HYDROGEOLOGICAL ATLASES OF THE GEOLOGICAL AND MINING INSTITUTE OF SPAIN (IGME)

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1 HYDROGEOLOGICAL ATLASES OF THE GEOLOGICAL AND MINING INSTITUTE OF SPAIN (IGME) Vega Martín, L. and del Pozo Gómez, M. Hydrologeology and Groundwater Department from the Geological and Mining Institute from Spain. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia. C/ Ríos Rosas, Madrid. Spain. l.vega@igme.es Hydrologeology and Groundwater Department from the Geological and Mining Institute from Spain. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia. C/ Ríos Rosas, Madrid. Spain. m.delpozo@igme.es The Hydrogeological Atlases have been confirmed as an effective document for the water management, the coordination of water resources and the Land-use planning. They have had a good welcome on the part of the water agents due to the high flexibility in this format when including different thematic maps or additional information in contrast with the traditional format of hydrogeological sheet. This communication presents a first evaluation of the evolution taken place so in the representation techniques like in the available resources when elaborating a Hydrogeological Atlas. It will analyze three of the Hydrogeological atlases belonging to the atlas series related with the hydric environment that the and Mining Institute of Spain has carried out in collaboration with different public administrations. These atlases are those belonging to the Andalusian provinces of Granada (1990), Jaén (1997) and Seville (2003). INTRODUCTION The Geological and Mining Institute of Spain comes carrying out for decades, in collaboration with different public administrations, a series of provincial or autonomic atlases related with the hydric environment. The series began shyly with the hydrological Atlas of Cádiz in 1985 and slowly continued in other Andalusian provinces mainly: Málaga (1988), Granada (1990), Huelva (1993), Jaén (1997) and Seville (2003). Also the atlas of the provinces of Castellón (1987) and Burgos (1998) were produced. At the moment, the Hydrogeological Atlas of the province of Cádiz in collaboration with the Delegation of Cádiz has been finished. The Atlases has been carried out by a team of work compound by specialists belonging to different organisms and companies. Most of them are investigators and technicians of the Geological and Mining Institute of Spain supported for advisory and experts of other institutions and consultant companies The basic information used in the elaboration of the Hydrogeological atlases comes from the investigation works carried out by the Geological and Mining Institute of Spain, completed and up-to-date with the data coming from the delegations and other entities and institutions like the Confederaciones Hidrográficas, departments of the different universities, the National Meteorological Institute, the Government of Andalusia, among others The Hydrogeological Atlases has as primordial objective the hydrogeological characterization from the territory which makes reference through a series of thematic maps. On the other hand, they seek to be an important element for the diffusion of the knowledge of the groundwater, to make aware the user of the importance of these and to serve from help to the administration to afford a growing demand of water in quantity and appropriate quality to the use to that is dedicated with some limited available resource and a quality that deteriorates if the measures protectors or opportune proofreaders don't take, looking for the sustainable use of the resource and the protection to the environment PRESENTATION OF THE ATLASES Three hydrogeological atlases have been chosen for this study, carried out by the Geological and Mining Institute of Spain: the Hydrogeological Atlas of the province of Granada (Provincial Delegation of Granada-ITGE, 1990), the

2 Hydrogeological Atlas of the province of Jaén (provincial Delegation of Jaén-ITGE, 1997) and the Hydrogeological Atlas of the province of Seville (provincial Delegation of Seville-IGME, 2003) The election of these three Hydrogeological Atlases obeys two reasons; the first one is that the three correspond geographically to territory located in the hydrographical basin of the Guadalquivir, with similar physiographic, vegetation and cultivations characteristic and so there are no data variability and their representation would be similar what will facilitate the comparison of the resources used in the cartographic design of the atlas. On the other hand it has been tried that the atlas was distributed temporarily more or less in a way homogeneous what will allow to test the evolution of the used techniques in the cartographic design. METHODOLOGICAL APPLICATION The method of cartographic analysis that will use in this study is the denominated Method Scientific-Technical that is composed of several stages: (Miranda, R. and Sancho, J. 1999; Miranda, 2000). In the following outline the stages of this method are shown (Figure 1) Figure 1. Stages of the method scientific-technical Each stage of the methodological script is centered in one of the aspects that the theory of the Cartographic Expression contemplates, carrying out at the end a global valuation of the quality of the cartographic speech. (Miranda, R and Sancho, J, 1999) 1ª Stage: Thematic content, where the type of objectives of the cartographic project and their execution grade is studied, as well as a presentation of the specific contents 2ª Stage: General syntactic structures, where the syntactic lattice of the work, their hierarchical organization and the relationships intercartographics are analyzed,. It is what s also denominated "analysis of the cartographic speech 3ª Stage: Linguistic options, where the cartographic bases, the generalization level and the employment of the cartographic language are revised. 4ª Stage: Cartographic design and technical characteristics, where elements of technical order are examined: quantity of pages according to thematic section, maps, texts, pictures, graphics, illustrations, used formats (marks, design, margins, dimensions); total number of colours; etc.

