S. Pauly Fachlaboratorjum fur Permeationsprufung, Alte Schmelze 6, D Wiesbaden, FR Germany

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P e r m e a b i l i t y a n d D i f f u s i o n D a t a S. Pauly Fachlaboratorjum fur Permeationsprufung, Alte Schmelze 6, D-65201 Wiesbaden, FR Germany A. Introduction VI-543 B.

1 P e r m e a b i l i t y a n d D i f f u s i o n D a t a S. Pauly Fachlaboratorjum fur Permeationsprufung, Alte Schmelze 6, D Wiesbaden, FR Germany A. Introduction VI-543 B. Conversion Factors for Various Units of the Permeability Coefficient VI-545 C. Tables VI-545 Table 1. Permeability Coefficients, Diffusion Coefficients, and Solubility Coefficients of Polymers VI Poly(alkanes) VI Poly(styrenes) VI Poly(methacrylates) VI Poly(nitriles) VI Poly(vinyls) VI Fluorine Containing Polymers VI Poly(dienes) Vi Poly(xylylenes) VI Poly(oxides) VI-555 UO. Poly(esters), Poly(carbonates) VI PoIy(Siloxanes) VI Poly(amides), Poly(imides) VI Poly(urethanes) VI Poly(sulfones) VI Poly(aryl ether ether ketone) VI Cellulose and Derivatives VI-561 Table 2. Permeability Coefficients of Six Different Fluorinated Hydrocarbons Through Polymers VI-562 Table 3. Permeability Coefficients of Various Organic Compounds Through Low-Density Poly(ethylene) VI-562 Table 4. Permeability Coefficients and Diffusion Coefficients of an Equimolar Mixture of Various Compounds (1.25 M Each) Through High-Density Poly(ethylene) VI-564 Table 5. Permeability Coefficients of Various Organic Compounds Through High-Density Poly(ethylene) and Poly(propylene) VI-564 Table 6. Permeability Coefficients of Various Organic Compounds Through Irradiation Crosslinked Low-Density Poly(ethylene) VI-564 Table 7. Permeability Coefficients of Cases Through Irradiation Crosslinked Low-Density Poly(ethylene) VI-565 Table 8. Permeability Coefficients of Chemically Crosslinked Poly(oxypropylene) VI-565 Table 9. Permeability Coefficients of Gases Through Various Elastomers VI-566 Table 10. Permeability Coefficients of Gases Through Various Commercial Elastomers at 35 C. VI-566 Table 11. Permeability, Diffusion and Solubility Coefficients of Alkanes Through Santoprene (Blend of Ethylene-Propylene Copolymer and lsotactic Poly(propylene)) VI-566 Table 12. Permeability, Diffusion and Solubility Coefficients of Esters Through Poly(epichlorohydrin) (ECO) VI-567 D. References VI-568 A. INTRODUCTION The transmission of molecules through polymer films is named "permeability". There are many dimensions and units found in the literature for the general expression "permeability". In this paper the permeability coefficient is used. It has the dimension (quantity of permeant) x (film thickness) (area) x (time) x (pressure drop across the film) and is the best definition for permeability. The permeability coefficient, in a strict sense, is not only a function of the chemical structure of the polymer. It also varies with the morphology of the polymer and depends on many physical factors such as density, crystallinity, and orientation. However, the chemical structure of a polymer can be considered to be the predominant factor which controls the magnitude of the permeability coefficient.

