Radioactive Dangers of Fracking
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1 Radioactive Dangers of Fracking version 1.2 Dr Ian Fairlie Consultant on Radiation in the Environment London United Kingdom
2 Radioactivity from Fracking (a) gas wells bring up radioactive gases, liquids and solids (b) radioactive wastes generated in produced waters, sludges and pipeline scales (c) methane gas is contaminated with radon gas - can t separate them
3 Radionuclides in Fracking Wastewater: Managing a Toxic Blend
4 eg Cuadrilla in Lancashire The Independent (January ) stated Cuadrilla recently announced that it temporarily stopped its fracking operations in Lancashire in order to apply for statutory Authorisation under the Radioactive Substances Act 1993 to dump radioactive wastewater
5 Earth s crust is radioactive
6 Abundance Rank Element Symbol Crustal abundance (parts per million) 1 oxygen O 461,000 2 silicon Si 282,000 3 aluminium Al 82,300 4 iron Fe 56,300 5 calcium Ca 41, lead Pb thorium Th tin Sn uranium U silver Ag 0.075
7 Radioactivity in Earth s Crust ~1,400 becquerels per kg on average from uranium-238 (U-238), thorium-232 (Th-232) and potassium-40 (K-40) all have extremely long half-lives - near or exceeding Earth s age bn years
8 Radionuclides in Earth s Crust usually called Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) sounds reassuring, but actually NORM is very dangerous Why? Three reasons (a) long decay chains, (b) presence of radon-222 and radium-226, (c) presence of polonium-210
9
10 ie 25 extra radionuclides result: radioactivity is increased 14X the most dangerous nuclides are (a) radium-226, radium-228, lead-210 (why? soluble in water) (a) radon-222 and radon-220 (why? gases) (b) polonium-210 (why? extreme toxicity)
11 Radon and Radium Since Rn and Ra are among the most radio- toxic substances existing, causing lung and bone cancer at relatively low concentrations special attention must be devoted to their appearance in nature. Choppin GR et al. Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry. Butterworth Heinemann Ltd. Oxford page 108 (the prime US college textbook on rad n)
12 Polonium-210 used in the murder of Russian dissident Alexander Litvinenko in London, 2006
13 polonium-210 the Po-210 used to kill Litvinenko did not come from NORM: it very likely came from reprocessing spent nuclear fuel however it was chosen by the perpetrators for its supremely lethal properties extremely radiotoxic less than a gram in a cup of tea will kill
14 Radioactive levels in oil/gas wells *IAEA 2003, Safety Report Series 34.International Atomic Energy Agency, 2003, Radiation Protection and the Management of Radioactive Waste in the Oil and Gas Radio Natural gas Produced nuclide Bq/m3 water Bq/L U-238 Ra-226 Po Pb Rn ,000 Th-232 Ra-228 Ra-224 Hard scale in pipes Bq/kg Sludge Bq/kg trace million 20 1, , , , million trace , million
15 Radon Levels UK air ~3 UK indoor UK indoor US levels Action Marcellus Level shale gas wellheads ~ ~50,000 max 100,000 3 Bq/m US average shale gas wellheads ~1,300 max 50,000 IAEA* report natural gas 5200,000 *IAEA 2003, Safety Report Series 34.International Atomic Energy Agency, 2003, Radiation Protection and the Management of Radioactive Waste in the Oil and Gas UK gas wellheads?
16 Radium levels in water compare left table with right table FRACKING SITES Marcellus shale (US) discharge water Other US sites discharge water Cuadrilla operations in Lancashire flowback water Airth, Scotland discharge waters Ra-226 Bq/Litre DRINKING WATER 90 (median) US EPA maximum limit in drinking water 30 (median) German maximum limit for water in baby foods California State public health goal in drinking water 231 (one sample) Background US average in drinking water Ra-226 Bq/Litre (Ra-226 plus Ra-228) ~0.001
17 Fracking in Your Area? Demand data on radium levels in discharge waters, in sludges, in pipework Demand data on radon gas concentrations in methane, and produced water Demand baseline studies before any drilling starts
18 a fracking future?
19 or a renewable future?
20 Thanks for your attention! Credits to Dr Marvin Resnikoff and RWMA staff
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