Chemical reactors. H has thermal contribution, pressure contribution (often negligible) and reaction contribution ( source - like)
|
|
- Osborne Hines
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chemical reactors - chemical transformation of reactants into products Classification: a) according to the type of equipment o batch stirred tanks small-scale production, mostly liquids o continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) medium to large-scale production, arrangement into cascades (liquids) o tubular continuous reactors gases or liquids flow through a pipe, which may be containing a fixed bed of granular material catalyst, large-scale production b) according to number of phases o homogeneous just one phase (gas or liquid) o heterogeneous fixed bed of catalyst particles General mass and enthalpy balance - mass of component k: m k,i + dm kr inflow + source/sink = outflow + accumulation = m k,e + dm ks - mass of all components: m i + = m e + dm S - enthalpy: H i + = H e + dn S H has thermal contribution, pressure contribution (often negligible) and reaction contribution ( source - like) Stoichiometry - chemical reaction is written as: M k = stoichiometric coefficient, negative for reactants, positive for products M k molar mass of component k Conservation of stoichiometric ratios n kr n lr = ν l ; l and k are two components taking part in a reaction (reactants or products) it follow that n kr = n lr ν l = ξ extent Extent is independent of the choice of component, it is a measure of the reaction. If n k is amount of k at the beginning and n k is amount of k at the end of the reaction then
2 unit of ξ: [moles of reaction turnover] For constant volume (liquids): ξ = V s c k c k Conversion of a reactant k - for constant volume: ζ k = c k c k c k - relation between ξ and ζ k : ξ = n kζ k - another relation: - for V S = const also ξ = n kr = n k n k = m k m k M k ζ k = n kr = n k n k = m k m k n k n k m k n l n l ν l = n k n k c l = c l + ν l (c k c k ) n l = n l + ν l (n k n k ) Thermodynamics Enthalpy of the reaction mixture is: n l = n l + ν l n k ζ k ; for V S = const: c l = c l + ν l c k ζ k dh = nc p dt + ( H p ) dp + h r dξ T,ξ n c p h r number of moles molar thermal capacity molar reaction enthalpy For liquids and ideal gases ( H ) = p T,ξ Standard molar reaction enthalpy is: h r = h fk = h ck where h fk standard molar enthalpy of formation of component k () h ck standard molar combustion enthalpy of k
3 can be found in tables h r varies with temperature: h r = h r + c pk dt T T The Gibbs free energy is dg = SdT + V S dp + g r dξ S g r a k K entropy molar reaction Gibbs energy activity of k equilibrium constant ν g r = g r + RT ln ( a k k ) K k=1 K At equilibrium g r and g r is found in tables Calculation of K: K true equilibrium constant ln K = g r RT K C concentration equilibrium constant K C = K ν c k k=1 k K depends on temperature: ln K ( T ) p,ξ = h r RT 2 source/sink: dn kr Kinetics = R = rdv V S R extensive reaction rate [moles of reaction turnover/s] reaction rate of component k r intensive reaction rate [moles of reaction turnover/s/m 3 ]
4 R K = R r K = r From the definition: R = 1 dn kr = d (n kr ) = dξ For ideally mixed systems r does not depend on position dv R = rv S Reaction rate r depends on molar concentration of reactants For example aa + bb r = kc A a c B b where k = k frequency exp factor ( activation energy E RT ) Arrhenius relation For reversible reactions: r = r + r For example: aa + bb pp + qq r = k + c A a c B b k c P p c Q q at equilibrium r = k + c A a c B b = k c P p c Q q and K = k + = c p q P c Q k c a b A c B Batch reactor Assumptions: - one reaction only - ideal mixing R = rv S - constant density V S = const Balance on moles of k (no inflow, no outflow) source = accumulation dn kr = dn ks
5 Reaction time: The use of conversion: ζ k = c k c k c k rv S = V S dc k τ τ = c k = dc k r c k c k = c k (1 ζ k ) dc k = c k dζ k ζ k τ = c k dζ k r r must be expressed in terms of either c k or ζ k Example 1: isothermal reaction of first order τ = c A A B; r = kc A ; ν A = 1 τ = c A c A dc A kc A = 1 k ln c A c A ζ A dζ A kc A (1 ζ A ) = 1 k ln 1 1 ζ A Example 2: isothermal reaction of second order c B is expressed via c A : and then: τ = c A aa + bb r = kc A a c B b ; ν A = 1, ν B = 1 dc A kc A (c B (c A c A )) c B = c B + ν B ν A (c A c A ) c A = 1 (c A c B )k ln (c B c A ) c A c B c A + c A Enthalpy balance (neglecting pressure term) Q i = Q e + dh Q i Q e = d (nc pdt) + d ( h rdξ)
