-furrow) 12 oz/a (in-furrow) 0.2 lb ai/a (in-furrow) 6 oz/a (broadcast at 1 st true leaf) May oz/a (in-furrow) 0.2 lb ai/a (in-furrow) 10 oz/a (broadcast at 1 st true leaf) May oz/a (in-furrow) 0.2 lb ai/a (in-furrow) 10 oz/a (broadcast at 1 st true leaf) May 19 6 oz/a (broadcast at 1 st true leaf) May 19 Test: CT14-THP-VALENT Year: 2014 Crop: Cotton Variety: DP 1028 B2RF Field: 6 Location: Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA Experimental design: RCBD Plot size: 4 rows x 40 Row spacing: 36 Planting date: May 5 Harvest date: Nov 3 Row feet harvested: 64 Treatment application(s): Liquid in-furrow Nozzle type: microtube Nozzle spacing: 36 PSI: 51 GPA: 5 Broadcast with backpack Nozzle type: 8004VS Nozzle spacing: 18 PSI: 18 GPA: 14.3 Field preparation: Rip-strip tilled May 4 Comments: No phytotoxicity was observed in any treatment on May 27 ratings. 35

37 Test name: CT14-THP-VALENT Herbicides Additional insecticides Lime & fertilizer 4/21 Touchdown 1 qt 7/29 Brigade 6 oz 4/21 Quadfire 2 qt* 5/06 Prowl H2O 1 pt 8/14 Belt 2 oz 4/ lb 5/06 Cotoran 4L 1 qt 6/17 Roundup WeatherMax 22 oz 6/26 Buccaneer 22 oz 8/14 Baythroid XL 2 oz 6/ units 6/20 Boron 1 qt 7/31 Buccaneer 22 oz Growth regulators 6/26 Pentia 6 oz *per 100 gal water 7/29 Pentia 10 oz Defoliation 10/09 Finish 6 Pro 1 qt 10/09 Folex 10 oz 10/09 Super Boll 1 pt 10/09 Dropp 3 oz 36

38 Table 19. Thrips injury ratings and yield, CT14-THP-Valent. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, The 1 st true leaf applications were broadcast on May 19. Thrips injury rating 1 # Material Rate May 23 May 29 Jun 2 Jun 11 Lint lb/acre 2 1 Untreated 3.38 a 4.25 a 3.88 a 4.19 a 1,515 b 2 Aeris 1.50 c 1.38 b 2.00 b 1.75 b 1,939 a Insecticide-treated seed 3 Aeris 1.75 b 1.31 bc 2.00 b 1.75 b 2,155 a Belay 50WG 0.2 lb ai/a (in-furrow) 4 Aeris 1.31 cd 1.00 cd 0.88 c 0.75 e 2,140 a Orthene 97 Belay 50WG 12 oz/a (in-furrow) 0.2 lb ai/a (in-furrow) 5 Aeris 1.25 d 0.94 d 1.06 c 1.00 c 2,018 a Orthene oz/a (in-furrow) 6 Aeris 1.25 d 0.75 de 0.56 c 0.50 f 2,135 a Orthene 97 Belay 50WG Orthene oz/a (in-furrow) 0.2 lb ai/a (in-furrow) 6 oz/a (broadcast at 1 st true leaf) 7 Aeris 1.38 cd 0.75 de 0.88 c 0.88 d 2,016 a Orthene 97 Belay 50WG Knack 0.86EC 12 oz/a (in-furrow) 0.2 lb ai/a (in-furrow) 10 oz/a (broadcast at 1 st true leaf) 8 Aeris 1.31 cd 0.50 e 0.56 c 0.50 f 2,208 a Orthene 97 Belay 50WG Knack 0.86EC Orthene oz/a (in-furrow) 0.2 lb ai/a (in-furrow) 10 oz/a (broadcast at 1 st true leaf) 6 oz/a (broadcast at 1 st true leaf) LSD Thrips injury based on a 0-5 scale, 0 = no injury and 5 = dead plants. 2 Cotton was harvested on November 3. Gross yields were reduced by 53.73% to account for seed and trash. 37

39 Test: CT14-THP-VCB-2, Can early planted cotton be managed to reduce the yield loss associated with early season thrips damage, and if inputs for thrips management can be decreased in later-planted cotton # Planting date Insecticide program Broadcast application dates 1 Early (April 22-25) Full input May 16 2 Early Middle input May 16 3 Early Low input 4 Early Untreated 5 Mid (May 5-10) Full input May 22 6 Mid Middle input May 22 7 Mid Low input 8 Mid Untreated 9 Late (May 24-27) Full input Jun Late Middle input Jun Late Low input 12 Late Untreated Full input Middle input Low input Aeris-treated seed Aeris-treated seed Aeris-treated seed Admire 8.5 oz/a (IF) Orthene 6 oz/a (BC 1 st tl) 6 oz/a (BC 1 st tl) Test: CT14-THP-VCB-2 Year: 2014 Crop: Cotton Variety: DP 1028 B2RF Field: 13 Location: Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA Experimental design: RCBD Plot size: 2 rows x 40 Row spacing: 36 Planting dates: Apr 24, May 8, and May 28 Harvest dates: Oct 20, Nov 5, Nov 12 Row feet harvested: 64 Treatment application(s): Liquid in-furrow Nozzle type: microtube Nozzle spacing: 36 PSI: 51 GPA: 5 Broadcast with backpack Nozzle type: 8004VS Nozzle spacing: 18 PSI: 18 GPA: 14.3 Field preparation: Rip-strip tilled April 24 (planting date 1) and May 6 (planting dates 2 and 3); ran pecking hoe June 3. 38

40 Test name: CT14-THP-VCB-2 Herbicides 4/21 Gramoxone 1.5 pt 4/24 Early 4/24 Early Prowl H2O Cotoran 4L 1 pt 1 qt 5/06 Roundup Ultra 1 qt 5/09 Mid 5/09 Mid 5/28 Late 5/28 Late Acumen Cotoran 4L Acumen Cotoran 4L 1.5 pt 1 qt 1.5 pt 1 qt 6/20 Touchdown 1 qt Additional insecticides Date 7/25 Early 7/28 Mid 8/08 Early, Mid 8/18 Late 8/25 Late Product Bifenthrin 2EC Bifenthrin 2EC Bifenthrin 2EC Bifenthrin 2EC Bifenthrin 2EC Growth regulators Rate/ A 6 oz 6 oz 6 oz 6 oz 6 oz 7/14 Pentia 6 oz Lime & fertilizer 4/ lb 6/ units 6/20 Boron 1 qt 7/28 Early, Mid 7/28 Late Pentia Pentia 10 oz 6 oz Date 10/01 Early 10/17 Mid 10/25 Late 10/01 Early 10/17 Mid 10/25 Late 10/01 Early 10/17 Mid 10/25 Late 10/01 Early 10/17 Mid 10/25 Late Defoliation Product Finish 6 Pro Folex Super Boll Dropp Rate/ A 1 qt 10 oz 1 pt 3 oz 39

41 Table 20. Thrips injury ratings 1, CT14-THP-VCB-2. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, # Planting date Insecticide program May 23 May 29 Jun 2 Jun 10 Jun 20 1 Early Full input 0.81 c 0.25 f 0.75 f 0.69 f. 2 Early Middle input 0.88 c 1.00 e 1.06 e 1.06 e. 3 Early Low input 2.00 b 1.50 c 2.81 c 2.94 c. 4 Early Untreated 4.75 a 4.85 a 5.00 a 5.00 a. 5 Mid Full input f 0.56 g 0.81 f. 6 Mid Middle input e 0.75 f 1.25 e. 7 Mid Low input d 1.31 d 2.63 d. 8 Mid Untreated b 4.69 b 4.75 b. 9 Late Full input d 10 Late Middle input c 11 Late Low input b 12 Late Untreated a LSD Thrips injury based on a 0-5 scale, 0 = no injury and 5 = dead plants. 40

42 Table 21. Mean number of thrips per 5 plants, CT14-THP-VCB-2. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, Plantincide Insecti- May 20 May 29 Jun 4 Jun 11 Jun 16 Jun 23 Immat- Immat- Immat- Immat- Immat- Immat- # date program ure Adult ure Adult 1 ure Adult ure Adult ure Adult ure Adult 4 Early Untreated a Dead plants due to extreme thrips injury 8 Mid Untreated 2.00 b Missing data Late Untreated LSD NS NS NS NS NS 1 Species composition from the untreated check consisted of 100% tobacco thrips. 41

