Laser Surface Interactions

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1 Laser Surface Interactions

2 Rashid A. Ganeev Laser Surface Interactions 1 3

3 Rashid A. Ganeev Ophthalmology and Advanced Laser Medical Center Saitama Medical University Moroyama Saitama Japan ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

4 To my parents, wife, son, and daughter v

5 Preface Surface is everywhere. Even the surface of this paper just reflects the availability of presenting the knowledge acquired by many scientific laboratories worldwide about the surface properties during interaction of the laser light with the matter. Is it interesting or not? The reader can partially answer on this question by reading the introduction to this book describing the motifs lying behind my willingness to combine the knowledge about this interesting and important component of matter. The motivation of writing this book also includes my vision of the classification of the processes of laser-surface interaction. The laser intensity is a parameter, which distinguishes various processes occurring on the surface when this coherent radiation interacts with various materials. The gradation of linear and nonlinear optical processes by intensity scale allows separating different mechanisms during laser-surface interaction. The pulse duration of laser radiation becomes a crucial parameter, which defines the processes appearing during this interaction. By defining the light, medium, and strong levels of interaction one can distinguish and classify the surface responses. My goal was to acquaint the reader with a broad range of laser-surface processes in a single edition. Starting from very weak interaction of the surface of earth satellites with the unfocused laser radiation and finishing with relativistic processes occurring on the ablated surface at the laser intensity of the order of W cm 2 I wanted to show the consequence of the processes on the irradiated vacuum-matter or air-matter border occurring with the growing loading of photons. Both the practical aspects of applications of the physical processes occurring on the irradiated and/or ablated surface and the scientific assumptions lying behind the observed peculiarities of laser-surface interaction are in the scope of this book. I hope that the reader can find some valuable information depending on the area of his interests and expertise. The emphasis will be done on the experimental studies in this field. This book is based on the results reported during last few years by leading scientists in different fields of light-surface interactions, as well as my experience in some of these areas. They include my both linear optical and nonlinear optical studies carried out in the laboratories worldwide. I studied various laser-surface interactions in collaboration with numerous researchers from Japan, India, Uzbekistan, vii

6 viii Preface Malaysia, France, Canada, Germany, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Russia, Spain and other countries. The important component of this research is a collaboration with many scientific groups. The studies presented in this book are partially based on my collaboration with those researchers and could not be realized without their generous efforts. I would like to thank all of them for long lasting scientific ties and discussions of various aspects of laser-surface interactions. I thank H. Kuroda, P. D. Gupta, P. A. Naik, T. Ozaki, J. P. Marangos, J. W. G. Tisch, and H. Zacharias for the fruitful discussions and support during our joint collaborative studies. I enjoyed the discussions with A. L. Stepanov, M. K. Kodirov, N. V. Kamanina, M. Castillejo, A. A. Ishchenko, A. I. Ryasnyansky, P. V. Redkin, N. Azmi, M. Suzuki, M. Baba, T. Q. Jia, L. B. Elouga Bom, H. Singhal, J. A. Chakera, M. Tudorovskaya, C. Hutchison and many other researchers regarding the past, present, and future joint studies of laser-surface interactions. My family has generously supported me during all these years of my multiple trips around the globe, and my wife Lida, son Timur, and daughter Dina always can be considered as the motivations of all my adventures and achievements. Saitama, Japan, December 2013 Rashid A. Ganeev

7 Contents 1 Principles of Lasers and Laser-Surface Interactions Introduction Basics of Lasers Continuous and Pulsed Modes of Operation of Lasers Coherence of Light Modification of Surface Properties References Interaction of Low-Power Laser Radiation with Surfaces Laser Rangefinders Applications of Laser Rangefinders Satellite Laser Ranging Lunar Laser Ranging Lidar Holography Basics of Holography How Holography Works Applications of Holography Low-Level Laser Therapy Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatories Other Applications of Low-Power Laser-Surface Interactions Free-Space Optical Communications Laser Lighting Display Laser Scanners for Barcodes Laser Discs Laser Printers Laser Interferometry Laser Pointers Laser Surface Velocimeter References ix

8 x Contents 3 Analysis of Surface Optical Nonlinearities Application of Rz-scan Technique for Investigation of Nonlinear Refraction of Thin Surface Layers of A Sapphire Doped With Ag, Cu, and Au Nanoparticles Reflection Z-scan Measurements of Opaque Semiconductor Thin Films Measurements of Surface Nonlinear Optical Parameters of Nontransparent Materials Using Single-Shot Technique Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Surface Nanostructuring- and Pasmon-Induced Nonlinearities References Laser Cleaning of Art Brief history of the First Steps in Art Conservation Using Lasers Cleaning of the Stones Cleaning of Wall Paintings and Woods Cleaning of Metals Cleaning of Paintings Cleaning of Papers and Parchments References Nanoripples Formation on the Surfaces Peculiarities on Nanoripples Formation Fabrication of Two-dimensional Periodic Nanostructures by Two-beam Interference of Femtosecond Pulses Short Period Nanostructuring of Semiconductor Surfaces Under the Action of Femtosecond Pulses Formation of Different Periodic Nanostructures on Semiconductors Nanoripple Formation from Ultrashort Laser Pulse Irradiation of Semiconductors of Different Bandgaps Extended Homogeneous Nanoripple Formation During Interaction of High-intensity Few-cycle Pulses with a Moving Silicon Wafer Concluding Remarks References Surface Engineering and Ablation Surface Engineering Laser Engraving and Marking Principles of Laser-induced Engraving and Marking of the Surfaces Materials that can be Engraved Industrial Applications Applications of Intense Laser-surface Interaction in Defense Analysis of Laser-induced Ablation of the Surfaces Laser Cutting Tattoo Removal by Laser Pulses References

9 Contents xi 7 Ablation of Clusters from Surfaces for Harmonic Generation of Laser Radiation Ablation of Fullerene-Containing Surfaces: The Attractive Method for Harmonic Generation of Laser Radiation Motivation of Harmonic Generation Studies in Fullerene-Containing Media Experimental Arrangements for Fullerene-Containing Plasma Harmonics First Observation of HHG in Fullerene Plasma Influence of Various Experimental Parameters on the HHG Efficiency in Fullerene Plasma Studies of Harmonic Modulation from Fullerene-Rich Plasmas Fullerene Harmonics Generated Using Two-Color Pump Scheme Analysis of the Morphology of Fullerene Targets and Ablated Materials Discussion of Fullerene Ablation Induced HHG Ablation of Metal Nanoparticles from the Surfaces and Efficient Harmonic Generation using 1 khz Laser Experimental Arrangements for Nanoparticles Ablation and Harmonic Generation Characterization of Ablation Deposits Harmonic Generation from Nanoparticle-Containing Plasmas References X-ray Lasers, Plasma Properties and Harmonic Generation from Surfaces X-ray Lasers Basic Principles of Surface-Excited Media for X-ray Lasers Lasing at 18.9 nm Using Excitation of Molybdenum Surface Characterization of Surface Plasmas at High Excitation Study of Boron and Molybdenum Plasmas During Multi-Pulse Interaction of Femtosecond Radiation with a Target Surface Generation of Backscattered 2ω and 3ω/2 Harmonics of Femtosecond Radiation from Target Surfaces with Different Atomic Numbers High-Order Harmonic Generation During Super-Intense Laser-Surface Interaction Early Studies of Harmonics from Solid Surfaces Low-Order Harmonic Generation from Aluminum Surfaces Effects of Pump Laser Chirp in High-Order Harmonics Generated from Various Solid Surfaces Using Femtosecond Lasers References

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