6 Q i Q e + ( h r ) dξ dt = nc p Mass and enthalpy balances must be solve together since R = rv S depends on molar concentrations. R Continuous stirred tank reactor CSTR - assumptions: o one reaction o ideal mixing (R = rv S ) o constant density: V i = V e = V = const (liquids) o steady state Balance on moles of k: Using conversion: Again r is expressed in terms of c k or ζ k. Enthalpy balance n ih i = n eh e + Q e Q i n ki + rv S = n ke V c ki + rv S = V c ke τ = V S V ζ k = c ki c ke c ki = c ke c ki r τ mean residence time τ = c kiζ k r h i and h e include thermal and reaction terms! Q e Q i = K(T e T c )A heat transfer equation After some algebra it can be shown that the enthalpy balance is: n ic pi (T i T ) + ( h r )rv S = n ec pe (T e T ) + K(T e T c )A By choosing standard temperature T = T i : ( h ri )rv S for exothermic reaction this is sigmoidal function of T e H R = n ec pe (T e T i ) + K(T e T c )A linear function of T e H P
7 Intersection of the line steady states three A unstable state B, C stable states with low and high temperature respectively (high temperatures operational limits, explosions!) Cascade of CSTRs - assumptions as for one CSTR - conversion in n-th reactor: ζ kn = c k c kn c k - molar flow: n kn = V c kn - reactors may have different volumes: V n ; n = 1,, N Balance on moles of k in the n-th reactor n k,n 1 + r n V n = n k,n c k,n 1 c k,n + r n τ n = c k (ζ k,n ζ k,n 1 ) + r n τ n = Convenient calculation is from reactor N to reactor 1 because r n depends on c k,n and c k,n 1 is easy to evaluate Graphical solution
8 It does not matter if from reactor 1 to reactor N or vice versa. Rewrite mass balance: ν k r n > for reactant, generally a curve = 1 τ n (c k,n c k,n 1 ) straight line with slope 1 τ n passing through point [c k,n 1 ;] The straight lines are parallel if the reactors have constant volume ( τ = const) Analytical solution for isothermal 1 st order reaction A ; r n = kc A,n ; ν A = 1; τ = const. Mass balance: c A,n 1 c A,n + ( 1)kc A,n τ = c A,n 1 c A,n = 1 + kτ Then c A, c A,1 c A,N 1 = c A, = (1 + kτ ) N c A,1 c A,2 c A,N c A,N Enthalpy balance: (reference state at T = T ) Q in Q en + n n 1c p,n 1 (T n 1 T ) + ( h r )r n V n = n nc pn (T n T ) K(T n T c )A n Can be used to calculate heat exchange area A n. - assuming: o one reaction Tubular reactor (continuous, for gases or liquids)
9 o o o turbulent flow approximation by plug flow density may not be constant for gases steady state Conversion is defined as: ζ k = n ki n k n ki dn k = n kidζ k Balance on moles of k in dv Reaction volume is: n k + rdv = n k + dn k d (dζ k ) V V = dv n ke = dn k = n ki dζ k r r a) liquids: density = const V = const τ = V V is well defined mean residence time: n ki ζ ke τ = V V c ke = dc k r c ki Formally the same formula that is for calculation of reaction time in a batch reactor b) gases: instead of τ we define a spacetime at input τ i = V V i then Now we need to express r in terms of the conversion. We know that: 1) n l = n li ν l n kiζ k 2) gas follows the equation pv = n RT = l n l r depends on c l ; l = 1, and c l is expressed as ζ ke τ i = V = c ki dζ k V i r RT
10 n c l = n l = n l = p l n l l n l = c V n RT RT n n p l n l Thus r is expressed in terms of y li, y ki and ζ k. Enthalpy balance where n li ν l n kiζ k l n l = c (n li ν = l l ν n k kiζ k ) l n l dq i + H = H + dh + dq e c molar density y li ν l y ki ζ k 1 y kiζ k ν l ν l k Thus dξ dh = n c p dt + h r d ( ) m c pm dr=rdv h r rdv = m c pm dt + dq e dq i
Chemical Reaction Engineering Lecture 5
Chemical Reaction Engineering g Lecture 5 The Scope The im of the Course: To learn how to describe a system where a (bio)chemical reaction takes place (further called reactor) Reactors Pharmacokinetics
More informationMathematical Modeling Of Chemical Reactors
37 Mathematical Modeling Of Chemical Reactors Keywords: Reactors, lug flow, CSTR, Conversion, Selectivity Chemical reactor calculations are based on the elementary conservation laws of matter and energy.