The following general trends in permeability, as related to some influencing factors, may be useful for the proper interpretation of the tables: Density can be regarded as a measure of the free

2 The following general trends in permeability, as related to some influencing factors, may be useful for the proper interpretation of the tables: Density can be regarded as a measure of the free volume between the molecules of the polymer structure. In general, the higher the density, the lower is the permeability. Crystallinity of a semicrystalline polymer reduces the permeability significantly compared to the value of the corresponding amorphous polymer; i.e., the higher the degree of crystallinity, the lower the permeability. The crystallinity and the density of a polymer are strongly related. The higher the crystallinity the higher is the density of a given polymer. Molecular mass of a polymer has been found to have little effect on the permeability of polymers, except at a very low range of molecular masses. Orientation of polymer molecules reduces the permeability. Crosslinking decreases the permeability, especially for higher degrees of crosslinking and for large molecular size permeants. The method and degree of vulcanization has a significant effect on the permeability of elastomers. Plasticizers increase the permeability. Humidity increases the permeability of some hydrophilic polymers. Liquid permeants have the same permeabilities as their corresponding saturated vapors, though higher permeabilities may occur especially if parts of the polymer are being dissolved. Solution cast films have variable permeabilities depending upon the kind of solvent used and the drying technique. Poor solvents tend to yield films of higher permeability. Fillers, usually inorganic fillers, decrease the permeability; however, the effect is complicated by the type, shape, and amount of filler and its interaction with the polymer. Thickness of film does not, in principle, affect the permeability coefficient, the diffusion coefficient, and the solubility coefficient. In practice, different values may be obtained from films of variable thickness, which in turn may be due to differences in drawing, orientation, and crystallinity. If a permeant does not interact with the polymer under investigation, the permeability coefficient is characteristic for the permeant-polymer system. This is the case with the permeation of many gases, such as H2, He, N2, O2, and CO 2, through many polymers. On the other hand, if a permeant interacts with the polymer, the permeation coefficient is no longer a constant, and may depend on the special conditions of the measurement and the history of the polymer film. In such cases, a single value of the permeability coefficient does not represent the characteristic permeability of the polymer, and it is necessary to know the dependency of the permeability coefficient on all possible variables in order to obtain the complete profile of the permeability of the polymer. In these cases, the transmission rate, which has the dimension (quantity of permeant) (area) x (time) is often used for practical purposes. Since the transmission rate, Q, includes neither the pressure of the permeant nor the thickness of the polymer in its dimension, it is necessary to know either the pressure or the concentration of the permeant and the thickness of the polymer under the conditions of measurement. For both P and Q, the quantity of permeant can be expressed by mass, moles, or gaseous volume at standard temperature and pressure. These can readily be converted from one unit into another. The preferred SI unit of the permeability coefficient used in this book is. r cm 3 (273.15K; x 10 5 Pa) x cm unit of P : cm J x s x Pa where ( K; x 10 5 Pa) means standard temperature and pressure (STP). Therefore permeability coefficients given in this paper are in the range of 10~ n - 10~ 16 cm 3 x cm/cm 2 x s x Pa for many polymers and permeants. The mostly used units and their conversion factors are listed in Table B. The permeation of molecules through flawless polymers occurs by the steps of dissolution of a permeant in the polymer and diffusion of the dissolved permeant. The product of the diffusion coefficient D and the solubility coefficient S is referred to as the permeability coefficient. P = D x S Units of D and 5 used in these tables are cm 2 unit of D : s. r cm 2 (273.15K; x 10 5 Pa) unit of S : - \ - cm 3 x Pa The solubility coefficients cited in the following tables are often calculated by The temperature dependence of the permeability coefficient P, the diffusion coefficient Z), and the solubility coefficient S can be represented by