3 5ª Stage: Qualitative global valuation of the scientific and technical solutions of the work. This allows to offer the best execution proposals. This communication shows a preliminary valuation of the cartographic speech of the Hydrogeological Atlases of the Geological and Mining Institute of Spain, although being centered mainly in the analysis of the cartographic design, in the use of the colour in the maps and the presence of graphic elements (aerial views, photographs, diagrams and graphics), fact that allows to observe how the techniques applied in each moment in the making of these atlas have been changing. Thematic Context The Hydrogeological Atlas of the province of Granada (1990) is structured in twelve chapters being the first of them the introduction. The two following chapters are dedicated to the information physiographic the relief, the weather, as well as to the population's characteristics supplemented with graphics, outlines and maps to scale 1: The following chapter approaches the topic of the superficial hydrology represented in a map from the hydrographical network to scale 1: The hydrogeology is presented in the chapter five, in which the main ones are described aquifer existent in the province represented in sixteen hydrogeological maps for carbonated aquifers and six for aquifer detritical, together with outlines, figures and graphics. In the chapter six the thermal waters are analyzed in the province of Granada while the chapters seven and eleven are dedicated respectively to the quality of the waters and the vulnerability of aquifer. The rest of the chapters is dedicated to the distribution of the hydric underground resources (chapter, 8), the control nets (chapter 9), the surface cultivated in irrigable (chapter 11) and the urban supplies distributed by districts (chapter 12). a glossary is Also included that clarifies the meaning of the scientific terms and technicians more used along the text. The Hydrogeological Atlas of the province of Jaén (1997) is structured in eight chapters. In the first two chapters the socioeconomic mark and the physiographic of the province is described. After this, it continues with a chapter about the superficial hydrology where the water resources, the humid areas, the regulation, uses, balances are described and calculation of the ace, finishing the chapter with a map of the hydrological network, squares and illustrative outlines of the situation of the province in this aspect. The hydrogeology is presented in the chapter four, in which the main aquifers of the province are described, its hydrodynamic, hydrogeological function, recharges, drainages and hydric balances, being everything represented in eighteen hydrogeological maps, together with outlines, squares and pictures. The chapters five six are dedicated respectively to the quality of the groundwater and the vulnerability of the aquifers. The mineral waters are analyzed in the chapter seven while the chapter eight describes the situation of the uses of the resource. In the bibliography chapter the published works have been picked up, containing the documentation and the data of bigger interest of the province. This atlas also has a glossary where the more usual hydrogeological terminology is listed. The Hydrogeological Atlas of the province of Seville (2003) is structured in sixteen chapters plus two annexes corresponding to the consulted documentation for their realization and a glossary. The different aspects of the province physical environment are shown in the first eight chapters (relief, floors, vegetation and cultivations, climatology, hydrography and superficial hydrology and geology). Also the most outstanding demographic and economic features are described. The remaining chapters are dedicated to the central topic of the atlas, the groundwater. In the chapter nine a general panorama of the hydrology of the province of Seville is sketched and later detailed, aquifer to aquifer in the chapter eleven, where the fourteen aquifers described in detail appear. A map of each one has been carried out to an approximate scale 1:50.000, besides a series of cross-sections that help to understand the geologic structure in depth. The rest of the chapters is dedicated to quality of the groundwater (chapter 10), artificial recharge (chapter 12), public supplies (chapter 13), minerals and thermal waters (chapter 14), water and environment (chapter 15) and contamination and vulnerability (chapter 16). Cartographical Design As for the cartographic design, the three atlases present a similar structure: A3 leaves where the text is distributed in three columns. The beginning of each chapter is marked by an individual leaf in which one adds an ornamental element - draw or picture - together to the title of the chapter. It is necessary to highlight only the hydrogeological Atlas of Jaén (1997) presents the titles of each one of the chapters also included inside a grey rectangular fringe with a superior line in grey and with the contour of the map of the province of Jaén located to the right in the pair leaves and to the left in the odd leaves in a similar way to the number of pages. This rectangular fringe stays in all the leaves that contains explanatory, included text the annexes.