More informationPHEN 612 SPRING 2008 WEEK 1 LAURENT SIMON
PHEN 612 SPRING 2008 WEEK 1 LAURENT SIMON Chapter 1 * 1.1 Rate of reactions r A A+B->C Species A, B, and C We are interested in the rate of disappearance of A The rate of reaction, ra, is the number of
More informationSome properties of the Helmholtz free energy
Some properties of the Helmholtz free energy Energy slope is T U(S, ) From the properties of U vs S, it is clear that the Helmholtz free energy is always algebraically less than the internal energy U.
More informationChemical Reaction Engineering. Lecture 2
hemical Reaction Engineering Lecture 2 General algorithm of hemical Reaction Engineering Mole balance Rate laws Stoichiometry Energy balance ombine and Solve lassification of reactions Phases involved:
More information1. Introductory Material
CHEE 321: Chemical Reaction Engineering 1. Introductory Material 1b. The General Mole Balance Equation (GMBE) and Ideal Reactors (Fogler Chapter 1) Recap: Module 1a System with Rxn: use mole balances Input
More informationChemical Reaction Engineering. Dr. Yahia Alhamed
Chemical Reaction Engineering Dr. Yahia Alhamed 1 Kinetics and Reaction Rate What is reaction rate? It is the rate at which a species looses its chemical identity per unit volume. The rate of a reaction
More informationUNIT 15: THERMODYNAMICS
UNIT 15: THERMODYNAMICS ENTHALPY, DH ENTROPY, DS GIBBS FREE ENERGY, DG ENTHALPY, DH Energy Changes in Reactions Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies that are at different temperatures.
More informationA First Course on Kinetics and Reaction Engineering. Class 20 on Unit 19
A First Course on Kinetics and Reaction Engineering Class 20 on Unit 19 Part I - Chemical Reactions Part II - Chemical Reaction Kinetics Where We re Going Part III - Chemical Reaction Engineering A. Ideal
More informationThermodynamics revisited
Thermodynamics revisited How can I do an energy balance for a reactor system? 1 st law of thermodynamics (differential form): de de = = dq dq--dw dw Energy: de = du + de kin + de pot + de other du = Work:
More informationChemical Equilibria. Chapter Extent of Reaction
Chapter 6 Chemical Equilibria At this point, we have all the thermodynamics needed to study systems in ulibrium. The first type of uilibria we will examine are those involving chemical reactions. We will
More informationBasic Concepts in Reactor Design
Basic Concepts in Reactor Design Lecture # 01 KBK (ChE) Ch. 8 1 / 32 Introduction Objectives Learning Objectives 1 Different types of reactors 2 Fundamental concepts used in reactor design 3 Design equations
More informationThe Second Law of Thermodynamics (Chapter 4)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics (Chapter 4) First Law: Energy of universe is constant: ΔE system = - ΔE surroundings Second Law: New variable, S, entropy. Changes in S, ΔS, tell us which processes made
More informationINTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL PROCESS SIMULATORS
INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL PROCESS SIMULATORS DWSIM Chemical Process Simulator A. Carrero, N. Quirante, J. Javaloyes October 2016 Introduction to Chemical Process Simulators Contents Monday, October 3 rd
More informationAppendix 4. Appendix 4A Heat Capacity of Ideal Gases
Appendix 4 W-143 Appendix 4A Heat Capacity of Ideal Gases We can determine the heat capacity from the energy content of materials as a function of temperature. The simplest material to model is an ideal
More informationChemical Reaction Engineering
Chemical Reaction Engineering Dr. Yahia Alhamed Chemical and Materials Engineering Department College of Engineering King Abdulaziz University General Mole Balance Batch Reactor Mole Balance Constantly
More informationMidterm II. ChE 142 April 11, (Closed Book and notes, two 8.5 x11 sheet of notes is allowed) Printed Name
ChE 142 pril 11, 25 Midterm II (Closed Book and notes, two 8.5 x11 sheet of notes is allowed) Printed Name KEY By signing this sheet, you agree to adhere to the U.C. Berkeley Honor Code Signed Name_ KEY
More informationrate of reaction forward conc. reverse time P time Chemical Equilibrium Introduction Dynamic Equilibrium Dynamic Equilibrium + RT ln f p
Chemical Equilibrium Chapter 9 of Atkins: Sections 9.1-9.2 Spontaneous Chemical Reactions The Gibbs Energy Minimum The reaction Gibbs energy Exergonic and endergonic reactions The Description of Equilibrium
More informationChemical Reaction Engineering
Lecture 2 Chemical Reaction Engineering (CRE) is the field that studies the rates and mechanisms of chemical reactions and the design of the reactors in which they take place. 1 Lecture 2 Review of Lecture
More informationAdvanced Physical Chemistry CHAPTER 18 ELEMENTARY CHEMICAL KINETICS
Experimental Kinetics and Gas Phase Reactions Advanced Physical Chemistry CHAPTER 18 ELEMENTARY CHEMICAL KINETICS Professor Angelo R. Rossi http://homepages.uconn.edu/rossi Department of Chemistry, Room
More informationChemical Reaction Engineering Prof. Jayant Modak Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