43 Table 22. Stand counts per 40 row ft and yield, CT14-THP-VCB-2. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, Plants/40 row ft # Planting date Insecticide program May 21 May 27 Jun 13 Lint lb/acre 2 1 Early Full input 47.1 a.. 1,943 ab 2 Early Middle input 47.0 a.. 1,675 cd 3 Early Low input 42.5 a.. 1,432 de 4 Early Untreated 25.6 b f 5 Mid Full input a. 2,054 a 6 Mid Middle input a. 2,028 a 7 Mid Low input a. 1,916 a-c 8 Mid Untreated b. 1,690 b-d 9 Late Full input a 1,508 de 10 Late Middle input a 1,385 e 11 Late Low input a 1,278 e 12 Late Untreated b 1,244 e LSD Based on counting all living plants per row (two 40-ft rows were sampled per plot). Early, mid, and late planting dates were April 24, May 8, and May Cotton was harvested on October 20 (early planting), November 5 (mid planting), and November 12 (late planting). Gross yields were reduced by 55.66% (early planting), 54.34% (mid planting), and 53.02% (late planting) to account for seed and trash. 42

44 Test: CT14-THP-Regional-4A, Evaluation of seed and in-furrow-applied insecticides for thrips management in cotton Formulated # Compound(s) product rate Application details 1 Acephate 97PE 16 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 2 Avicta Complete Seed treatment + Acephate 97PE 8 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 3 Admire Pro 4.6F 9.2 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 4 Avicta Complete Seed treatment + Admire Pro 4.6F 7.4 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 5 Avicta Complete Seed treatment 6 Aeris Seed treatment + Trilex Advanced 7 Aeris + Trilex Advanced + Acephate 97PE Seed treatment 8 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 8 Aeris + Trilex Advanced + Admire Pro 4.6F Seed treatment 7.4 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 9 Aeris Seed treatment + Trilex Advanced + Poncho/VOTiVO 10 Thimet 20G 5 lb/a Granular in-furrow 11 Temik 15G 5 lb/a Granular in-furrow 12 Velum Total 14 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 13 UTC, fungicide Test: CT14-THP-Regional-4A Year: 2014 Crop: Cotton Variety: ST 4946 GLB2 Field: 36 Location: Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA Experimental design: RCBD Plot size: 4 rows x 40 Row spacing: 36 Planting date: May 7 Harvest date: Oct 20 Row feet harvested: 64 Treatment application(s): Liquid in-furrow Nozzle type: microtube Nozzle spacing: 36 PSI: 51 GPA: 5 Granular in-furrow Tractor-mounted inverted polypropylene jars with calibrated lid holes Field preparation: Rip-strip tilled May 4 43

45 Test name: CT14-THP-Regional-4A Herbicides Additional insecticides Lime & fertilizer 4/22 Touchdown 1 qt 7/29 Brigade 6 oz 4/22 Quadfire 2 qt* 5/09 Cotoran 1 qt 4/ lb 5/09 Acumen 1.5 pt 6/26 Buccaneer 22 oz 6/ units 6/20 Boron 1 qt Growth regulators 6/26 Pentia 6 oz *per 100 gal water 7/29 Pentia 8 oz Defoliation 10/01 Finish 6 Pro 1 qt 10/01 Folex 10 oz 10/01 Super Boll 1 pt 10/01 Dropp 3 oz 44

46 Table 23. Thrips injury ratings 1, CT14-THP-REGIONAL-4A. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, # Material Rate/A Application details May 23 May 29 Jun 2 Jun 10 1 Acephate 97PE 16 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 1.00 c-f 1.00 d 1.25 e 1.13 f 2 Avicta Complete Seed treatment 1.31 c-e 1.25 c 1.38 de 1.38 e + Acephate 97PE 8 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 3 Admire Pro 4.6F 9.2 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 0.31 g 0.75 e 0.50 f 0.50 h 4 Avicta Complete Seed treatment 0.75 fg 0.75 e 0.50 f 0.50 h + Admire Pro 4.6F 7.4 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 5 Avicta Complete Seed treatment 1.50 c 2.25 b 3.38 b 3.56 b 6 Aeris Seed treatment 0.81 e-g 1.19 c 1.25 e 1.25 ef + Trilex Advanced 7 Aeris Seed treatment 1.00 c-f 0.81 e 0.63 f 0.75 g + Trilex Advanced + Acephate 97PE 8 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 8 Aeris Seed treatment 0.56 fg 0.56 f 0.50 f 0.25 i + Trilex Advanced + Admire Pro 4.6F 7.4 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 9 Aeris Seed treatment 0.94 d-f 1.00 d 1.63 d 1.56 d + Trilex Advanced + Poncho/VOTiVO 10 Thimet 20G 5 lb/a Granular in-furrow 2.63 b 2.25 b 2.81 c 2.44 c 11 Temik 15G 5 lb/a Granular in-furrow 1.44 cd 0.75 e 1.31 de 0.75 g 12 Velum Total 14 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 0.81 e-g 0.75 e 0.50 f 0.25 i 13 UTC, fungicide 3.50 a 4.00 a 4.00 a 4.06 a LSD Thrips injury based on a 0-5 scale, 0 = no injury and 5 = dead plants. 45

47 Table 24. Mean number of thrips per 5 plants, CT14-THP-REGIONAL-4A. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, May 19 May 27 Jun 2 Jun 9 Application Immature Imma- Imma- Imma- # Material Rate/A details Adult 1 ture Adult 2 ture Adult 3 ture Adult 4 1 Acephate 97PE 16 oz/a Liquid in-furrow c-e 2.75 b 2.75 e 3.75 c-f 7.50 b-d b-e Avicta Complete Seed treatment b-d 4.50 b 8.75 b-d 7.75 c-f 9.50 a-c b Acephate 97PE 8 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 3 Admire Pro 4.6F 9.2 oz/a Liquid in-furrow b-d 0.00 b 6.00 c-e 2.50 d-f 4.75 c-e e Avicta Complete Seed treatment bc 0.25 b 5.75 de 2.50 d-f 5.25 b-e e Admire Pro 4.6F 7.4 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 5 Avicta Complete Seed treatment b-d 4.50 b ab b a bc Aeris Seed treatment b-d 2.00 b ab cd 8.50 a-d ab Trilex Advanced 7 Aeris Seed treatment c-e 0.50 b 6.50 c-e 3.50 c-f 4.00 de de Trilex Advanced + Acephate 97PE 8 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 8 Aeris Seed treatment de 0.75 b 7.00 c-e 1.75 ef 8.50 a-d e Trilex Advanced + Admire Pro 4.6F 7.4 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 9 Aeris Seed treatment b-d 3.50 b bc c-e 9.75 ab b Trilex Advanced + Poncho/VOTiVO 10 Thimet 20G 5 lb/a Granular in-furrow b 4.00 b 6.25 c-e c ab b-d Temik 15G 5 lb/a Granular in-furrow e 0.25 b 3.00 e 1.00 f 2.50 e e Velum Total 14 oz/a Liquid in-furrow bc 0.75 b 9.50 b-d 2.00 ef 5.75 b-e c-e UTC, fungicide a a a a ab a LSD NS NS 1 Species composition from the untreated check consisted of 74% tobacco thrips, 2% Western flower thrips, 14% onion thrips, and 10% soybean thrips. 2 Species composition from the untreated check consisted of 52.9% tobacco thrips, 1.5% Eastern flower thrips, 22.1% onion thrips, and 23.5% soybean thrips. 3 Species composition from the untreated check consisted of 85.0% tobacco thrips, 7.5% Western flower thrips 5.0% Eastern flower thrips, and 2.5% soybean thrips. 4 Species composition from the untreated check consisted of 66.7% tobacco thrips, 4.4% Western flower thrips 1.1% Eastern flower thrips, 7.8% onion thrips, and 20.0% soybean thrips. 46