3 and Consequently where Ep is the activation energy of permeation, E^ the activation energy of diffusion, and "s the heat of solution. PQ, DQ, and So are the pre-exponential factors. Values of Ep, ED, and Es & re given in kj/mol in the following tables. R is the gas constant ( x 10~ 3 kj/kmol); T is the temperature in K. In the following tables the temperature range is given in which PQ, Ep, E&, and Es are relevant, as far as the authors have reported it. The permeability coefficient can be determined for a given temperature by means of the pre-exponential factor Po and the activation energy of permeation Ep. In the following tables, permeability, diffusion, and solubility coefficients are listed for many polymers. The pre-exponential factor PQ, the activation energy of permeation Ep, the activation energy of diffusion E&, and the heat of solution Es are also given. The pre-exponential factors Do and SQ can be determined by the following equations: B. CONVERSION FACTORS FOR VARIOUS UNITS OF THE PERMEABILITY COEFFICIENT Multiplication factors to obtain P in: From [cm 3 ][cm] [cm 3 ][cm] [cm 3 ][cm] [qn*)[8][qn Hg] [cm 2 )[sj[pa] [m»][day][atm] xlo xlo 10 10" XlO" xlo x 10~ x 10~ x x 10~ x 10" x 10~ x 10~ x 10" x 10" xl0~ u 1.14 XlO" XlO" xlo" xlo xlo 13 C TABLES TABLE 1. OF POLYMERS PERMEABILITY COEFFICIENTS, DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS, AND SOLUBILITY COEFFICIENTS Units used in the tables are as follows: P, P 0 in cm 3 ( K; x 10 5 Pa) x cm/(cm 2 x s x Pa); D in cm 2 /s; 5 in cm 3 ( K; x 10 5 Pa)/ (cm 3 x Pa); E p, E D, E s in kj/mol; Tin 0 C; (273.15K; x 10 5 Pa) means standard temperature and pressure (STP). Temp. Polymer Permeant T F(xl0 13 ) D (xlo 6 ) S(xlO 6 ) range P 0 [XW 1 ) E P E 0 E S Refs POLY(ALKANES) Poly(ethylene) LLDPE C 2 H 4 O Poly(ethylene) H density 0.914g/crn\ LDPE D He O AJ Ne Kr Xe CO References page VI - 568

4 Polymer Permeant T P(xlO 13 ) D(XlO 6 ) S (xlo«) range F 0 (xl0 7 ) E v E D E s Refs. CO N CH C 2 H C 3 H C 3 H C 3 H , SF H 2 S NH CH 3 Br C 2 H 4 O H 2 O density 0.964g/cm 3, HDPE He O Ar CO CO N CH C 2 H C 3 H C 3 H C 3 H K-C 4 H /J-C 5 H «-C 6 H, SF H 2 S NH H 2 O Poly(ethylene) HDPE C 2 H 4 O Poly(ethylene) (Hizex 7000F) Isotropic density g/crn 3 He draw ratio He He He He He He Poly(ethylene) (Hizex 7000F) draw ratio 1.0 density g/cm 3 N O CO He N O CO He O CO He O He O CO He O Poly(ethylene-hexene-l) copolymer (Rigidex ) Isotropic density 0.943g/cm 3 He draw ratio He He He He He He He Poly(ethylene-hexene-1) copolymer (Rigidex ) draw ratio 1.0 density g/cm 3 N O CO N O CO

5 Polymer Permeant T P(xlO 13 ) D(xlO 6 ) S(xlO 6 ) range /» 0 (xl0 7 ) E P E D E S Refs He O CO He O He O CO Poly(ethylene-co-propylene) 40/60 He amorphous 31.0 CH j-groups per 100 carbons Ne Ar N CH 3 -groups per 100 carbons He Ne Ar N CH 3 -groups per 100 carbons He Ne Ar N Poly(propylene) He density g/cm 3 H crystallinity 50% N O CO H 2 O ,21 CH 3 Br xlo H 2 S NH (Trespaphan GND) H 2 O density g/cm 3 He crystallinity 43% O N CO density g/cm 3 He crystallinity 50% O N CO density g/cm' He crystallinity 58% O N CO density g/cm 3 He crystallinity 60% O N Poly(propylene) C 2 H 4 O POLY(STYRENES) Poly(styrene) O H 2 O biaxially oriented He H O N CO H 2 O H 2 O ultradrawn draw ratio 1.0 CO CO CO CO J CO Poly(styrene-co-styrenesulfonic acid) Na + -polysalt sulfonated with0mol% SO 3 " H (Polystyrene) ' N O CO CH sulfonated with 15.2mol% SO 3 "- H N O CO, CH References page VI - 568