Chemical Reaction Engineering Prof. Jayant Modak Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Lecture No. #40 Problem solving: Reactor Design Friends, this is our last session
More informationChE 344 Winter 2013 Mid Term Exam I Tuesday, February 26, Closed Book, Web, and Notes. Honor Code
ChE 344 Winter 2013 Mid Term Exam I Tuesday, February 26, 2013 Closed Book, Web, and Notes Name Honor Code (Sign at the end of exam period) 1) / 5 pts 2) / 5 pts 3) / 5 pts 4) / 5 pts 5) / 5 pts 6) / 5
More informationThe Gibbs Phase Rule F = 2 + C - P
The Gibbs Phase Rule The phase rule allows one to determine the number of degrees of freedom (F) or variance of a chemical system. This is useful for interpreting phase diagrams. F = 2 + C - P Where F
More informationDevelopment of Dynamic Models. Chapter 2. Illustrative Example: A Blending Process
Development of Dynamic Models Illustrative Example: A Blending Process An unsteady-state mass balance for the blending system: rate of accumulation rate of rate of = of mass in the tank mass in mass out
More informationMore on phase diagram, chemical potential, and mixing
More on phase diagram, chemical potential, and mixing Narayanan Kurur Department of Chemistry IIT Delhi 13 July 2013 Melting point changes with P ( ) Gα P T = V α V > 0 = G α when P Intersection point
More information5. Collection and Analysis of. Rate Data
5. Collection and nalysis of o Objectives Rate Data - Determine the reaction order and specific reaction rate from experimental data obtained from either batch or flow reactors - Describe how to analyze
More informationEnthalpy and Adiabatic Changes
Enthalpy and Adiabatic Changes Chapter 2 of Atkins: The First Law: Concepts Sections 2.5-2.6 of Atkins (7th & 8th editions) Enthalpy Definition of Enthalpy Measurement of Enthalpy Variation of Enthalpy
More informationPhysical Chemistry Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics
Physical Chemistry Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics by Azizul Helmi Sofian Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering azizulh@ump.edu.my Chapter Description Aims To define rate laws accordingly To
More informationEffect of adding an ideal inert gas, M
Effect of adding an ideal inert gas, M Add gas M If there is no change in volume, then the partial pressures of each of the ideal gas components remains unchanged by the addition of M. If the reaction
More informationCE 329, Fall 2015 Second Mid-Term Exam
CE 39, Fall 15 Second Mid-erm Exam You may only use pencils, pens and erasers while taking this exam. You may NO use a calculator. You may not leave the room for any reason if you do, you must first turn
More informationLecture 8. Mole balance: calculations of microreactors, membrane reactors and unsteady state in tank reactors
Lecture 8 Mole balance: calculations of microreactors, membrane reactors and unsteady state in tank reactors Mole alance in terms of oncentration and Molar low Rates Working in terms of number of moles
More informationLecture 4. Mole balance: calculation of membrane reactors and unsteady state in tank reactors. Analysis of rate data
Lecture 4 Mole balance: calculation of membrane reactors and unsteady state in tank reactors. nalysis of rate data Mole alance in terms of Concentration and Molar Flow Rates Working in terms of number
More informationwhere R = universal gas constant R = PV/nT R = atm L mol R = atm dm 3 mol 1 K 1 R = J mol 1 K 1 (SI unit)
Ideal Gas Law PV = nrt where R = universal gas constant R = PV/nT R = 0.0821 atm L mol 1 K 1 R = 0.0821 atm dm 3 mol 1 K 1 R = 8.314 J mol 1 K 1 (SI unit) Standard molar volume = 22.4 L mol 1 at 0 C and
More informationLecture 8. Mole balance: calculations of microreactors, membrane reactors and unsteady state in tank reactors
Lecture 8 Mole balance: calculations of microreactors, membrane reactors and unsteady state in tank reactors Mole alance in terms of Concentration and Molar Flow Rates Working in terms of number of moles
More informationThe Energy Balance for Chemical Reactors
1 / 139 The Energy Balance for Chemical Reactors Copyright c 2018 by Nob Hill Publishing, LLC To specify the rates of reactions in a nonisothermal reactor, we require a model to determine the temperature
More informationModule 1: Mole Balances, Conversion & Reactor Sizing (Chapters 1 and 2, Fogler)
CHE 309: Chemical Reaction Engineering Lecture-2 Module 1: Mole Balances, Conversion & Reactor Sizing (Chapters 1 and 2, Fogler) Module 1: Mole Balances, Conversion & Reactor Sizing Topics to be covered
More informationChemical Reactions and Chemical Reactors
Chemical Reactions and Chemical Reactors George W. Roberts North Carolina State University Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering WILEY John Wiley & Sons, Inc. x Contents 1. Reactions and
More informationStatistical Thermodynamics. Lecture 8: Theory of Chemical Equilibria(I)
Statistical Thermodynamics Lecture 8: Theory of Chemical Equilibria(I) Chemical Equilibria A major goal in chemistry is to predict the equilibria of chemical reactions, including the relative amounts of
