Balaram Sahoo Nimai Charan Nayak Asutosh Samantaray Prafulla Kumar Pujapanda. Inorganic Chemistry

Transcription

1 Balaram Sahoo Nimai Charan Nayak Asutosh Samantaray Prafulla Kumar Pujapanda Inorganic Chemistry

2 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY i

3 ii

4 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY iii Balaram Sahoo Formerly Professor of Inorganic Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Nimai Charan Nayak Formerly Principal and Professor Dhenkanal Autonomous College Odisha Asutosh Samantaray Professor and Head Postgraduate Department of Chemistry Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology Bhubaneswar Prafulla Kumar Pujapanda Formerly Reader and Head Department of Chemistry Dhenkanal Autonomous College Odisha New Delhi

5 iv INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Balaram Sahoo, Nimai Charan Nayak, Asutosh Samantaray, and Prafulla Kumar Pujapanda 2012 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi and Printed by Rekha Printers Private Limited, New Delhi

6 v To The memory of our revered teacher D. Patnaik PhD (Cantab)

7 vi

8 vii Preface...xxxv Part One FUNDAMENTALS OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1. The Atom Introduction 3 Atomic Number 3 Mass Number 3 Atomic Mass Unit 4 Atomic Mass 4 Isotopes 4 Isobars 4 Isotones 5 Nuclear Stability 5 Determination of Atomic Mass 5 Chemical Combining Weights Method 5 Limiting Gas Density Method 5 Mass Spectrometric Measurements Method 6 Nuclear Reaction Energies 7 Exercises 7 2. Elements and Their Cosmic Genesis Introduction 9 Uses of Elements 10 Origin of Elements 10 vii

9 viii Cosmic Abundance of Elements 10 Nucleogenesis 11 The Theory of Nucleogenesis 12 Man Made Elements 16 Exercises Atomic Structure Introduction 18 Bohr Atom 19 Quantization of Hydrogen Atom 19 Elliptical Orbits 21 Multielectron Atom 21 Exclusion Principle 21 Hydrogen Spectrum 22 Quantum Mechanics 23 Uncertainty Principle 24 Wave Particle Duality 24 Wave Equations 25 Solutions of the Wave Equation for the Hydrogen Atom 26 Quantum States 27 Many-electron Atoms 30 Build up of Many-electron Atoms 32 Exercises Periodic Table Introduction 40 Valence 42 Metals and Non-metals 42 Acid-base Properties of Oxides of Elements 42 Other Properties 44 Effective Nuclear Charge 44 Atomic and Ionic Radii 44 Ionic Radii 45 Electronegativity 48 Ionization Energies 50 Electron Affinitie 53 Importance of Periodic Table 54 Exercises Theories of Chemical Bonding Section A 58 Multiple Bonds 59 Heteronuclear Molecules 60 Odd Electron Molecules 61 Lewis Acids and Bases 61 Bonding with Heavier Atoms 62 Resonance Structures 63

10 ix Molecular Shape: The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory 63 Why Do the Wide Range of Molecular Shapes Arise? 64 Wave Mechanical Theories 71 Valence Bond Theory 71 Orbital Hybridization and Geometry of Molecules 73 Resonance 76 Application of Valence Bond Theory to Molecules Containing Non-bonding Electron Pairs 76 Molecular Orbital Theory 77 + The H 2 Molecule 78 Energy Level Diagrams 81 Hydrogen Molecule 82 Diatomic Molecules 83 Homonuclear Diatomics (Second Row Elements) 84 Energy of the Molecular Orbitals 84 Paramagnetism 86 Build up of Diatomic Molecules 86 Lithium 87 Beryllium 87 Boron 87 Carbon 88 Nitrogen 88 Oxygen 88 Fluorine 89 Neon 89 Diatomic Molecules of Later Periods 90 Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules 92 Hydrogen Fluoride 92 Heterodiatomic Molecules 93 Boron Nitride (BN) 94 BO, CN and CO + 94 CO, CN and NO + 95 Section B 95 Ionic Bonds and Ionic Structures 95 Ion Formation 95 Positive and Negative Ions 96 Lattice Energy 97 Born Haber Cycle 99 Crystal Structure 101 Unit Cell 101 Bravais Lattices 102 Close Packing of Spheres 104 Cubic Close Packing (CCP) ABCABCABC 104 Some Common Ionic Crystal Structures 106 Sodium Chloride Structure 106 Caesium Chloride Structure 107 Calcium Fluoride Structure 107 Rutile Structure 107

11 Inorganic Chemistry 30% OFF Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : Author : SAHOO, BALARAM, NAYAK, NIMAI CHARAN, SAMANTARAY, ASUTOSH, PUJAPANDA, PRAFULLA KUMAR Type the URL : 92 Get this ebook