48 Table 25. Plant height 1, number of true leaves 1, and aboveground biomass 2, CT14-THP-REGIONAL-4A. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, May 19 May 27 Jun 2 Jun 9 Jun 18 # Material Rate/A Application details Height (cm) True leaves Height (cm) True leaves Height (cm) True leaves Height (cm) True leaves Biomass (g) 1 Acephate 97PE 16 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 4.83 ab bc 1.65 b-d 9.35 de 2.60 cd ef 2 Avicta Complete Seed treatment 4.98 a a 1.85 a-c a-c 3.15 a ab + Acephate 97PE 8 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 3 Admire Pro 4.6F 9.2 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 5.05 a a-c 1.60 cd ab 3.00 ab b-e 4 Avicta Complete Seed treatment 4.55 bc a 1.95 a a-c 2.90 a-c a-c + Admire Pro 4.6F 7.4 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 5 Avicta Complete Seed treatment 4.83 ab bc 1.75 a-c 9.40 de 2.65 cd d-f 6 Aeris Seed treatment 4.60 bc a-c 1.95 a 9.80 cd 2.75 b-d a + Trilex Advanced 7 Aeris Seed treatment 4.73 a-c a-c 1.85 a-c 9.80 cd 2.80 b-d ef + Trilex Advanced + Acephate 97PE 8 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 8 Aeris Seed treatment 5.03 a a 1.90 ab a-c 2.85 a-d d-f + Trilex Advanced + Admire Pro 4.6F 7.4 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 9 Aeris Seed treatment 4.80 ab ab 1.85 a-c a 2.90 a-c a-d + Trilex Advanced + Poncho/VOTiVO 10 Thimet 20G 5 lb/a Granular infurrow 4.75 a-c a-c 1.75 a-c a-c 2.60 cd f 11 Temik 15G 5 lb/a Granular infurrow 4.60 bc c 1.70 a-d a-c 2.55 d c-f 12 Velum Total 14 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 4.90 ab a-c 1.75 a-c 9.90 b-d 2.65 cd f 13 UTC, fungicide 4.43 c d 1.45 d 8.85 e 1.80 e f LSD 0.37 NS NS NS Based on sampling five plants per plot. 2 Aboveground biomass based on cutting 5 plants/plot at soil level, pooling those samples into labeled paper bags, and drying at 60 C for 48 hours. 47

49 Table 26. Stand counts and yield, CT14-THP-REGIONAL-4A. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, Application Plants/40 row ft 1 # Material Rate/A details May 22 Jun 19 Lint lb/acre 2 1 Acephate 97PE 16 oz/a Liquid in-furrow a a 1,962 2 Avicta Complete Seed treatment d d 1,993 + Acephate 97PE 8 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 3 Admire Pro 4.6F 9.2 oz/a Liquid in-furrow a ab 1,827 4 Avicta Complete Seed treatment d d 1,846 + Admire Pro 4.6F 7.4 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 5 Avicta Complete Seed treatment d cd 1,930 6 Aeris Seed treatment c ab 1,663 + Trilex Advanced 7 Aeris Seed treatment a-c ab 1,676 + Trilex Advanced + Acephate 97PE 8 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 8 Aeris Seed treatment bc bc 1,699 + Trilex Advanced + Admire Pro 4.6F 7.4 oz/a Liquid in-furrow 9 Aeris Seed treatment d d 1,817 + Trilex Advanced + Poncho/VOTiVO 10 Thimet 20G 5 lb/a Granular in-furrow ab ab 1, Temik 15G 5 lb/a Granular in-furrow a-c ab 1, Velum Total 14 oz/a Liquid in-furrow a a 1, UTC, fungicide bc ab 1,574 LSD NS 1 Based on sampling all plants in two 40-ft rows per plot. 2 Cotton was harvested on October 20. Gross yields were reduced by 59.46% to account for seed and trash. 48

50 Table 27. Nematode counts per 500 cc soil from untreated plots on June 24, 2014, CT14-THP-REGIONAL-4A. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, Meloidogyne # (Root-knot) juveniles Tylenchorhyncus (Stunt) Hoplolaimus (Lance) Mesocriconema (Ring) Trichodorus (Stubby root) UTC, fungicide

51 Test: CT14-THP-Regional-4B, Evaluation of seed plus foliar insecticide treatments for thrips management in cotton # Compound(s) Formulated product rate Application details Application date 1 Avicta Complete Seed treatment + Acephate 97PE 3 oz/a Broadcast at 1 st true leaf bud May 19 2 Avicta Complete + Acephate 97PE Seed treatment 6 oz/a Broadcast at 1 st true leaf bud May 19 3 Avicta Complete + Radiant 1SC Seed treatment 1.5 oz/a Broadcast at 1 st true leaf bud May 19 + Dyne-Amic 0.625% v/v 4 Avicta Complete + Radiant 1SC Seed treatment 3 oz/a Broadcast at 1 st true leaf bud May 19 + Dyne-Amic 0.625% v/v 5 Avicta Complete Seed treatment 6 UTC, fungicide Test: CT14-THP-Regional-4B Year: 2014 Crop: Cotton Variety: ST 4946 GLB2 Field: 6 Location: Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA Experimental design: RCBD Plot size: 4 rows x 40 Row spacing: 36 Planting date: May 5 Harvest date: Nov 3 Row feet harvested: 64 Treatment application(s): Broadcast with backpack Nozzle type: 8004VS Nozzle spacing: 18 PSI: 18 GPA: 14.3 Field preparation: Rip-strip tilled May 4 50

52 Test name: CT14-THP-Regional-4B Herbicides Additional insecticides Lime & fertilizer 4/21 Touchdown 1 qt 7/29 Brigade 6 oz 4/21 Quadfire 1 qt* 5/06 Acumen 1 pt 8/14 Belt 2 oz 4/ lb 5/06 Cotoran 4L 1 qt 6/17 Roundup WeatherMax 1 qt 6/26 Buccaneer 22 oz 8/14 Baythroid XL 2 oz 6/ units 6/20 Boron 1 qt 7/31 Buccaneer 22 oz Growth regulators 6/26 Pentia 6 oz *per 100 gal water 7/29 Pentia 10 oz Defoliation 10/09 Finish 6 Pro 1 qt 10/09 Folex 10 oz 10/09 Super Boll 1 pt 10/09 Dropp 3 oz 51

53 Table 28. Thrips injury ratings 1, CT14-THP-REGIONAL-4B. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, The first true leaf bud applications were broadcast on May 19. # Material Rate/A Application details May 23 May 29 Jun 2 Jun 11 1 Avicta Complete Seed treatment 1.44 c 1.69 c 1.31 cd 1.00 c + Acephate 97PE 3 oz/a Broadcast at 1 st true 2 Avicta Complete + Acephate 97PE 3 Avicta Complete + Radiant 1SC + Dyne-Amic 4 Avicta Complete + Radiant 1SC + Dyne-Amic Seed treatment 6 oz/a Seed treatment 1.5 oz/a 0.625% v/v Seed treatment 3 oz/a 0.625% v/v leaf bud Broadcast at 1 st true leaf bud Broadcast at 1 st true leaf bud Broadcast at 1 st true leaf bud 1.38 c 1.19 e 1.13 d 1.00 c 1.56 c 1.50 cd 1.38 c 0.94 c 1.56 c 1.25 de 1.19 cd 0.75 d 5 Avicta Complete Seed treatment 1.88 b 2.94 b 3.50 b 3.00 b 6 UTC, fungicide 2.50 a 4.00 a 4.13 a 4.25 a LSD Thrips injury based on a 0-5 scale, 0 = no injury and 5 = dead plants. 52

54 Table 29. Mean number of thrips per 5 plants, CT14-THP-REGIONAL-4B. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, May 21 May 28 Jun 3 Jun 10 Application Immature Imma- Imma- Imma- # Material Rate/A details Adult 1 ture Adult 2 ture Adult 3 ture Adult 4 1 Avicta Complete Seed treatment 1.00 b bc bc 9.75 b b Acephate 97PE 3 oz/a Broadcast at 1 st true leaf bud 2 Avicta Complete Seed treatment 0.00 b bc bc b b Acephate 97PE 6 oz/a Broadcast at 1 st true leaf bud 3 Avicta Complete Seed treatment 1.00 b c c ab b Radiant 1SC + Dyne-Amic 1.5 oz/a 0.625% v/v Broadcast at 1 st true leaf bud 4 Avicta Complete Seed treatment 0.25 b c c 9.00 b b Radiant 1SC + Dyne-Amic 3 oz/a 0.625% v/v Broadcast at 1 st true leaf bud 5 Avicta Complete Seed treatment 1.25 b b ab a a UTC, fungicide a a a b b LSD 4.54 NS NS NS 1 Species composition from the untreated check consisted of 96.7% tobacco thrips and 3.3% soybean thrips. 2 Species composition from the untreated check consisted of 77.8% tobacco thrips, 11.1% Eastern flower thrips, and 11.1% soybean thrips. 3 Species composition from the untreated check consisted of 86.5% tobacco thrips, 11.5% onion thrips, and 2.0% soybean thrips. 4 Species composition from the untreated check consisted of 77.0% tobacco thrips, 2.0% Western flower thrips, 19.0% onion thrips, and 2.0% soybean thrips. 53