More informationMS212 Thermodynamics of Materials ( 소재열역학의이해 ) Lecture Note: Chapter 7
2017 Spring Semester MS212 Thermodynamics of Materials ( 소재열역학의이해 ) Lecture Note: Chapter 7 Byungha Shin ( 신병하 ) Dept. of MSE, KAIST Largely based on lecture notes of Prof. Hyuck-Mo Lee and Prof. WooChul
More informationReaction rate. reaction rate describes change in concentration of reactants and products with time -> r = dc j
Reaction rate ChE 400 - Reactive Process Engineering reaction rate describes change in concentration of reactants and products with time -> r = dc j /dt r is proportional to the reactant concentrations
More informationReview of Chemical Equilibrium Introduction
Review of Chemical Equilibrium Introduction Copyright c 2015 by Nob Hill Publishing, LLC This chapter is a review of the equilibrium state of a system that can undergo chemical reaction Operating reactors
More informationDevelopment of Dynamic Models. Chapter 2. Illustrative Example: A Blending Process
Development of Dynamic Models Illustrative Example: A Blending Process An unsteady-state mass balance for the blending system: rate of accumulation rate of rate of = of mass in the tank mass in mass out
More informationThe underlying prerequisite to the application of thermodynamic principles to natural systems is that the system under consideration should be at equilibrium. http://eps.mcgill.ca/~courses/c220/ Reversible
More informationChemical Kinetics. Chapter 13. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chemical Kinetics Chapter 13 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Kinetics Thermodynamics does a reaction take place? Kinetics how fast does
More informationChapter 6 Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids
Chapter 6 Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids Initial purpose in this chapter is to develop from the first and second laws the fundamental property relations which underlie the mathematical structure of
More informationChapter 3. Property Relations The essence of macroscopic thermodynamics Dependence of U, H, S, G, and F on T, P, V, etc.
Chapter 3 Property Relations The essence of macroscopic thermodynamics Dependence of U, H, S, G, and F on T, P, V, etc. Concepts Energy functions F and G Chemical potential, µ Partial Molar properties
More informationReview of Chemical Equilibrium Introduction
Review of Chemical Equilibrium Introduction Copyright c 2015 by Nob Hill Publishing, LLC This chapter is a review of the equilibrium state of a system that can undergo chemical reaction Operating reactors
More informationBAE 820 Physical Principles of Environmental Systems
BAE 820 Physical Principles of Environmental Systems Type of reactors Dr. Zifei Liu Ideal reactors A reactor is an apparatus in which chemical, biological, and physical processes (reactions) proceed intentionally,
More informationCHE 404 Chemical Reaction Engineering. Chapter 8 Steady-State Nonisothermal Reactor Design
Textbook: Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, 4 th Edition 1 CHE 404 Chemical Reaction Engineering Chapter 8 Steady-State Nonisothermal Reactor Design Contents 2 PART 1. Steady-State Energy Balance
More informationChE 344 Winter 2013 Final Exam + Solution. Open Course Textbook Only Closed everything else (i.e., Notes, In-Class Problems and Home Problems
ChE 344 Winter 03 Final Exam + Solution Thursday, May, 03 Open Course Textbook Only Closed everything else (i.e., Notes, In-Class Problems and Home Problems Name Honor Code (Please sign in the space provided
More informationOCN 623: Thermodynamic Laws & Gibbs Free Energy. or how to predict chemical reactions without doing experiments
OCN 623: Thermodynamic Laws & Gibbs Free Energy or how to predict chemical reactions without doing experiments Definitions Extensive properties Depend on the amount of material e.g. # of moles, mass or
More informationPlug flow Steady-state flow. Mixed flow
1 IDEAL REACTOR TYPES Batch Plug flow Steady-state flow Mixed flow Ideal Batch Reactor It has neither inflow nor outflow of reactants or products when the reaction is being carried out. Uniform composition
More informationBAE 820 Physical Principles of Environmental Systems
BAE 820 Physical Principles of Environmental Systems Acquisition of reaction rate data Dr. Zifei Liu Uncertainties in real world reaction rate data Most interesting reaction systems involves multiple reactions,
More informationERT 208 REACTION ENGINEERING
ERT 208 REACTION ENGINEERING MOLE BALANCE MISMISURAYA MEOR AHMAD School of bioprocess engineering Unimap Course Outcome No.1: Ability to solve the rate of reaction and their kinetics. objectives DESCRIBE
More informationChapter 19 Chemical Thermodynamics Entropy and free energy
Chapter 19 Chemical Thermodynamics Entropy and free energy Learning goals and key skills: Explain and apply the terms spontaneous process, reversible process, irreversible process, and isothermal process.