6 Polymer Permeant T P(xlO 13 ) 2>(xlO 6 ) S(xlO«) range F 0 (XlO 7 ) E P E D E s Refs. sulfonated with 27.5 mol% SOJ H N O CO CH Poly(styrene-c0-styrenesulfonic acid) Mg 2+ -polysalt sulfonated with 15.2 mol% SOJ H N O CO CH sulfonated with 27.5mol% SOJ H N O CO CH POLY(METHACRYLATES) Poly(methyl methacrylate) H He Ar N O O CO CH H 2 O Poly(methyl methacrylate) + (cellulose acetate butyrate) + O (silicone) - Blend 50/40/10 Poly(methyl methacrylate) -f (Styrene/acrylonitrile) - Blend 80/20 CO /50 CO /80 CO Poly(methyl acrylate) 4- He Poly(epichlorohydrin) - Blend 100/0 Ar N CH /25 He Ar N CH /50 He Ar N CH /75 He Ar N CH /100 He Ar N CH Poly(ethyl methacrylate) He Ne O Ar N CO Kr H 2 S SF K 2 O Poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate) O 2 " highly crosslinked O 2 *

7 Polymer Permeant T P(xlO 13 ) D (xlo 6 ) S (xlo*) range F 0 (xl0 7 ) E P E v E 8 Refs POLY(NITRILES) Poly(acrylonitrile) O CO H 2 O (Barex) O CO H 2 O Poly(acrylonitrile-a?-styrene) 86/14 O CO H 2 O /34 O CO H 2 O /43 O CO H 2 O /61 O CO H 2 O Poly(acrylonitrile-«?-methyl O acrylateco-butadiene) 79/15/6 CO H 2 O Poly(methacrylonitrile) O CO H 2 O (Lopac) O CO H 2 O Poly(methacrylonitrile-c0~styrene) 97/3 O CO H 2 O /18 O CO H 2 O /39 O CO H 2 O /47 O CO H 2 O /62 O CO H 2 O /82 O CO H 2 O Poly(methacrylonitrile~co-styrene- O c<?-butadiene) 88/7/5 CO H 2 O /7/10 O CO H 2 O /7/15 O CO H 2 O POLY(VINYLS) Poly(vinyl acetate) He H Ne O Ar Kr IxIO References page VI - 568

8 Polymer Permeant T /»(xlo 13 ) D (xlo 6 ) 5(xiO 6 ) range P 0 (xl0 7 ) E? E 0 E s Refs. CH xlo CO Poly(vinyl alcohol) He c C H C D C N N 2^ C O r O C CO CO 2 '' H 2 S C C 2 H 4 O C H 2 O Poly(vinyl benzoate) H He Ne Ar Kr , Xe N O CO Poly(vinyl butyral) H 2 O Poly(vinyl-/?-isopropylbenzoate) He Ne Ar Kr Xe O N CO CH Poly(vinyl-m-methylbenzoate) Ar CO Poly(vinyl chloride) He unplasticized H Ne N Ar Kr xlo O CO CH H 2 O H 2 S NH C 2 H 4 O unplastiazed He (Pentaform Type TH 170/01) N Ar CO CH

9 Polymer Permeant T P(xlO 13 ) D(xlO 6 ) S(xlO 6 ) range P 0 (xl0 7 ) E? E 0 E s Refs. unplasticized He (CS 5760) N Ar CO CH plasticized with tricresyl triphospate % 0 H H H H H H H CO CO CO CO CO CO CO Poly(vinyl chloride)/01igo(dimethylsiloxane) 100/0 N O /10 N O /20 N O /25 N O /40 N O /50 N O /60 N O /70 N O Poly(vinyl chloride)-goligo(dimethylsiloxane)/oligo(dimethylsiloxane) 100/0 N O /20 N O /30 N O /40 N O /50 N O /60 N O /70 N O Poly(vinyl flouride) H He N, O CO CH Poly(vinylidene chloride) O Poly(vinylidene chloride) (Saran) He N O CO CH^Br H 2 S x10^ xlo H 2 O Poly(vinylidene chloride-co-vinyl chloride) 88/12 plasticized with acetyltributyl citrate (%) 0.5 H 2 O H, References page VI - 568

