Chapter 1: Mole Balances
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1 CHEMICL RECTION ENGINEERING (SK3223) Chapte : Mole Balances WN NORHRYTI WN SLLEH hayati@petoleum.utm.my RIZIN MD. KSMNI afiziana@petoleum.utm.my
2 Rate of Reaction The eaction ate is the ate at which a species looses its chemical identity pe unit volume. RTE = SPEED The RTE of a eaction is the SPEED at which a eaction happens. If a eaction has a low ate that means the molecules combine at a slowe speed than a eaction with a high ate.
3 Rate of Reaction The ate of a eaction can be expessed as the ate of disappeaance of a eactant o as the ate of appeaance of a poduct. Conside species : B = the ate of fomation of species pe unit volume - = the ate of a disappeaance of species pe unit volume B = the ate of fomation of species B pe unit volume tells us how fast a numbe of moles of one chemical species ae being consumed to fom anothe chemical species.
4 Example: B If B is being ceated at 0.6 moles pe decimete cubed pe second, theefoe: The ate of fomation of B is : B = 0.6 mole/dm 3 /s The ate of a disappeaance of species is : - = 0.6 mole/dm 3 /s The ate of fomation of is : = -0.6 mole/dm 3 /s
5 Remembe. B B is the ate of fomation of species B pe unit volume [e.g. mol/dm 3 s] B is a function of concentation, tempeatue, pessue, and the type of catalyst (if any) B is independent of the type of eaction system (batch, plug flow, etc.) B is an algebaic equation, not a diffeential equation B
6 Reaction ate Reaction ate, is a function of concentation, fo example: k kc kc 2 (ist ode eaction) (Second ode eaction) specificeaction ate (time - )
7 Geneal Mole Balance Equation (GMBE) 0 G G d N 0 = Enteing mola flow ate of (mol/time) = Exiting mola flow ate of (mol/time) G = Rate of geneation(fomation) of (mol/time) = olume (m 3 ) = ate of geneation(fomation) of (mole/time.vol) N = numbe of moles of inside the system olume (mols)
8 Geneal Mole Balance Equation [In] + [Geneation] - [Out] = [ccumulation] moles/time in in moles/time G moles/time.d moles time.volume.volume out moles/time out moles/time dn dt moles/time dn dt moles/time Develop the design equation fo the vaious types of industial eactos (batch, semibatch, and continuous-flow)
9 Types of Reactos Continuos low Batch CSTR Tubula/Plug low Packed Bed
10 BTCH RECTOR ssumption in = out = 0 is constant ( well-mixed) Small scale opeation o testing new pocesses No inflow o outflow dn dt. To manufactue expensive poduct D: high convesion DISD: high labo cost Not epoducible
11 Batch eacto deivation Well-mixed d dn dt Reaanging and integating with limits t = 0 N = N 0 N t = t N = N dn t N 0 Diffeential fom The time necessay to educe the numbe of moles fom N 0 to N and also to fom N B mole of B -- gaph of eaction (N, t) Multiplying by - and changing the limits of integation t N N 0 dn Integal fom
12 CONTINUOUS- STIRRED TNK RECTOR (CSTR) ssumption Well mixed constant concentation, tempeatue, eaction ate No accumulation Commonly used in industy Liquid-phase eaction dvantage: when intense agitation is equied in ( 0 ) out in Disadvantage: lage eacto ae necessay to obtain high convesion The volume of the eacto out ( ) 0 lgebaic fom
13 TUBULR RECTOR OR PLUG-LOW RECTOR (PR) ssumption: Opeated at steady state in ( 0 ) out ( ) Consists of a cylindical pipe Gas-phase eaction dvantages: easy to maintain, povides the highest convesion Disadvantage: difficult to maintain the tempeatue within the eacto out d d d in Diffeential fom The volume necessay to educe the enteing mola flow ate of fom 0 to o the volume necessay to poduce a mola flow ate of B of B gaph of eaction ( 0, ) 0 d Integal fom
14 PCKED-BED RECTOR (PBR) 0 (W) W W + W W [W + W] The eaction ate is based on mass of solid catalyst, W luid-solid heteogeneous eaction Essentially tubula eacto that is packed with solid catalyst paticles Diffeential fom d dw ' W Integal fom 0 d ' Catalyst weight necessay to educe the enteing mola flow ate of, 0 to gaph of eaction (, W)
15 Diffeential fom Integal fom BTCH CSTR PR PBR dw d ' 0 ' d W d d 0 d 0 lgebaic fom dt dn 0 N N dn t
16 REERENCES Main Refeence:. ogle,h.s., Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineeing, 4 th Edition,Pentice Hall, New Jesey, Othe Refeences:. Davis, M.E and Davis, R.J, undamentals of Chemical Reaction Engineeing, Mc-Gaw-Hill, New Yok, Schmidt, L.D, The Engineeing of Chemical Reactions, Oxfod, New Yok, Levenspiel,O., Chemical Reaction Engineeing, 3 d Edition, Wiley,New Yok, Smith,J., Chemical Engineeing Kinetics, 3 d Edition, McGaw- Hill, New Yok, 98
CSTR - PFR - PBR
1. Mole Balances o The Rate of Reaction, - o The Geneal Mole Balance Equation o Continuous low Reactos - CSTR (Continuous-Stied Tank Reacto) - PR (Tubula Reacto) - PBR (Packed-Bed Reacto) o Industial Reactos
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