More informationThe Material Balance for Chemical Reactors
The Material Balance for Chemical Reactors Copyright c 2015 by Nob Hill Publishing, LLC 1 General Mole Balance V R j Q 0 c j0 Q 1 c j1 Conservation of mass rate of accumulation of component j = + { rate
More informationThe Material Balance for Chemical Reactors. Copyright c 2015 by Nob Hill Publishing, LLC
The Material Balance for Chemical Reactors Copyright c 2015 by Nob Hill Publishing, LLC 1 General Mole Balance V R j Q 0 c j0 Q 1 c j1 Conservation of mass rate of accumulation of component j = + { rate
More informationWe can see from the gas phase form of the equilibrium constant that pressure of species depend on pressure. For the general gas phase reaction,
Pressure dependence Equilibrium constant We can see from the gas phase form of the equilibrium constant that the equilibrium concentrations of species depend on pressure. This dependence is inside the
More informationChemistry. Lecture 10 Maxwell Relations. NC State University
Chemistry Lecture 10 Maxwell Relations NC State University Thermodynamic state functions expressed in differential form We have seen that the internal energy is conserved and depends on mechanical (dw)
More informationChemical Kinetics and Reaction Engineering
Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Engineering MIDTERM EXAMINATION II Friday, April 9, 2010 The exam is 100 points total and 20% of the course grade. Please read through the questions carefully before giving
More informationLecture 20. The Chemical Potential
MIT 3.00 Fall 2002 c W.C Carter 135 Last Time Internal Degrees of Freedom Lecture 20 The Chemical Potential At constant P, T : G, which represents the internal degrees of freedom, is minimized. The Chemical
More informationFoundations of Chemical Kinetics. Lecture 12: Transition-state theory: The thermodynamic formalism
Foundations of Chemical Kinetics Lecture 12: Transition-state theory: The thermodynamic formalism Marc R. Roussel Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Breaking it down We can break down an elementary
More informationA First Course on Kinetics and Reaction Engineering Unit 4. Reaction Rates and Temperature Effects
Unit 4. Reaction Rates and Temperature Effects Overview This course is divided into four parts, I through IV. Part II is focused upon modeling the rates of chemical reactions. Unit 4 is the first unit
More informationTheoretical Models of Chemical Processes
Theoretical Models of Chemical Processes Dr. M. A. A. Shoukat Choudhury 1 Rationale for Dynamic Models 1. Improve understanding of the process 2. Train Plant operating personnel 3. Develop control strategy
More informationThermodynamics of Reactive Systems The Equilibrium Constant
Lecture 27 Thermodynamics of Reactive Systems The Equilibrium Constant A. K. M. B. Rashid rofessor, Department of MME BUET, Dhaka Today s Topics The Equilibrium Constant Free Energy and Equilibrium Constant
More informationThermodynamics of phase transitions
Thermodynamics of phase transitions Katarzyna Sznajd-Weron Department of Theoretical of Physics Wroc law University of Science and Technology, Poland March 12, 2017 Katarzyna Sznajd-Weron (WUST) Thermodynamics
More information3.012 PS 7 Thermo solutions Issued: Fall 2003 Graded problems due:
3.012 PS 7 Thermo solutions 3.012 Issued: 11.17.03 Fall 2003 Graded problems due: 11.26.03 Graded problems: 1. Analysis of equilibrium phases with a binary phase diagram. Shown below is the phase diagram
More informationThe Energy Balance for Chemical Reactors
The Energy Balance for Chemical Reactors Copyright c 2015 by Nob Hill Publishing, LLC To specify the rates of reactions in a nonisothermal reactor, we require a model to determine the temperature of the
More informationThe Energy Balance for Chemical Reactors
The Energy Balance for Chemical Reactors Copyright c 2015 by Nob Hill Publishing, LLC To specify the rates of reactions in a nonisothermal reactor, we require a model to determine the temperature of the
More informationChE 344 Winter 2011 Mid Term Exam I + Solution. Closed Book, Web, and Notes
ChE 344 Winter 011 Mid Term Exam I + Thursday, February 17, 011 Closed Book, Web, and Notes Name Honor Code (sign at the end of exam) 1) / 5 pts ) / 5 pts 3) / 5 pts 4) / 15 pts 5) / 5 pts 6) / 5 pts 7)