10 Polymer Permeant T P(xlO 13 ) D (xlo 6 ) S(XlC 5 ) range P 0 (xl0 7 ) E v E D E S Refs. 4.9 H 2 O H 2 O Poly(vinylcyclohexanecarboxylate) He He O O Ar Ar Ar N N CO CO FLUORINE CONTAINING POLYMERS Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) H H N O CO NO N 2 O xlO" D T CH He Ne Ar Kr Xe H 2 O CH C 2 H C 3 H n-c 4 H,o J-C 4 Hi (Hostaflon PFA) He O N CO CH SO Cl HCl H 2 O Poly(tetrafluorethylene-co- N hexafluoropropene) O ,67 (Teflon FEP) CO CH ,55 C 2 H ,55 C 3 H ,55 H-C 4 H ,55 ^C 4 H ,55 CH 3 Cl C 6 H xlo" H 2 O , xl0~ ,66 Poly(tetrafluorethylene-co-ethylene) He (Hostaflon ET) O N CO H 2 O He O N CO CH Cl HCl SO H 2 O Poly(trifluorochloroethylene) He unplasticized H KeI-F 300 film of about N % crystallinity O CO H 2 O

11 Polymer Permeant T P(xlO 13 ) D(XlO*) S(xlO 6 ) range P 0 (xl0 7 ) E P B D E s Refs. C 2 H 2 O CH 3 Br crystallinity 80% N O CO crystallinity 30% N plasticizect O CO Poly(trifluorochloroethylene-ct>- He ethylene) (Halar) O N CO H 2 O Poly(vinyl fluoride) (Tedlar) He N O CO H 2 O Poly(vinyl fluoride) (Kynar) He H Ar N O CH CO POLY(DIENES) Poly(butadiene) H N O CO cw-1.4 He Ne Ax N Poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile) He /20 (Perbunan 18) H N O CO /27 (Perbunan, German) He H N O CO C 2 H C 3 H /32 (Hycar OR 25) He H N O CO /39 (Hycar OR 15) He H N O CO Poly(butadiene-c<?-styrene) He /8 (Ameripol 1502) Ne Ar N /20 (Hycar 2001) He Ne Ar N Poly(butadiene) hydrogenated He crystallinity 29%, Hydropol O, density 0894g/cm 3 Ar CO CO N CH C 2 H C 3^H C 3 H C 3 H SF References page VI - 568

12 Polymer Permeant T P(xlO 13 ) D(xlO 6 ) S(xlO 6 ) range P 0 (xl0 7 ) E P E D ES Refs. Poly(chloroprene) (Neoprene G) H ,36 O ,36 N ,36 Ar CO ,36 CH H 2 O NH SO (NeopreneW) H 2 O x 10" H 2 O' x (Neoprene) He H D O N Poly(dimethylbutadiene) He ,58 (Methyl rubber) H N O CO ,33 CH Poly(ethylene-co-propylene-a>- H 2 O xlo diene) Poly(isobutene-a?-isoprene) 98/2 H 3 O' (Butyl rubber) He H N O CO C 2 H C 3 H H 2 O Poly(isoprene), amorphous He (Natural rubber) O ,35 Ar CO ,35 CO Poly(isoprene) N ,35 CH C 2 H C 3 H C 3 H C 3 H ,35 SF C 2 H /1-C 4 H /1-C 5 H H 2 O ,98 trans- H ( (Vulcanized purified gutta percha) O N CO H 2 O Poly(isoprene-cfl-acrylonitrile) 74/26 He H N O CO Poly(isoprene-co-methacrylonitrile) H /26 N O CO Poly(isoprene) hydrochloride He (Pliofilm FM-I) N U3 37 O CO ,43 H 2 S C 2 H 4 O CH 3 Br