55 Table 30. Plant height 1, number of true leaves 1, and aboveground biomass 2, CT14-THP-REGIONAL-4B. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, May 21 May 28 Jun 3 Jun 10 Jun 16 # Material Rate/A Application details Height (cm) True leaves Height (cm) True leaves Height (cm) True leaves Height (cm) True leaves Biomass (g) 1 Avicta Complete Seed treatment 5.45 ab a 9.95 a 3.00 a Acephate 97PE 3 oz/a Broadcast at 1 st true leaf bud 2 Avicta Complete Seed treatment 5.45 ab a 9.48 a 3.15 a Acephate 97PE 6 oz/a Broadcast at 1 st true leaf bud 3 Avicta Complete Seed treatment 5.60 ab a 9.78 a 2.95 a Radiant 1SC + Dyne-Amic 1.5 oz/a 0.625% v/v Broadcast at 1 st true leaf bud 4 Avicta Complete Seed treatment 5.70 a a 9.90 a 3.00 a Radiant 1SC + Dyne-Amic 3 oz/a 0.625% v/v Broadcast at 1 st true leaf bud 5 Avicta Complete Seed treatment 5.28 bc a a 3.10 a UTC, fungicide 4.93 c b 8.48 b 1.55 b LSD 0.38 NS NS NS NS NS 1 Based on sampling five plants per plot. 2 Aboveground biomass based on cutting 5 plants/plot at soil level, pooling those samples into labeled paper bags, and drying at 60 C for 48 hours. 54

56 Table 31. Stand counts and yield, CT14-THP-REGIONAL-4B. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, Application Plants/40 row ft 1 # Material Rate/A details May 21 Jun 17 Lint lb/acre 2 1 Avicta Complete Seed treatment ,844 + Acephate 97PE 3 oz/a Broadcast at 1 st true leaf bud 2 Avicta Complete Seed treatment ,044 + Acephate 97PE 6 oz/a Broadcast at 1 st true leaf bud 3 Avicta Complete Seed treatment ,954 + Radiant 1SC + Dyne-Amic 1.5 oz/a 0.625% v/v Broadcast at 1 st true leaf bud 4 Avicta Complete Seed treatment ,953 + Radiant 1SC + Dyne-Amic 3 oz/a 0.625% v/v Broadcast at 1 st true leaf bud 5 Avicta Complete Seed treatment ,949 6 UTC, fungicide ,831 LSD NS NS NS 1 Based on sampling all plants in two rows per plot. In plots with missing row feet due to planter error, stand was adjusted to 40 row feet. 2 Cotton was harvested on November 3. Gross yields were reduced by 56.53% to account for seed and trash. Table 32. Nematode counts per 500 cc soil from untreated plots on June 24, 2014, CT14-THP-REGIONAL-4B. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, Meloidogyne # (Root-knot) juveniles Tylenchorhyncus (Stunt) Hoplolaimus (Lance) Mesocriconema (Ring) Trichodorus (Stubby root) UTC, fungicide

57 Test: CT14-THP-Regional-Herbicide, Evaluation of herbicide/thrips injury in cotton Broadcast insecticide # Insecticide(s) application date Pre-emergent herbicide(s) 1 No at-plant insecticide Prowl 1 pt/a Cotoran 1 qt/a 2 Avicta Complete Prowl 1 pt/a Cotoran 1 qt/a 3 Avicta Complete Prowl 1 pt/a + Orthene 6 oz/a (1 st tl) May 19 Cotoran 1 qt/a 4 No at-plant insecticide Prowl 1 qt/a + 1 pt/a 5 Avicta Complete Prowl 1 qt/a + 1 pt/a 6 Avicta Complete Prowl 1 qt/a + Orthene 6 oz/a (1 st tl) May pt/a 7 No at-plant insecticide Prowl 2 qt/a + 2 pt/a 8 Avicta Complete Prowl 2 qt/a + 2 pt/a 9 Avicta Complete Prowl 2 qt/a + Orthene 6 oz/a (1 st tl) May pt/a Herbicide application date May 9 May 9 May 9 May 7 May 7 May 7 May 7 May 7 May 7 Test: CT14-THP-Regional-Herbicide Year: 2014 Crop: Cotton Variety: ST 4946 GLB2 Field: 6 Location: Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA Experimental design: RCBD Plot size: 4 rows x 40 Row spacing: 36 Planting date: May 5 Harvest date: Nov 3 Row feet harvested: 64 Treatment application(s): Broadcast with backpack Nozzle type: 8004VS Nozzle spacing: 18 PSI: 18 GPA: 14.3 Field preparation: Rip-strip tilled on May 4 56

58 Test name: CT14-THP-Regional-Herbicide Herbicides Additional insecticides Lime & fertilizer 4/21 Touchdown 1 qt 7/29 Brigade 6 oz 4/21 Quadfire 2 qt* 6/17 Roundup WeatherMax 22 oz 6/26 Buccaneer 22 oz 7/31 Buccaneer 22 oz 8/14 Belt 2 oz 8/14 Baythroid XL 2 oz 4/ lb 6/ units 6/20 Boron 1 qt Growth regulators 6/26 Pentia 6 oz *per 100 gal water 7/29 Pentia 10 oz Defoliation 10/09 Finish 6 Pro 1 qt 10/09 Folex 10 oz 10/09 Super Boll 1 pt 10/09 Dropp 3 oz 57

59 Table 33. Thrips injury ratings 1, CT14-THP-REGIONAL- HERBICIDE. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, The 1 st true leaf applications were broadcast on May 19. # Insecticide(s) Pre-emergent herbicide(s) May 23 May 29 Jun 2 Jun 11 1 No at-plant insecticide Prowl H 1 pt/a 3.38 cd 3.88 b-d 4.25 b 4.25 c Cotoran 1 qt/a 2 Avicta Complete Prowl H 1 pt/a 1.31 e 1.44 e 2.38 e 2.31 f Cotoran 1 qt/a 3 Avicta Complete Prowl H 1 pt/a 1.38 e 0.75 f 0.88 f 0.75 h + Orthene 6 oz/a (1 st tl) Cotoran 1 qt/a 4 No at-plant insecticide Prowl H 1 qt/a 3.63 b-d 4.13 b 4.31 b 4.50 b + 1 pt/a 5 Avicta Complete Prowl H 1 qt/a 3.81 bc 3.75 cd 4.00 bc 4.00 d + 1 pt/a 6 Avicta Complete Prowl H 1 qt/a 3.31 d 1.63 e 2.81 d 1.94 g + Orthene 6 oz/a (1 st tl) + 1 pt/a 7 No at-plant insecticide Prowl H 2 qt/a 4.31 a 4.56 a 4.75 a 4.75 a + 2 pt/a 8 Avicta Complete Prowl H 2 qt/a 3.69 b-d 4.00 bc 4.06 bc 4.06 d + 2 pt/a 9 Avicta Complete Prowl H 2 qt/a 3.94 ab 3.56 d 3.75 c 3.63 e + Orthene 6 oz/a (1 st tl) + 2 pt/a LSD Thrips injury based on a 0-5 scale, 0 = no injury and 5 = dead plants. 58