More informationCHEMICAL ENGINEERING KINETICS/REACTOR DESIGN. Tony Feric, Kathir Nalluswami, Manesha Ramanathan, Sejal Vispute, Varun Wadhwa
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING KINETICS/REACTOR DESIGN Tony Feric, Kathir Nalluswami, Manesha Ramanathan, Sejal Vispute, Varun Wadhwa Presentation Overview Kinetics Reactor Design Non- Isothermal Design BASICS OF
More informationChapter 17.3 Entropy and Spontaneity Objectives Define entropy and examine its statistical nature Predict the sign of entropy changes for phase
Chapter 17.3 Entropy and Spontaneity Objectives Define entropy and examine its statistical nature Predict the sign of entropy changes for phase changes Apply the second law of thermodynamics to chemical
More information1/r plots: a brief reminder
L10-1 1/r plots: a brief reminder 1/r X target X L10-2 1/r plots: a brief reminder 1/r X target X L10-3 1/r plots: a brief reminder 1/r X target X Special Case: utocatalytic Reactions Let s assume a reaction
More informationWe now turn to the subject of central importance in thermodynamics, equilibrium. Since
18 Lecture 28 We now turn to the subect of central importance in thermodynamics, equilibrium. Since we are interested in equilibria under chemically interesting conditions and for chemical reactions, we
More information4) It is a state function because enthalpy(h), entropy(s) and temperature (T) are state functions.
Chemical Thermodynamics S.Y.BSc. Concept of Gibb s free energy and Helmholtz free energy a) Gibb s free energy: 1) It was introduced by J.Willard Gibb s to account for the work of expansion due to volume
More informationCE 329, Fall 2015 First Mid-Term Exam
CE 39, Fall 15 First Mid-erm Exam You may only use pencils, pens and erasers while taking this exam. You may NO use a calculator. You may not leave the room for any reason if you do, you must first turn
More informationLecture Series. Modern Methods in Heterogeneous Catalysis. Measurement and Analysis of Kinetic Data
Lecture Series Modern Methods in Heterogeneous Catalysis Measurement and Analysis of Kinetic Data Raimund Horn Fritz-Haber-Institute of the MPG Department of Inorganic Chemistry Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin
More information(S1.3) dt Taking into account equation (S1.1) and the fact that the reaction volume is constant, equation (S1.3) can be rewritten as:
roblem 1 Overall Material alance: dn d( ρv) dv dρ = =ρifi ρf ρ + V =ρifi ρ F (S1.1) ssuming constant density and reactor volume, equation (S1.1) yields: ( ) ρ F F = 0 F F = 0 (S1.2) i i Therefore, the
More informationChapter 1. Lecture 1
Chapter 1 Lecture 1 Chemical Reaction Engineering (CRE) is the field that studies the rates and mechanisms of chemical reactions and the design of the reactors in which they take place. 1 Lecture 1 Introduction
More informationChemical Engineering Applications in Scilab
Chemical Engineering Applications in Scilab Prashant Dave Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay) Introduction In Chemical Engineering the type of problems that occur are Modeling and Simulation
More information5. Coupling of Chemical Kinetics & Thermodynamics
5. Coupling of Chemical Kinetics & Thermodynamics Objectives of this section: Thermodynamics: Initial and final states are considered: - Adiabatic flame temperature - Equilibrium composition of products
More informationLECTURE 4 Variation of enthalpy with temperature
LECTURE 4 Variation of enthalpy with temperature So far, we can only work at 25 C. Like c v we define a constant pressure heat capacity, c p, as the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature
More informationThe Material Balance for Chemical Reactors. General Mole Balance. R j. Q 1 c j1. c j0. Conservation of mass. { rate of inflow
2 / 153 The Material Balance for Chemical Reactors Copyright c 2018 by Nob Hill Publishing, LLC 1 / 153 General Mole Balance R j V Q 0 c j0 Q 1 c j1 Conservation of mass rate of accumulation of component
More informationPhysical Chemistry Physical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that establishes and develops the principles of Chemistry in terms of the underlying concepts of Physics Physical Chemistry Main book: Atkins
More informationApplied chemical process
