REVISION BOOKLET DO NOT WRITE IN THIS BOOKLET!!!!! Year 10 SCIENCE INSTRUCTIONS:

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1 REVISION BOOKLET DO NOT WRITE IN THIS BOOKLET!!!!! Year 10 SCIENCE INSTRUCTIONS: Aim to spend about minutes on each section. There are 5 sections and you can do them in any order. There is an Information Page with a Periodic Table, some chemical reactions and formula on page 2. SECTIONS: A. PLANTS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY B. SCIENCE IN SPORT C. SCIENCE IN THE SUPERMARKET D. FAMILY TREES E. ELECTRICITY When you have finished go back over all your answers. Make sure you have attempted all questions. Even the Excellence questions have an Achieved level answer There are no marks taken off for wrong answers. Marks are only awarded for correct answers. If you are unsure of an answer then at least have a go.

2 Year 10 Science Information Page MOTION FORMULAE F = m x a Weight = m x g g = 10 N kg -1 Distance change in speed Speed = time acceleration = time E k = ½ mv 2 Work = Force x distance E p = m x g x h PERIODIC TABLE- The first 20 Elements 1 H 1 4 He 2 7 Li 3 9 Be 4 11 B 5 12 C 6 14 N 7 16 O 8 19 F 9 20 Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca An ACID plus a BASE reacts to produce a METAL SALT plus WATER. Acid + Base Salt + Water 2. An ACID plus a METAL reacts to produce a METAL SALT plus HYDROGEN. Acid + Metal Metal Salt + Hydrogen 3. An ACID plus a METAL CARBONATE reacts to produce a METAL SALT plus CARBON DIOXIDE plus WATER. Acid + Metal Carbonate Metal Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water When they react they produce: Sulfuric Acid produces sulfates. Hydrochloric Acid produces chlorides. Nitric acid produces nitrates. Bases: Sodium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide Magnesium hydroxide Metals: Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Zinc Iron Copper

3 Section A PLANTS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY Objective: To show understanding of the parts of plants and their functions Question 1 Here is a diagram of a typical seed. The plumule is already labelled. 1. (a) Label the parts of the bean seed, using the following labels: Radicle, cotyledon, testa Plumule (shoot) Plumule (shoot) b) What role do the cotyledons play in seed germination? c) List TWO conditions needed for a seed to germinate. d) Is sunlight needed for germination? Explain your answer

4 e) Once it has successfully germinated the plant continues to develop its three main parts, - the leaves, the roots and the stem. Describe the function of the roots and stem Roots Stem e) The leaf is the part of the plant that carries out photosynthesis. Describe in your own words the process of photosynthesis and explain why it is important to the plant. f) Complete the word equation for photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide + Water + g) In the equation above, something should be written over the arrow. State what is missing and explain why this is important for photosynthesis to happen. h) Discuss how the leaves get the carbon dioxide and water that they need to carry out photosynthesis and then what it does with the products of photosynthesis.

5 i) To find out if a leaf has been photosynthesising it can be tested for starch. Name the solution used to test for starch in the leaf and state the colour it should go if starch is present. SOLUTION: COLOUR: j) Explain why testing for starch indicates whether a leaf has been photosynthesising. Objective: To show understanding of the process of plant reproduction Question 2 There are two types of pollination, insect/animal and wind. a) Complete the table below to match each characteristic with the most likely type of pollination. Write either WIND or INSECT. Characteristic Distinctive smell Small, light pollen Large amounts of pollen Colourful flowers Contain nectar Wind or Insect pollinated b) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages, to the plant, of each type of pollination

6 c) Explain what pollination is and describe what is formed as a result. d) Seeds can be dispersed (spread) by exploding as shown below. Describe TWO other ways seeds can be dispersed. Plants can reproduce using either sexual or asexual reproduction. Pollination is involved in the sexual reproduction process. e) Give two methods of how plants can reproduce without sex (asexually). f) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of asexual reproduction. Advantage Disadvantage

7 Objective: To show understanding of the digestive system Question 3 a) Explain, giving a one or two sentence summary, what the purpose of digestion is. After food leaves the stomach it passes through the intestines. After the small intestine comes the large intestine. c) What is the role of the small intestine and explain why it is important that it is working properly. (i.e. what are the problems you would have if it didn t work properly?) Objective: To show understanding of the circulatory system Question 4 There are 3 types of blood vessels: Arteries, Veins and capillaries. a) Which of these three types takes blood away from the heart? b) When you are measuring your pulse, what type of blood vessel are you pressing your fingers against and what are you actually measuring? c) Discuss why the walls of capillaries are much thinner than the walls of arteries.