13 Polymer Permeant T P(xlO 13 ) D(xlO 6 ) S (xlo 6 ) range P 0 (xl0 7 ) E? E D E s Refs. (Pliofilm NO) H 2 O Poly(methyl-l-pentenylene) He H N CO Poly{2-methyM,3-pentadiene-a?-4- H methyl-1,3-pentadiene 85/15 N CO POLY(XYLYLENES) Poly(p-2,6-dichloroxylylene) H 2 O Poly(chloro-/;-xylylene) He (parylenec) H N O CO POLY(OXIDES) Poly(oxymethylene) CO H 2 O grafted with 2.8% butadiene CO H 2 O (Hostaform) O CO H 2 O Poly(oxy-2,6-dimethyl-i,4- He phenylene) H N O CO H 2 O Poly(phenylene oxide) brominated 0% Br* CO CH % Br CO CH % Br CO CH % Bi CO CH POLY(ESTERS), POLY(CARBONATES) Poly(oxybutyleneoxyterephthaloyl), He amorphous Ne Ar CO Poly(oxycarbonyloxy- He ,4-phenyleneisopropylidene- H phenyIene) (Lexan) Ne Ar O CO SF 6 " xlo" 6 LOx 10~ IxIO H 2 O N Poly(oxyethyleneoxyisophthaloyl) O Poly(oxyethy]eneoxyterephthaloyl), He L ,18 amorphous Ar ,18 N ,18 O ,18 CH ,18 CO, ,18 crystallinity 40% He"" , ,18 N, , ,18 References page VI - 568

14 Polymer Permeant T P(xlO 13 ) D(xlO*) S(xlO«) range P 0 (xl0 7 ) E P E D E s Refs. O , ,18 CH , ,18 CO , ,18 (Mylar A) H D N O CH 3 Br C 2 H 4 O H 2 O (Hostaphan) H 2 S NH N O O H 2 O Polyethylene terephthalate) H 2 O Polyethylene terephthalate-co- O isophthalate) 50/50 Polyethylene terephthalate-c0-2,6- O naphthalene dicarboxylate) 50/50 Poly(oxyterephthaloyloxymethylene- O ,4-cyclohexylenemethylene) Poly(tetramethylene adipate) diol O molecular weight 1050 CO density 1.2Og/cm 3 CO N CH H 2 O molecular weight 1510 O density 1.19g/cm 3 CO CO N CH H 2 O molecular weight 2100 O density 1.18g/cm 3 CO CO N CH H 2 O Poly(carbonate) (Lexan) H 2 O Poly(carbonate) CO CH Poly(carbonate-sulfone) (diphenyl carbonate+1,10- CO decanediol) (diphenyl carbonate + l,4-bis(3- CO hydroxypropyisulfonyl)butane Poly(tetrabutylene carbonate) CO CH Poly(tetrachlorine carbonate) CO CH Poly(tetramethylene hexafluoro CO carbonate) CH Poly(tetramethylene carbonate) CO CH Poly(tetramethylene carbonate) diol O molecular weight 1150 CO density 1.29 g/cm 3 CO N CH H 2 O

15 Polymer Permeant T P (xlo 13 ) D (xlo 6 ) S (xlo 6 ) range P 0 (xl0 7 ) E 9 E 0 E s Rcfs. molecular weight 1570 O density 1.27 g/cm 3 CO CO N CH H 2 O molecular weight 3070 O density 1.2IgZCm 3 CO CO N CH H 2 O Poly(hexamethylene carbonate) diol O molecular weight 1040 CO density 1.29 g/cm 3 CO N CH H 2 O molecular weight 1320 O density 1.25 g/cm 3 CO CO N CH H 2 O molecular weight 1500 O density 1.20 g/cm 3 CO CO N CH H 2 O molecular weight 2380 O density U8g/cm 3 CO CO N CH H 2 O molecular weight 2860 O density 1.18 g/cm 3 CO CO N CH H 2 O Poly(pentamethylene-hexamethylene O carbonate) diol molecular weight 2170 CO density 1.18 g/cm 3 CO N CH H 2 O Poly(dipropylene glycol carbonate) O diol molecular weight 3010 CO density 1.19 g/cm' CO N CH H 2 O Poly(dipropylene O glycol)poly(propylene glycol carbonate) diol molecular weight 2020 CO density 1.16 g/cm 3 CO N CH H 2 O Poly(triethylene glycol carbonate) O diol molecular weight 2580 CO density 1.20 g/cm 3 CO N CH H 2 O References page VI - 568