Applied chemical process s Chemical reactor The most important reaction-related factors for the design of a reactor are: 1) The activation principle selected, together with the states of aggregation of
More information1. Introduction to Chemical Kinetics
1. Introduction to Chemical Kinetics objectives of chemical kinetics 1) Determine empirical rate laws H 2 + I 2 2HI How does the concentration of H 2, I 2, and HI change with time? 2) Determine the mechanism
More informationChapter 2 First Law Formalism
Chapter 2 First Law Formalism 2.1 The Special Character of State Variables A gas can be characterized by a set of state variables. Some, such as temperature, pressure, and volume, are measured directly
More informationCHE 611 Advanced Chemical Reaction Engineering
CHE 611 Advanced Chemical Reaction Engineering Dr. Muhammad Rashid Usman Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590 mrusman.icet@pu.edu.pk 1 Course contents
More informationAAE COMBUSTION AND THERMOCHEMISTRY
5. COMBUSTIO AD THERMOCHEMISTRY Ch5 1 Overview Definition & mathematical determination of chemical equilibrium, Definition/determination of adiabatic flame temperature, Prediction of composition and temperature
More information10, Physical Chemistry- III (Classical Thermodynamics, Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics, Surface chemistry, Fast kinetics)
Subect Chemistry Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag 0, Physical Chemistry- III (Classical Thermodynamics, Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics, Surface chemistry, Fast kinetics) 0, Free energy
More information1. Heterogeneous Systems and Chemical Equilibrium
1. Heterogeneous Systems and Chemical Equilibrium The preceding section involved only single phase systems. For it to be in thermodynamic equilibrium, a homogeneous system must be in thermal equilibrium
More informationThermodynamics of solids 5. Unary systems. Kwangheon Park Kyung Hee University Department of Nuclear Engineering
Thermodynamics of solids 5. Unary systems Kwangheon ark Kyung Hee University Department of Nuclear Engineering 5.1. Unary heterogeneous system definition Unary system: one component system. Unary heterogeneous
More informationBIO134: Chemical Kinetics
BIO134: Chemical Kinetics K Ando School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham http://www.chem.bham.ac.uk/labs/ando/bio134/ Last updated: February 18, 2005 Contents 1 Thermodynamics 3 1.1 The 1st and 2nd
More informationChemical Kinetics -- Chapter 14
Chemical Kinetics -- Chapter 14 1. Factors that Affect Reaction Rate (a) Nature of the reactants: molecular structure, bond polarity, physical state, etc. heterogeneous reaction: homogeneous reaction:
More informationThe Chemical Potential
CHEM 331 Physical Chemistry Fall 2017 The Chemical Potential Here we complete our pivot towards chemical thermodynamics with the introduction of the Chemical Potential ( ). This concept was first introduced
More information10.37 Exam 2 25 April, points. = 10 nm. The association rate constant
Problem 1: 35 points 10.37 Exam 2 25 April, 2007 100 points A protein and ligand bind reversibly with = 10 nm. The association rate constant k on = 2x10 4 M 1 s -1. The two species are mixed at an initial
More information3.5. Kinetic Approach for Isotherms
We have arrived isotherm equations which describe adsorption from the two dimensional equation of state via the Gibbs equation (with a saturation limit usually associated with monolayer coverage). The
More informationIDEAL REACTORS FOR HOMOGENOUS REACTION AND THEIR PERFORMANCE EQUATIONS
IDEAL REACTORS FOR HOMOGENOUS REACTION AND THEIR PERFORMANCE EQUATIONS At the end of this week s lecture, students should be able to: Differentiate between the three ideal reactors Develop and apply the
More informationCHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
CHEMICL RECTION ENGINEERING Unit 5 nalysis of reactor DT Collection and analysis of rate data Batch reactor for homogenous and heterogeneous reactions measurement during the unsteady-state operation Differential
More informationNENG 301 Week 8 Unary Heterogeneous Systems (DeHoff, Chap. 7, Chap )
NENG 301 Week 8 Unary Heterogeneous Systems (DeHoff, Chap. 7, Chap. 5.3-5.4) Learning objectives for Chapter 7 At the end of this chapter you will be able to: Understand the general features of a unary
More information