8 d) Discuss how the circulatory system (heart, lungs and blood vessels) work together to keep the body alive.

9 Section B SCIENCE IN SPORT Objective: To show an understanding of motion-time graphs and motion calculations Question 1 The Tour de France is a cycle race that is held each year across parts of France. The following were the results for one of the legs: Time (min) Distance (km/h) (a) Use this data to complete the graph below Distance (km) b) Calculate the speed of the rider over the first 60 minutes. c) State when the rider is moving the quickest. Time (mins) Between minutes and minutes.

10 d) Explain how you knew the answer to c) e) Comment on the motion of the rider during his journey. Objective: To show an understanding of forces Question 2 Below is the diagram of the rider from the Tour de France. a) Draw FOUR arrows with all the forces acting on the rider labelled. b) Explain TWO ways cyclists can reduce friction acting on them and their bike. c) What type of energy is produced when friction acts?

11 d) Forces can be divided into two groups, contact and non-contact forces. Place the following into their correct column: Contact forces magnetism, electrostatic, friction, buoyancy, gravity Non-contact forces The All Black s scrum is 904 kilograms. e) Calculate the weight of the scrum. F gravity = m x g g= 10 Nkg -1 f) Describe the effects a force can have on an object. g) Compare the weight and mass of a person on the earth and on the moon. h) Starting from rest, an 80 kg man accelerates uniformly to 12 m s -1 in a time of 2 seconds. Calculate his acceleration. Give the correct unit. acceleration = Unit

12 i) Calculate the force acting on the man while he accelerates. i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the man while he is travelling at 8 m s -1. Give the correct unit for your answer. Kinetic energy = Unit i) While the man is running a headwind comes and up his speed decreases to a constant speed of 8 m s -1. Discuss what this tells us relative size of the forces when the man has reached a steady speed. Objective: To demonstrate an understanding of motion calculations Question 3 Usain Bolt is a Jamaican sprinter who has set records for the men s 100 metres and 200 metre sprints. His time for the 100 m is 9.58 s. a) Calculate his average speed for each distance. (speed = d/t) b) If Usain ran the 400 metres at speed of 9.4 m s -1, calculate if he would be able to beat the world record holder Michael Johnson of USA who has a time of 43.18s for the 400 metres. (t = d/speed)

13 Objective: To demonstrate an understanding of energy. Question 4 You may need to use the formula sheet on page 2 to answer some of these questions A 2 kg medicine ball is rolled down a ramp and reaches a speed of 6 m s -1. a) What type of, and how much, energy does the ball have at the bottom of the ramp? Type of Energy amount of energy = b) The ball travels along the flat until it stops rolling. Explain what has happened to the energy that the ball had at the bottom of the ramp. In all sports you have to do work. (d) Force is measured in Newtons, distance is measured in metres, what are the units of work? (e) A woman pushes a wheelbarrow with a force of 250 N, over a distance of 20 m. Calculate the work done by the woman. Show the formula you used and your working.

14 Section C SCIENCE IN THE SUPERMARKET Objective: To describe the parts of atoms and their relation to ion formation Question 1 a) Write the name or symbols of the following elements. Li Boron Ca Iron K There are 3 particles which make up an atom. b) Name these 3 particles c) The nucleus of an atom contains almost all of the mass of the atom. Which two of the particles listed in b) make up the nucleus? d) Beryllium has an atomic number of 4. Fluorine has an atomic number of 9. Complete the table below using this information. Symbol Beryllium Number of electrons 4 Fluorine Electron arrangement 2,7 Number of electrons lost or gained to form an ion Symbol of the ion formed Be 2+ e) Explain why sodium, which has 11 electrons, forms a positive ion but chlorine, which has 17 electrons, forms a negative ion. F