60 Table 34. Mean number of thrips per 5 plants, CT14-THP-REGIONAL- HERBICIDE. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, # Insecticide(s) Pre-emergent herbicide(s) 1 No at-plant insecticide Prowl H 1 pt/a Cotoran 1 qt/a 2 Avicta Complete Prowl H 1 pt/a Cotoran 1 qt/a 3 Avicta Complete Prowl H 1 pt/a + Orthene 6 oz/a Cotoran 1 qt/a (1 st tl) 4 No at-plant insecticide Prowl H 1 qt/a + 1 pt/a 5 Avicta Complete Prowl H 1 qt/a 6 Avicta Complete + Orthene 6 oz/a (1 st tl) + 1 pt/a Prowl H 1 qt/a + 1 pt/a 7 No at-plant insecticide Prowl H 2 qt/a + 2 pt/a 8 Avicta Complete Prowl H 2 qt/a + 2 pt/a 9 Avicta Complete Prowl H 2 qt/a + Orthene 6 oz/a + 2 pt/a (1 st tl) May 21 May 29 Jun 4 Jun 11 Immature Immat- Immat- Immat- Adult ure Adult ure Adult ure Adult a 9.75 ab a a bc 4.25 bc 1.25 b 5.25 b-d 8.75 bc ab bc 6.25 a-c 0.50 b 2.25 d 1.75 d c c 2.75 c a 8.75 a-c ab a c 3.50 c 2.25 b 6.75 b-d 4.75 cd a bc 3.50 c 0.75 b 3.00 d 2.75 d c bc 8.25 a-c a a b a b 9.75 ab 4.25 b 6.25 b-d 5.50 cd a a a 2.00 b 4.50 cd 1.75 d bc bc 6.00 bc LSD NS NS

61 Table 35. Plant height 1, number of true leaves 1, and aboveground biomass 2, CT14-THP-REGIONAL- HERBICIDE. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, # Insecticide(s) Pre-emergent herbicide(s) 1 No at-plant Prowl H 1 pt/a insecticide Cotoran 1 qt/a 2 Avicta Complete Prowl H 1 pt/a Cotoran 1 qt/a 3 Avicta Complete Prowl H 1 pt/a + Orthene 6 Cotoran 1 qt/a oz/a (1 st tl) 4 No at-plant Prowl H 1 qt/a insecticide + 1 pt/a 5 Avicta Complete Prowl H 1 qt/a 6 Avicta Complete + Orthene 6 oz/a (1 st tl) 7 No at-plant insecticide + 1 pt/a Prowl H 1 qt/a + 1 pt/a Prowl H 2 qt/a + 2 pt/a 8 Avicta Complete Prowl H 2 qt/a + 2 pt/a 9 Avicta Complete Prowl H 2 qt/a + Orthene pt/a oz/a (1 st tl) May 21 May 29 Jun 4 Jun 11 Jun 16 Height (cm) True leaves Height (cm) True leaves Height (cm) True leaves Height (cm) True leaves Biomass (g) 5.45 a 0.05 b 7.88 b 1.40 c-e 9.33 ab 2.00 d ab 5.55 a-c b 5.38 ab 0.20 a 8.63 a 2.05 ab 9.45 ab 3.20 bc a 6.00 a ab 5.18 a-c 0.20 a 8.50 a 2.40 a 9.83 a 3.70 ab ab 6.00 a a 4.98 bc 0.00 b 7.10 c 1.30 de 8.15 cd 2.00 d de 5.10 cd 8.13 cd 5.15 a-c 0.10 ab 8.15 ab 1.80 bc 8.85 bc 3.00 c cd 5.25 bc b-d 4.95 c 0.05 b 8.15 ab 2.05 ab 9.23 ab 3.75 a bc 5.80 ab a 4.90 c 0.00 b 6.93 c 1.00 e 7.75 d 1.90 d e 4.55 d 7.03 d 5.43 a 0.00 b 8.13 ab 1.70 b-d 8.75 bc 3.00 c b 5.85 ab b-d 5.45 a 0.00 b 8.35 ab 2.10 ab 8.60 b-d 3.30 a-c bc 5.65 a-c bc LSD Based on sampling five plants per plot. 2 Aboveground biomass based on cutting 5 plants/plot at soil level, pooling those samples into labeled paper bags, and drying at 60 C for 48 hours. 60

62 Table 36. Stand counts and yield, CT14-THP-REGIONAL-HERBICIDE. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, Pre-emergent Plants/40 row ft 1 # Insecticide(s) herbicide(s) May 21 Jun 17 Lint lb/acre 2 1 No at-plant insecticide Prowl 1 pt/a ,930 Cotoran 1 qt/a 2 Avicta Complete Prowl 1 pt/a ,811 Cotoran 1 qt/a 3 Avicta Complete Prowl 1 pt/a ,985 + Orthene 6 oz/a (1 st tl) Cotoran 1 qt/a 4 No at-plant insecticide Prowl 1 qt/a , pt/a 5 Avicta Complete Prowl 1 qt/a , pt/a 6 Avicta Complete Prowl 1 qt/a ,739 + Orthene 6 oz/a (1 st tl) + 1 pt/a 7 No at-plant insecticide Prowl 2 qt/a , pt/a 8 Avicta Complete Prowl 2 qt/a , pt/a 9 Avicta Complete Prowl 2 qt/a ,713 + Orthene 6 oz/a (1 st tl) + 2 pt/a LSD NS NS NS 1 Based on sampling all plants in two 40-ft rows per plot. 2 Cotton was harvested on November 3. Gross yields were reduced by 57.17% to account for seed and trash. 61

63 Test: CT14-SABREX, Evaluation of SabrEx-PB (planter box treatment) in cotton # Material(s) Rate(s) Application date(s) 1 SabrEx-PB 1 oz/50 lb seed May 8 2 No root inoculant/stimulant Test: CT14-SABREX Year: 2014 Crop: Cotton Variety: PHY 499 WRF Field: 13 Location: Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA Experimental design: RCBD Plot size: 4 rows x 40 Row spacing: 36 Planting date: May 8 Harvest date: Nov 5 Row feet harvested: 64 62

64 Test name: CT14-SABREX Herbicides Additional insecticides Lime & fertilizer 4/21 Gramoxone 1.5 pt 5/30 Orthene 97 6 oz 4/ lb 5/06 Roundup Ultra 1 qt 7/14 Bifenthrin 2EC 6 oz 6/ units 5/09 Acumen 1.5 pt 8/08 Bifenthrin 2EC 6 oz 6/20 Boron 1 qt 5/09 Cotoran 4L 1 qt 6/20 Touchdown 1 qt Growth regulators 7/14 Pentia 8 oz 7/28 Pentia 10 oz Defoliation 10/17 Finish 6 Pro 1 qt 10/17 Folex 10 oz 10/17 Super Boll 1 pt 10/17 Dropp 3 oz 63

65 Table 37. Stand counts per 40 row ft, vigor ratings, plant height at first square, and yield, CT14-SABREX. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, Stand/40 row Plant height 3 ft 1 Vigor 2 (cm) # Material Rate May 27 May 27 Jun 20 Lint lb/acre 4 1 SabrEx-PB 1 oz/50 lb seed No root inoculant/stimulant LSD NS NS NS NS 1 Based on counting all living plants per row (two 40-ft rows were sampled per plot). Planting date was May 8. 2 Plant vigor based on a 1-6 scale, 1 = excellent, 2 = very good, 3 = good, 4 = satisfactory, 5 =marginally unsatisfactory, and 6 = unsatisfactory. 3 Plant height based on sampling 10 plants per plot. 4 Cotton was harvested on November 5. Gross yields were reduced by 53.98% to account for seed and trash. 64

66 Test: CT14-SBUG_AMVAC, Efficacy of selected insecticides against stink bug in cotton # Material(s) Rate(s) Application date(s) 1 Untreated 2 Bidrin 8 8 oz/a Jul 31, Aug 8, and Aug 14 3 Bidrin oz/a Jul 31, Aug 8, and Aug 14 4 Belay 2.13SC 4 oz/a Jul 31, Aug 8, and Aug 14 + NIS 0.25% v/v 5 Endigo 2.06ZC 6 oz/a Jul 31, Aug 8, and Aug 14 6 Brigade 2EC 6.4 oz/a Jul 31, Aug 8, and Aug 14 Test: CT14-SBUG_AMVAC Year: 2014 Crop: Cotton Variety: DG 2530 B2RF Field: 23 Location: Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA Experimental design: RCBD Plot size: 4 rows x 40 Row spacing: 36 Planting date: May 14 Harvest date: Nov 5 Row feet harvested: 64 Treatment application(s): Broadcast using Spider Spray Trac Field preparation: Rip-strip tilled May 14 Nozzle type: 8002VS Nozzle spacing: 18 PSI: 38 GPA: Comments: Square retention based on 50 plants: July 2=99.0%; July 7=98.5%; July 16=93.0; July 21=89.0%. Flowers were first observed on July 15; first small bolls were found on July

