International Perspectives in Geography AJG Library 5

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1 International Perspectives in Geography AJG Library 5 Editor in Chief: Noritaka Yagasaki, Japan More information about this series at

2 Aims and Scope: The AJG Library is published by Springer under the auspices of the Association of Japanese Geographers. This is a scholarly series of international standing. Given the multidisciplinary nature of geography, the objective of the series is to provide an invaluable source of information not only for geographers, but also for students, researchers, teachers, administrators, and professionals outside the discipline. Strong emphasis is placed on the theoretical and empirical understanding of the changing relationships between nature and human activities. The overall aim of the series is to provide readers throughout the world with stimulating and up-todate scientific outcomes mainly by Japanese and other Asian geographers. Thus, an Asian flavor different from the Western way of thinking may be reflected in this series. The AJG Library will be available both in print and online via SpringerLink. About the AJG The Association of Japanese Geographers (AJG), founded in 1925, is one of the largest and leading organizations on geographical research in Asia and the Pacific Rim today, with around 3000 members. AJG is devoted to promoting research on various aspects of human and physical geography and contributing to academic development through exchanges of information and knowledge with relevant internal and external academic communities. Members are tackling contemporary issues such as global warming, air/water pollution, natural disasters, rapid urbanization, irregular land-use changes, and regional disparities through comprehensive investigation into the earth and its people. In addition, to make the next generation aware of these academic achievements, the members are engaged in teaching and outreach activities of spreading geographical awareness. With the recent developments and much improved international linkages, AJG launches the publication of the AJG Library series in Editorial Board: Editor in Chief: Noritaka Yagasaki, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan Editorial Office: Yuji Murayama, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Yoshio Arai, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Yoshitaka Ishikawa, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Takashi Oguchi, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Toshihiko Sugai, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Shigeko Haruyama, Mie University, Mie, Japan Jun Matsumoto, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan

3 Shigeko Haruyama Takayuki Shiraiwa Editors Environmental Change and the Social Response in the Amur River Basin 1 3

4 Editors Shigeko Haruyama Mie University Mie Japan Takayuki Shiraiwa Hokkaido University Hokkaido Japan ISSN ISSN (electronic) International Perspectives in Geography ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Tokyo Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Springer Japan 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

5 Preface The Amur River, or Heilongjian in Chinese, is the eighth longest river in the world. The watershed has an area of 2 million km 2 and covers the territories of Mongolia, Russia, China, and the Democratic People s Republic of Korea. In addition to its transboundary location, the Amur River Basin can be characterized by contrasts between other geographic aspects: Russia and Asia; boreal taiga and broadleaf temperate forests; continental and monsoon climates; northern and southern fauna and flora; and southern dense and northern sparse populations. The river basin was developed relatively recently and was subjected to severe political tensions throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In 2002, we started the multidisciplinary Amur Okhotsk Project, relating the continental-scale terrestrial environment to the open-water ecosystem in the Sea of Okhotsk and western subarctic Pacific Ocean. After 8 years of multilateral effort, the project confirmed that primary production in the Sea of Okhotsk and Oyashio region depends on dissolved iron transported from the Amur River and its watershed. It is therefore reasonable to say that land use and land cover conditions in the Amur Basin are crucial for sustainable use of marine biological resources in the Sea of Okhotsk and Oyashio region. This book features research on current and historical land use and land cover in the Amur Basin, which are important not only for basin residents but also for those affected by its material and water cycles. Land use and land cover are affected by natural and human interactions over long and short time periods. We therefore address historical and recent changes in a land cover analysis of the basin. Amur Region of Russia: Natural Resources, Population, and Economy is the first chapter and provides readers with background information regarding the Amur region. Chapter 2 is Land Cover Change and Climate change Analysis of the Amur River Basin Using Remote Sensing Data, and Chap. 3 is Wetland and Flooding in the Amur River Basin. These two chapters provide evidence of land cover change in the basin. Changes in Wetland and Floodplain Sedimentation Processes in the Middle Reach of the Amur River Basin is Chapter 4, which addresses the influences of land cover change on the fluvial environment from a geomorphology perspective. Land cover change, specifically the reduction of wetland, alters surface and underground water quality. Chapter 5 is Water Chemistry of the Middle Amur v

6 vi Preface River. Chapter 6 is Droughts in North Eurasia and Climate Warming: Regional Changes and Consequences and describes the wide variation of climate conditions in North Eurasia, including the Amur. Geographical Information System for the Amur River Basin is Chap. 7, which is a fundamental land use introduction to the Amur. Individual land use change processes related to state farms in northeast China have important effects on land use change in the Amur, and these are examined in Chap. 8, Characteristics of Irrigation and Drainage Development on the Sanjiang Plain: A Case Study of State Farms. A discussion of social factors of land use change is found in Chaps. 9 and 10, which deal with forest and timber. Developments of Sino-Russo Timber Trade in the Amur River Basin, with Special Reference to the Transition Period During is Chap. 9. Development Process of Timber Harvesting in the Khabarovsk Region, Russian Federation is Chap. 10. The 11th and final chapter is Land Use Dynamics in the Amur River Basin in the Twentieth Century: Main Tendencies, Driving Forces, and Environmental Consequences. The Amur River Basin poses an essential question: How can we manage a transboundary watershed without disturbing terrestrial and marine ecosystems for future generations? We hope that this book can provide essential information for geographers about this relatively unknown region. Tsu, Japan Sapporo, Japan Shigeko Haruyama Takayuki Shiraiwa

7 Contents 1 Amur Region of Russia Natural Resources, Population and Economy... 1 Petre Y. B aklanov and Anatoly V. Moshkov 2 Land-Cover Change and Climate Change Analysis of the Amur River Basin Using Remote Sensing Data Yoshitaka Masuda, Shigeko Haruyama and Akihiko Kondo 3 Wetland and Flooding in the Amur River Basin Mizue Murooka and Shigeko Haruyama 4 Changes in Wetland and Floodplain Sedimentation Processes in the Middle Reach of the Amur River Basin Kotaro Yamagata, Shigeko Haruyama, Mizue Murooka and Dexuan Wang 5 Water Chemistry of the Middle Amur River Seiya Nagao, Baixing Yan, Vladimir I. Kim, Vladimir P. Shesterkin, Svetlana I. Leveshina, Muneoki Yoh, Tomoyo Suzuki, Hiroki Kodama, Motoki Terashima, Osamu Seki and Alexey N. Makhinov 6 Droughts in North Eurasia and Climate Warming: Regional Changes and Consequences Valeria V. Popova, Alexandr N. Zolotokrylin, Elena A. Cherenkova and Tatyana B. Titkova 7 Geographical Information System for the Amur River Basin Viktor V. Ermoshin 8 Characteristics of Irrigation and Drainage Development on the Sanjiang Plain: A Case Study of State Farms Hong Park vii

8 viii Contents 9 Developments of Sino-Russo Timber Trade in the Amur River Basin, with Special Reference to the Transition Period During Masanobu Yamane 10 Development Process of Timber Harvesting in the Khabarovsk Region, Russian Federation Hiroaki Kakizawa 11 Land-Use Dynamics in the Amur River Basin in the Twentieth Century: Main Tendencies, Driving Forces and Environmental Consequences Natalia V. Mishina