15 f) Complete the diagram to show how the electrons would be arranged around the nucleus of an argon atom. (Use the periodic table given on page 2) Ar g) What is the electron arrangement of Aluminium? h) What is the electron arrangement of the fluorine ion (F -1 )? g) Complete the following chart about the elements in Zinc chloride - MgCl 2 Element Symbol Element Name Number of atoms of each element in the formula Total number of atoms in the molecule of the compound h) Complete the following chart about Iron hydroxide - Fe(OH) 3 Element Symbol Element Name Number of atoms of each element in the formula Total number of atoms in the molecule of the compound i) What is the name of K 2 CO 3? j) Use the list of ions given in the box to write the formula of the following ionic compounds. Zn 2+ zinc O 2- oxide Na + sodium OH - hydroxide Fe 2+ iron Cl - chloride (i) Copper chloride (ii) Magnesium carbonate Cu 2+ copper NO 3 - Mg 2+ magnesium SO 4 2- Al 3+ aluminium CO 3 2- nitrate sulfate carbonate (iii) Iron nitrate (iv) Aluminium sulfate

16 k) A sodium atom has 11 protons, 12 neutrons and 11 electrons. A fluoride ion has 11 protons, 12 neutrons and 10 electrons. Discuss how and why an atom changes into an ion and how this change leads to an ability to form compounds. In your answer you should talk about: The electron arrangements of the sodium atom and the sodium ion What happens to an atom when it changes into an ion (and why) Why ions form compounds which have no charge

17 Objective: To demonstrate abilities in writing formulae and equations To demonstrate understanding of acids, their properties and reactions Question 2 a) Organise the following substances into acids and bases. Write your answers in the table below. Soap (8.5) Oven cleaner (ph 12) Blood (ph 7.4) Sodium hydroxide Lemonade (ph 4) Shampoo (ph 5.5) ACID BASE Use the table below to answer the questions that follow. Substance tested With red litmus, paper it became: With Universal indicator it went: A BLUE BLUE B RED GREEN C RED YELLOW b) Which substance is an acid? c) Which substance is a base? d) i. Which substance is neither an acid nor a base? ii. What would be the approximate ph of this substance? A substance found in a bathroom cupboard was tested with blue litmus paper. It stayed blue. e) What does this tell you about the substance? Explain your answer.

18 Sarah puts some Iron metal into a test tube and adds sulfuric acid. A chemical reaction occurs at once. Answer these questions about it: f) Write down the formula for sulfuric acid. g) How could Sarah know that a chemical reaction had happened? Use the information given on the second page of this booklet to complete word equations for each of the following reactions by naming the products produced. h) Iron + sulfuric + acid + (i) Magnesium + hydrochloric hydroxide acid + (j) Copper + nitric carbonate acid (k) Write a balanced formula equation for reaction (j) (Use the table of ions given three pages back) Question 3 Protein one of the types of nutrients we get from food. a) Describe how you would test for protein and what you would expect to see if the test was positive Method Result (if positive)

19 Mass of NaOH (g) Question 4 John did an experiment to find out how much sodium hydroxide was needed to neutralise various solutions of sulfuric acid. His results are presented below with a graph Neutralisation of Sulfuric acid using Sodium Hydroxide Concentration of Sulfuric acid (g L -1 ) a) From the graph determine how much sodium hydroxide is needed to neutralise a solution with 140 grams per litre of sulfuric acid. b) By extending the graph determine how much sodium hydroxide is needed to neutralise a solution with a concentration of 200 grams per litre of sulfuric acid. Question 5 Two metals magnesium and aluminium were placed into two separate test tubes containing hydrochloric acid. The magnesium appeared to react quicker as there were more bubbles immediately produced. State two ways that you could speed up the reaction happening between both metals and the acid.