67 Test name: CT14-SBUG_AMVAC Herbicides Additional insecticides Lime & fertilizer 4/05 Touchdown 1 qt 6/03 Orthene 97 8 oz 4/05 Quadfire 2 qt* 5/06 Ignite 1 qt 4/ lb 5/14 Acumen 1.5 pt 5/14 Cotoran 1 qt 6/ units 6/19 Agritain 1.5 qt* 5/14 Touchdown 1 qt 6/19 Boron 1 qt 6/03 Touchdown 1 qt 6/ units 6/28 Agritain 1.5 qt* Growth regulators 6/28 Boron 1 qt 7/14 Pentia 6 oz *per 100 gal water 7/29 Pentia 14 oz Defoliation 10/18 Finish 6 Pro 1 qt 10/18 Folex 10 oz 10/18 Super Boll 1 pt 10/18 Dropp 3 oz 66

68 Table 38. Percent internal boll damage and yield, CT14_SBUG_AMVAC. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, Insecticide treatments were applied on July 31, August 8, and August 14. % Internal boll damage 1 # Material Rate Jul 30 (pretreatment) Aug 7 Aug 14 Aug 22 Lint lb/acre 2 1 Untreated a 40.0 a 1,513 2 Bidrin 8 8 oz/a b 15.0 b 1,862 3 Bidrin oz/a b 17.5 ab 1,857 4 Belay 2.13SC 4 oz/a ab 40.0 a 1,597 + NIS 0.25% v/v 5 Endigo 2.06ZC 6 oz/a b 10.0 b 1,832 6 Brigade 2EC 6.4 oz/a b 7.5 b 1,808 LSD NS NS NS 1 Based on sampling ten inch-diameter bolls per plot. 2 Cotton was harvested on November 5. Gross yields were reduced by 57.03% to account for seed and trash. 67

69 Table 39. Mean number of insects per 15-sweep sample 1, CT14_SBUG_AMVAC. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, Insecticide treatments were applied on July 31, August 8, and August 14. Aug 6 # Material Rate Brown stink bug nymphs Brown stink bug adults Green stink bug nymphs Green stink bug adults Total stink bugs 1 Untreated Bidrin 8 8 oz/a Bidrin oz/a Belay 2.13SC 4 oz/a NIS 0.25% v/v 5 Endigo 2.06ZC 6 oz/a Brigade 2EC 6.4 oz/a LSD NS NS NS NS NS Aug 14 # Material Rate Brown stink bug nymphs Brown stink bug adults Green stink bug nymphs Green stink bug adults Total stink bugs 1 Untreated Bidrin 8 8 oz/a Bidrin oz/a Belay 2.13SC 4 oz/a NIS 0.25% v/v 5 Endigo 2.06ZC 6 oz/a Brigade 2EC 6.4 oz/a LSD NS NS NS NS NS 1 Baseline populations on August 1 were 0.8 green stink bug adults and 0.1 brown stink bug adults per 15 sweeps (n=8 sweeps). One set of sweeps was taken per plot. 68

70 Test: CT14-SBUG-VALENT, Efficacy of selected foliar insecticides against stink bugs in cotton # Material(s) Rate(s) Application date(s) 1 Belay 2.13SC 4 oz/a Jul 31, Aug 8, and Aug 14 NIS 0.25% v/v 2 V oz/a Jul 31, Aug 8, and Aug 14 NIS 0.25% v/v 3 Bidrin 8SL 6 oz/a Jul 31, Aug 8, and Aug 14 NIS 0.25% v/v 4 Endigo ZC 2.06ZC 5 oz/a Jul 31, Aug 8, and Aug 14 NIS 0.25% v/v 5 Brigade 2EC 5.6 oz/a Jul 31, Aug 8, and Aug 14 NIS 0.25% v/v 6 Untreated Test: CT14-SBUG-VALENT Year: 2014 Crop: Cotton Variety: DG 2530 B2RF Field: 25 Location: Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA Experimental design: RCBD Plot size: 4 rows x 40 Row spacing: 36 Planting date: May 14 Harvest date: Nov 5 Row feet harvested: 64 Treatment application(s): Broadcast using Spider Spray Trac Nozzle type: 8002 Nozzle spacing: 18 PSI: 38 GPA: Comments: Square retention based on 50 plants: July 2=99%; July 7=98.4%; July 16=97.0; July 21=94.0%. Flowers were first observed on July 15; first small bolls were found on July

71 Test name: CT14-SBUG-VALENT Herbicides Additional insecticides Lime & fertilizer 4/03 Touchdown 1 qt 6/03 Orthene 97 8 oz 4/03 Quadfire 2 qt* 5/06 Ignite 1 qt 4/ lb 5/14 Acumen 1.5 pt 5/14 Cotoran 1 qt 6/ units 6/19 Agritain 1.5 qt* 5/14 Touchdown 1 qt 6/19 Boron 1 qt 6/03 Touchdown 1 qt 6/28 Agritain 1.5 qt* Growth regulators 7/14 Pentia 6 oz *per 100 gal water 7/29 Pentia 14 oz Defoliation 10/18 Finish 6 Pro 1 qt 10/18 Folex 10 oz 10/18 Super Boll 1 pt 10/18 Dropp 3 oz 70

72 Table 40. Percent internal boll damage and yield, CT14_SBUG_Valent. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, Insecticide treatments were applied on July 31, August 8, and August 14. % Internal boll damage 1 # Material Rate Jul 30 (pretreatment) Aug 7 Aug 14 Aug 22 Lint lb/acre 2 1 Belay 2.13SC 4 oz/a bc 32.5 b 1,761 a NIS 0.25% v/v 2 V oz/a bc 22.5 b 1,787 a NIS 0.25% v/v 3 Bidrin 8SL 6 oz/a c 20.0 b 1,711 a NIS 0.25% v/v 4 Endigo ZC 2.06ZC 5 oz/a b 35.0 b 1,817 a NIS 0.25% v/v 5 Brigade 2EC 5.6 oz/a bc 17.5 b 1,770 a NIS 0.25% v/v 6 Untreated a 60.0 a 1,245 b LSD NS NS Based on sampling ten inch-diameter bolls per plot. 2 Cotton was harvested on November 5. Gross yields were reduced by 58.35% to account for seed and trash. 71

73 Test: CT14-SBUG-VCB-1, Can later-planted cotton benefit from later season insecticide treatment for protecting against stink bug damage to bolls Main plot: Application date(s) for Bifenthrin 6 oz/a # Insecticide program 1 Sub-plot: Variety 2 Early planting (Apr 25) Mid planting (May 8) Late planting (May 28) 1 Traditional PHY 499 WRF Jul 25, Aug 8 Jul 28, Aug 8 Aug 18, Aug 25 2 Traditional ST 4946 GLB2 Jul 25, Aug 8 Jul 28, Aug 8 Aug 18, Aug 25 3 Extra PHY 499 WRF Jul 25, Aug 8, Aug 14 Jul 28, Aug 8, Aug 25 Aug 18, Aug 25, Sep 12 4 Extra ST 4946 GLB2 Jul 25, Aug 8, Aug 14 Jul 28, Aug 8, Aug 25 Aug 18, Aug 25, Sep 12 5 Untreated PHY 499 WRF 6 Untreated ST 4946 GLB2 1 Traditional = single spray in the first week of August (roughly timed to coincide with bollworm egg thresholds); Extra = Early August spray plus later spray to coincide with late season stink bug infestations. 2 ST 4946 GLB2 short season; PHY 499 WRF long season. Test: CT14-SBUG-VCB-1 Year: 2014 Crop: Cotton Variety: ST 4946 GLB2, PHY 499 WRF Field: 13 Location: Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA Experimental design: Split-plot Plot size: 4 rows x 40 Row spacing: 36 Planting dates: Apr 25, May 8, May 28 Harvest dates: Oct 20, Nov 5, Nov 12 Row feet harvested: 64 Treatment application(s): Broadcast with backpack Nozzle type: 8004VS Nozzle spacing: 18 PSI: 18 GPA: 14.3 Broadcast using Spider Spray Trac Nozzle type: 8002VS Nozzle spacing: 18 PSI: 38 GPA: Field preparation: Rip-strip tilled April 24; ran pecking hoe June 3. Comments: Square retention for late planting date = 98% (Aug 1). 72