4 In the Hydrogeological Atlas of Granada (1990) there is a clear prevalence of the literal part in front of the graph that is usually solved with charts and graphics in white and black ( Figure 2) together with the map corresponding to each one of the thematic groups. This tendency has gone varying along the following atlas the proportion of part graph composed by outlines increasing progressively, auxiliary maps, graphics and charts that allow a easier comprehension. Figure 2. Example of graphics in the Hydrogeological Atlas of Granada (1990) In the Hydrogeological Atlas of Jaén (1997) the graphics have improved being used graphics in colour notably and in three dimensions, (Figure 3) but with an aspect something rudimentary that is softened in the Hydrogeological Atlas of Seville (2003). In this last atlas special attention has been paid to the graphic aspect, being used shades and degraded that they improve the aspect of the graphics substantially. (Figure 4) Figure 3. Example of graphics in the Hydrogeological Atlas of Jaén (1997)

5 Figure 4. Example of graphics in the Hydrogeological Atlas of Seville (2003) This evolution one can also be observed in the appearance of the charts added to the text, applying a shade, in the Hydrogeological Atlas of Seville (Figure 5) Chart of the Hydrogeological Atlas of Granada (1990) Chart of the Hydrogeological Atlas of Jaén (1997)

6 Chart of the Hydrogeological Atlas of Seville (2003) Figure 5. Styles of present charts in the analyzed atlases. Although it is, mainly, regarding the pictures that illustrate the atlas where a bigger use of this resource is observed,varying from the total absence of them in the Hydrogeological Atlas of Granada (1990) to the Hydrogeological Atlas of Seville (2003) where an effort as for the photographic part has been carried out, It has been made two photographic campaigns on the land in different times of the year and aerial images of great quality have been given by Paisajes Españoles and for the Andalusian Institute of Cartography. Figure 6. Images in the Hydrogeological Atlas of Seville (2003) As for the hydrogeological maps, although the colours that are used in this maps are subject to some rules, the use of softer tonalities together with a controlled use of patterns, or even the patterns absence like happens in the Hydrogeological Atlas of Seville (2003), improves the aesthetics of the maps without detriment of their legibility, as shown in the following figures:

7 Figure 7. Hydrological Map in the Hydrogeological Atlas of Granada (1990) Figure 8. Hydrological Map in the Hydrogeological Atlas of Jaén (1997)

8 Figure 9. Hydrological Map in the Hydrogeological Atlas of Seville (2003) CONCLUSIONS Analysing the obtained results of the application of the method scientific-technician in this work can settle down the following considerations: The thematic structure is similar in the three atlases; they consist of an introduction where the physiographic characteristic for the represented territory, its socio-economic frame, climatology, soils, as well as their geologic, hydrogeological and hydrological characteristics are included. The main chapters are focused in the description of the aquifers or hydrogeological units of the province and analyze thematic aspects referred to the hydric environment like the chemical status of the groundwater, contamination, minerals and thermal waters, resources, exploitation, vulnerability, etc. These three hydrogeological atlases supposes a clear example of the evolution in the use of the resources applied to the cartographic design, highlighting the use of the colour in the graphic part as in the text (titles and subtitles, charts, etc.) and a bigger presence of pictures that makes that, still maintaining the same format and thematic structure, the Atlas hydrogeological of Seville (2003) was aesthetic more friendly than the Atlases of Granada (1990) and Jaén (1997). BIBLIOGRAPHY Diputación Provincial de Granada-ITGE (1990) Atlas Hidrogeológico de la provincia de Granada. Diputación Provincial de Jaén-ITGE (1997) Atlas Hidrogeológico de la provincia de Jaén. Diputación Provincial de Sevilla-IGME (2003) Atlas Hidrogeológico de la provincia de Sevilla. Miranda, R. y Sancho, J. (1999) Propuesta metodológica para el análisis cartográfico: Ejemplo de apreciación de la variable temática clima en los Atlas Nacionales de España y Cuba. Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Revista de la Facultad de Geografía e Historia, UNED, serie IV, Geografía, Tomo 12. Madrid Miranda, R (2000). El Clima en los Atlas Nacionales de España, Cuba y México: Análisis crítico desde una perspectiva cartográfica. Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Alcalá. Departamento de Geografía. Madrid