20 Section D FAMILY TREES Objective: To demonstrate an understanding of basic terms and definitions Question 1 a) Complete the following table: Word Definition/ Meaning Cell division for making sex cells Heterozygous Homozygous An alternative form of a gene A gene that will only be expressed if the dominant allele is not present What a feature looks like (physical characteristic) b) Use the following words to complete the paragraph: recessive dominant heterozygous homozygous phenotype Sarah s dad has brown eyes which is a characteristic but her mum does not so her mum must be for that feature. Her dad can be homozygous dominant or. The brown eyes are part of his Objective: To demonstrate an understanding of different types of variation Question 2 Give two examples of continuous variation, two examples of either/or variation and two of noninherited variation. Complete the table. continuous variation either/or variation not inherited at all Objective: To show an understanding of the methods of inheritance and genetics Question 3 A dominant red daschund dog (MM) was bred with a recessive black dog (mm). a) Complete a punnett square to show the puppies colours. b) State the ratio of red puppies to black puppies.

21 c) Use another punnett square to explain what would happen if one of these puppies was then bred (mated) with a black dog. d) Talia s mum can roll her tongue which is dominant but her dad cannot. Talia can roll her tongue too but her sister cannot. Draw a punnett square and explain how this is possible. Use the letters L and l for the punnett square. Punnett square e) A family has three girls. The parents decide to have one more child and hope they will have a boy. Use a punnett square to discuss the probability of them having a boy. Space for a diagram if needed

22 Question 4 Human females have 46 chromosomes in each of their body cells. A housefly has only 24 chromosomes in each of its body cells while a tomato plant has 8 chromosomes in its pollen cells. (a) How many chromosomes are there in a human egg cell? (b) How many chromosomes are there in a fly s egg? (c) How many chromosomes are there in a fertilised fly s egg (a zygote)? (d) How many chromosomes are there in a tomato leaf cell? (b) What is one important difference between a gamete and a zygote? Discuss why this difference is important. Scientists working to improve human nutrition used selective breeding to increase the yield of tomato plants. In selective breeding, breeders only keep plants with the best characteristics for the trait they want. Soon they only have plants with "good" genes. When using selection with self-pollinating plants it takes only a few years to find the best combinations of good genes. If the "good" genes are recessive, they can often be quickly identified. Another group of scientists added a new gene to tomato plants so that it was able to produce a chemical which killed off the insects that damage it. Normal tomato plants cannot produce this chemical. c) Discuss why selective breeding cannot be used to make tomato plants that produce this chemical.

23 Objective: To show understanding of mitosis and meiosis Question 5 Pine trees are very easy to clone. Name the type of cell division involved here. a) Name of cell division: b) Explain the possible advantages of using this method of producing new trees. c) What are some of the disadvantages of this type of reproduction? d) Discuss the differences between the two types of cell division Mitosis and Meiosis. In your answer you should consider: The reason for each type of cell division The effect on chromosome number after the process The number of daughter cells.

24 Section E ELECTRICITY Objective: To describe the nature of static electricity Question 1 1. Kelsey loves to bounce on her trampoline on sunny days. After bouncing for several minutes her hair sticks up on end. a) Name the type of electricity that causes her hair to stick up. b) Discuss why Kelsey s hair begins to stick up. c) When Kelsey s sister also gets onto the trampoline, Kelsey likes to give her a small electric shock by touching her hand. Explain why this happens. d) Kelsey s sister says that it is similar to a bolt of lightning. (i) (ii) On the diagram, draw where a lightning bolt is most likely to occur. Use the diagram to explain what causes lightning.

25 Question 2 a) (i) Describe what is meant by an electrical conductor. ii) Give an example of a substance that can be used as an electrical conductor. b) (i) Describe what is meant by an electrical insulator. ii) Give an example of a substance that can be used as an electrical insulator. Objective: To describe the parts and functions of electrical components Question 3. a) The table below shows symbols for circuit components. Complete the table below by writing the correct name next to each symbol Name The following descriptions are describing various electrical components. b) Give the matching name for each description. Description A device which counts the number of electrons of current flowing past a point per second A device which converts electrical energy into light energy Name A device which stops the circuit operating by breaking the circuit A device which stops the circuit operating by melting when the current is too high A device which resists electric current flowing around a circuit A device which measures the energy supplied or used by a part in the circuit

26 c) In the spaces below draw circuit diagrams, using the correct symbols for: A single cell for the power supply, connected to a resistor and a bulb in series. There is a voltmeter measuring the voltage of the bulb. A 9 volt battery connected to two bulbs. There are two switches, so that each bulb can be turned on or off without affecting the other bulb. There is an ammeter to measure the total current of the circuit.