74 Test name: CT14-SBUG-VCB-1 Herbicides 4/21 Gramoxone 1 qt 4/24 Early 4/24 Early Prowl H2O Cotoran 4L 1 pt 1 qt 5/06 Roundup Ultra 1 qt Additional insecticides Date 5/23 Early 5/30 Mid Product Orthene 97 Orthene 97 Rate/ A 6 oz 6 oz Lime & fertilizer 4/ lb 6/ units 6/20 Boron 1 qt 5/09 Mid 5/09 Mid 5/28 Late 5/28 Late Acumen Cotoran 4L Acumen Cotoran 4L 1.5 pt 1 qt 1.5 pt 1 qt 6/20 Touchdown 1 qt Growth regulators 7/14 Pentia 8 oz 7/28 Early, Mid 7/28 Late Pentia Pentia 10 oz 8 oz Date 10/01 Early 10/17 Mid 10/25 Late 10/01 Early 10/17 Mid 10/25 Late 10/01 Early 10/17 Mid 10/25 Late 10/01 Early 10/17 Mid 10/25 Late Defoliation Product Finish 6 Pro Folex Super Boll Dropp Rate/ A 1 qt 10 oz 1 pt 3 oz 73

75 Table 41. Percent internal boll damage and yield, CT14-SBUG-VCB-1. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, Bloom began on on July 8, 11, and 30 in the early, mid, and late planting dates, respectively. Percent internal boll damage 1 # Planting date Insecticide program Variety Jul 23 (pre-treatment) Aug 1 Aug 7 Aug 13 Aug 21 Lint lb/acre 2 1 Early Traditional PHY 499 WRF b 15.0 b 15.0 b 12.5 b 1,591 2 Early Traditional ST 4946 GLB b 15.0 b 7.5 b 5.0 bc 1,576 3 Early Extra PHY 499 WRF b 15.0 b 12.5 b 5.0 bc 1,633 4 Early Extra ST 4946 GLB b 10.0 b 10.0 b 0.0 c 1,443 5 Early Untreated PHY 499 WRF a 42.5 a 62.5 a 72.5 a 1,366 6 Early Untreated ST 4946 GLB a 42.5 a 60.0 a 67.5 a 1,495 LSD NS NS Percent internal boll damage 1 # Planting date Insecticide program Variety Jul 28 (pre-treatment) Aug 4 Aug 7 Aug 13 Aug 19 Sep 2 Lint lb/acre 2 1 Mid Traditional PHY 499 WRF bc 15.0 b 2.5 b 30.0 b 1,918 a 2 Mid Traditional ST 4946 GLB bc 10.0 b 15.0 b 10.0 c 1,890 a 3 Mid Extra PHY 499 WRF c 5.0 b 12.5 b 12.5 bc 1,883 a 4 Mid Extra ST 4946 GLB bc 7.5 b 2.5 b 5.0 c 1,754 a 5 Mid Untreated PHY 499 WRF a 60.0 a 77.5 a 80.0 a 1,484 b 6 Mid Untreated ST 4946 GLB ab 72.5 a 70.0 a 75.0 a 1,690 ab LSD NS NS Planting Percent internal boll damage 1 Lint # date Insecticide program Variety Aug 18 Aug 25 Sep 2 Sep 9 Sep 22 lb/acre 2 1 Late Traditional PHY 499 WRF 60.0 a 30.0 bc 12.5 b 25.0 b 32.5 b 1,422 b 2 Late Traditional ST 4946 GLB c 17.5 c 20.0 b 30.0 b 22.5 bc 1,465 b 3 Late Extra PHY 499 WRF 47.5 ab 17.5 c 7.5 b 17.5 b 27.5 bc 1,588 ab 4 Late Extra ST 4946 GLB ab 30.0 bc 5.0 b 15.0 b 15.0 c 1,776 a 5 Late Untreated PHY 499 WRF 42.5 a-c 45.0 ab 57.5 a 82.5 a 80.0 a 1,168 c 6 Late Untreated ST 4946 GLB bc 52.5 a 57.5 a 72.5 a 70.0 a 1,392 bc LSD Based on sampling ten inch-diameter bolls per plot. 2 Cotton was harvested on October 20 (early planting), November 5 (mid planting), and November 12 (late planting). Gross yields were reduced by 57.31% (early planting), 55.83% (mid planting), and 52.17% (late planting) to account for seed and trash. 74

76 Table 42. Earliness ratings: nodes above white flower (NAWF) 1, CT14-SBUG-VCB-1. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, NAWF Aug 13 # Planting date Insecticide program Variety 1 Early Traditional PHY 499 WRF Early Traditional ST 4946 GLB Early Extra PHY 499 WRF Early Extra ST 4946 GLB Early Untreated PHY 499 WRF Early Untreated ST 4946 GLB LSD NS # Planting date Insecticide program Variety NAWF Aug 13 1 Mid Traditional PHY 499 WRF 3.45 a 2 Mid Traditional ST 4946 GLB b 3 Mid Extra PHY 499 WRF 3.85 a 4 Mid Extra ST 4946 GLB b 5 Mid Untreated PHY 499 WRF 3.30 a 6 Mid Untreated ST 4946 GLB b LSD 0.62 # Planting date Insecticide program Variety NAWF Sep 2 1 Late Traditional PHY 499 WRF 3.55 a 2 Late Traditional ST 4946 GLB b 3 Late Extra PHY 499 WRF 3.10 a 4 Late Extra ST 4946 GLB b 5 Late Untreated PHY 499 WRF 3.05 a 6 Late Untreated ST 4946 GLB b LSD Based on sampling 5 plants per plot. 75

77 Test: CT14-BW-1, Value of bollworm sprays on genetically insect-resistant cotton varieties # Variety Date(s) treated for Bollworm Protected plots 1 DP 1133 B2RF Aug 18 2 DP 1137 B2RF Aug 18 3 DP 1321 B2RF Aug 18 4 FM 1944 GLB2 Aug 18 5 PHY 333 WRF Aug 18 6 PHY 339 WRF Aug 18 7 PHY 375 WRF Aug 18 8 PHY495 WS3 RF Aug 18 9 PHY 499 WRF Aug ST 4747 GLB2 Aug ST 4946 GLB2 Aug DP 174 RF Aug 11 and Aug 18 Each variety was treated with insecticides targeting bollworm, or untreated. In the treated plots, double and triple-gene insect resistant varieties (treatments 1-11) received one spray 6.4 oz/a plus 2 oz/a) at 7 days after egg threshold. The conventional variety (treatment 12) received two sprays for bollworm 6.4 oz/a at egg threshold on August 11, and then at 7 days after egg threshold received 6.4 oz/a plus 2 oz/a). All seed was insecticide-treated with imidacloprid or thiamethoxam. Test: CT14-BW-1 Year: 2014 Crop: Cotton Varieties: See treatment list Field: 14 Location: Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA Experimental design: Split-plot Plot size: 2 rows x 40 Row spacing: 36 Planting date: May 22 Harvest date: Nov 12 Row feet harvested: 64 Treatment application(s): Broadcast using Spider Spray Trac Field preparation: Rip-strip tilled May 12 Nozzle type: 8002VS Nozzle spacing: 18 PSI: 38 GPA: Comments: Rep IV of the Untreated plots was not harvested due to trees blocking sunlight for proper defoliation. 76

78 Test name: CT14-BW-1 Herbicides Additional insecticides Lime & fertilizer 4/22 Touchdown 1 qt 6/09 Orthene 97 8 oz 4/ lb 5/22 Cotoran 1 qt 4/22 Quadfire 2 qt* 5/22 Prowl H2O 1 pt 6/09 Touchdown 22 oz 6/ units 6/20 Boron 1 qt 6/ units 6/28 Boron 1 qt Growth regulators 7/14 Pentia 6 oz *per 100 gal water 7/29 Pentia 14 oz Defoliation 10/18 Finish 6 Pro 1 qt 10/18 Folex 10 oz 10/18 Super Boll 1 pt 10/18 Dropp 3 oz 77

79 Table 43. Stand counts 1, percent external bollworm damage 2, and yield 3, CT14-BW1. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, Plants/40 row ft Jun 23 External damage Aug 28 External damage Sep 4 External damage Sep 9 Lint lb/acre Not Not Not Not Not # Variety Protected protected Protected protected Protected protected Protected protected Protected protected 1 DP 1133 B2RF ab ,758 b-d 1,704 a 2 DP 1137 B2RF a-c ,343 f 1,208 c 3 DP 1321 B2RF a-c ,786 b-d 1,683 a 4 FM 1944 GLB bc ,722 c-e 1,417 b 5 PHY 333 WRF a ,931 ab 1,703 a 6 PHY 339 WRF c ,544 e 1,423 b 7 PHY 375 WRF bc ,862 a-c 1,636 a 8 PHY495 WS3 RF a ,697 c-e 1,439 b 9 PHY 499 WRF ab ,873 a-c 1,399 bc 10 ST 4747 GLB a-c ,658 de 1,354 bc 11 ST 4946 GLB c ,015 a 1,635 a 12 DP 174 RF c ,756 b-d 1,251 bc LSD 6.71 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS Based on sampling all plants in rows 1 and 2 of each plot. In plots with missing row feet due to planter error, stand was adjusted to 40 row feet. Note that bollworm insecticides had not been applied by this sampling date. 2 External bollworm damage based on a sample of 25 bolls per plot. 3 Cotton was harvested on November 12. Gross yields were reduced for each plot (49-59%) to account for seed and trash. 78

80 Treatment means (stand, % bollworm damage, yield) Stand Aug 28 Sep 4 Sep 9 Yield 1. With insecticide b b... 1, Without insecticide a a... 1,488 LSD... NS NS Variety mean (stand, % bollworm damage, yield) Stand Aug 28 Sep 4 Sep 9 Yield 1. DP 1133 B2RF a , DP 1137 B2RF a , DP 1321 B2RF a , FM 1944 GLB a , PHY 333 WRF a , PHY 339 WRF a , PHY 375 WRF a , PHY495 WS3 RF a , PHY 499 WRF a , ST 4747 GLB a , ST 4946 GLB a , DP 174 RF a ,540 LSD NS... NS... NS... Split plot analysis (stand, % bollworm damage, yield) Stand Aug 28 Sep 4 Sep 9 Yield Treatment Variety...< < Treatment x variety

81 Test: CT14-BW-2, Efficacy of foliar-applied insecticides against bollworm # Material(s) Rate Application date(s) 1 Belt 4SC 3 oz/a (egg threshold) Aug 11 + Brigade 2EC 2.6 oz/a (egg threshold) 2 Besiege 12.5 oz/a (egg threshold) Aug 11 3 Prevathon 27 oz/a (egg threshold) Aug 11 + Asana XL 8 oz/a (egg threshold) 4 Blackhawk 3.2 oz/a (egg threshold) Aug 11 + Brigade 2EC 2.6 oz/a (egg threshold) 5 DiPel ES (Kur.) 16 oz/a (egg threshold) Aug 11 + Brigade 2EC 2.6 oz/a (egg threshold) 6 Steward 1.25EC 9.2 oz/a (egg threshold) Aug 11 + Brigade 2EC 2.6 oz/a (egg threshold) 7 Intrepid Edge 6 oz/a (egg threshold) Aug 11 + Agri-Dex 1% v/v (egg threshold) 8 Karate Z 1.6 oz/a (egg threshold) 2.56 oz/a (7 d after egg threshold) Aug 11 Aug 18 9 Hero 5.2 oz/a (egg threshold) 5.2 oz/a (7 d after egg threshold) Aug 11 Aug Brigade 2EC 2.6 oz/a (egg threshold) 6.4 oz/a (7 d after egg threshold) Aug 11 Aug Untreated Test: CT14-BW-2 Year: 2014 Crop: Cotton Variety: DP 174 RF Field: 14 Location: Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA Experimental design: RCBD Plot size: 4 rows x 40 Row spacing: 36 Planting date: May 22 Harvest date: Nov 12 Row feet harvested: 64 Treatment application(s): Broadcast using Spider Spray Trac Field preparation: Disced, strip tilled May 12 Comments: Seed was insecticide-treated Nozzle type: 8002VS Nozzle spacing: 18 PSI: 38 GPA:

82 Test name: CT14-BW-2 Herbicides Additional insecticides Lime & fertilizer 4/22 Touchdown 1 qt 6/09 Orthene 97 8 oz 4/ lb 5/22 Prowl H2O 1 pt 4/22 Quadfire 2 qt* 5/22 Cotoran 4L 1 qt 6/09 Touchdown 22 oz 6/ units 6/20 Boron 1 qt Growth regulators 7/14 Pentia 6 oz *per 100 gal water 7/29 Pentia 14 oz Defoliation 10/18 Finish 6 Pro 1 qt 10/18 Folex 10 oz 10/18 Super Boll 1 pt 10/18 Dropp 3 oz 81

83 Table 44. Percent of bolls damaged by lep larvae and yield, CT14-BW-2. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, Egg threshold treatments were applied on August 11. % damaged bolls 1 # Material(s) Rate and timing Aug 27 Sep 3 Sep 9 Lint lb/acre 2 1 Belt 4SC 3 oz/a (egg threshold) ,240 bc + Brigade 2EC 2.6 oz/a (egg threshold) 2 Besiege 12.5 oz/a (egg threshold) ,408 a 3 Prevathon 27 oz/a (egg threshold) ,208 cd + Asana XL 8 oz/a (egg threshold) 4 Blackhawk 3.2 oz/a (egg threshold) e + Brigade 2EC 2.6 oz/a (egg threshold) 5 DiPel ES (Kur.) 16 oz/a (egg threshold) ,361 ab + Brigade 2EC 2.6 oz/a (egg threshold) 6 Steward 1.25EC 9.2 oz/a (egg threshold) ,252 bc + Brigade 2EC 2.6 oz/a (egg threshold) 7 Intrepid Edge 6 oz/a (egg threshold) ,166 cd + Agri-Dex 1% v/v (egg threshold) 8 Karate Z 1.6 oz/a (egg threshold) ,281 bc 2.56 oz/a (7 d after egg threshold) 9 Hero 5.2 oz/a (egg threshold) ,430 a 5.2 oz/a (7 d after egg threshold) 10 Brigade 2EC 2.6 oz/a (egg threshold) ,260 bc 6.4 oz/a (7 d after egg threshold) 11 Untreated ,116 d LSD NS NS NS Based on sampling 25 bolls per plot. 2 Cotton was harvested on November 12. Gross yields were reduced by 53.39% to account for seed and trash. 82

84 Table 45. Number of lep larvae associated with bolls 1, CT14-BW-2. Tidewater AREC, Suffolk, VA, Egg threshold treatments were applied on August 11. Lep larvae on 25 bolls # Material(s) Rate and timing Aug 27 Sep 3 1 Belt 4SC 3 oz/a (egg threshold) Brigade 2EC 2.6 oz/a (egg threshold) 2 Besiege 12.5 oz/a (egg threshold) Prevathon 27 oz/a (egg threshold) Asana XL 8 oz/a (egg threshold) 4 Blackhawk 3.2 oz/a (egg threshold) Brigade 2EC 2.6 oz/a (egg threshold) 5 DiPel ES (Kur.) 16 oz/a (egg threshold) Brigade 2EC 2.6 oz/a (egg threshold) 6 Steward 1.25EC 9.2 oz/a (egg threshold) Brigade 2EC 2.6 oz/a (egg threshold) 7 Intrepid Edge 6 oz/a (egg threshold) Agri-Dex 1% v/v (egg threshold) 8 Karate Z 1.6 oz/a (egg threshold) oz/a (7 d after egg threshold) 9 Hero 5.2 oz/a (egg threshold) oz/a (7 d after egg threshold) 10 Brigade 2EC 2.6 oz/a (egg threshold) oz/a (7 d after egg threshold) 11 Untreated LSD NS NS 1 Based on sampling 25 bolls per plot. 83

85 2014 Peanut Insect Pest Management Tests and Demonstrations 84