16 Polymer Permeant T /»(xlo J3 ) D (xlo 6 ) S(XlO 6 ) range P 0 (xl0 7 ) E 9 E D E S Rets. Poly(hexamethylene carbonate O pentamethylene ester) diol molecular weight 2470 CO density 1.17g/cm 3 CO N CH H 2 O POLY(SILOXANES) Poly(oxydimethylsilylene) with 10% He ,41 filler Scantocel CS, Ne vulcanized silicon rubber Ar Kr Xe H ,41 N ,41 O ,41 CO C 3 H /7-C 4 Hi H 2 O Poly(dimethyl siloxane) H He ,94 N O ,94 CO ,94 CH ,94 C 2 H C 2 H C 3 H H 2 S NH Poly(methyl ethyl siloxane) He O CO CH Poly(methyl propyl siloxane) He O CO CH Poly(methyl octyl siloxane) H He ,94 N O ,94 CO ( 94 CH ,94 C 2 H C 2 H C 3 H H 2 S NH Poly(triflouropropyl siloxane) H 2 O Poly(triflouropropyl methyl siloxane) He O CO CH Poly(phenyl methyl siloxane) He O^ CO CH Poly (dimethyl silmethylene) He O COo CH Poly(silethylene siloxane) He O, CO CH Poly(silhexylene siloxane) He O CO CH

17 Polymer Permeant T P(xlO 13 ) />(xlo 6 ) S (xlo 6 ) range /» 0 (xl0 7 ) EP D ES Refs. Poly(siloctylene siloxane) He O CO CH Poly(meta-silphenylene siloxane) He O CO CH Poly(para-silphenylene siloxane) He ,94 N O ,94 CO ,94 CH ,94 C 2 H C 2 H C 3 H H 2 S NH POLY(AMIDES), POLY(IMIDES) Poly(iminoadipoyliminohexamethylene) (Nylon 66) undrawn CO CO O.OOO drawn CO CO Poly(imino-l-oxohexamethylene) He (Nylon 6) N O CO H 2 O H 2 S NH CH 3 Br Poly(imino-l-oxoundecamethylene) He (Nylon U) H Ne Ar CO Poly(5,7-dihydro-l > 3,5,7-tetraoxo- O benzo[ l,2-c:4,5-c']dipyrrole- H 2 O ,6[lH,3H]-diyl- 1,4-phenyleneoxy-l,4-phenylene) (Kapton) Poly(2,2'-bis(/>-trimellitoxyphenyl) H propane dianhydride-co-3,3'- N dimethyl-benzidme) O Poly(2,2 / -bis0?-trimellitoxyphenyl) H propane dianhydride-co-4,4'- N diaminodiphenyl ether) O Poly(2,2'-bis(p-trimellitoxyphenyl) H propane dianhydride-co-4,4'- N diaminodiphenyl methylene) O Poly(2,2'-bis(p-trimellitoxyphenyl) H propane dianhydride-co-benzidine) N O Poly(2,2'-bis(jP~trirnellitoxyphenyl) H propane dianhydride-co-3,3',4,4'- N tetraaminodiphenyl ether) O Poly(3,3',4,4'-benzophenone O tetracarboxylic dianhydride-co- CO mjm '-diaminodiphenyl methylene) H 2 O Poly(3,3',4,4'-benzophenone O tetracarboxylic dianhydride-co-m,;?'- H 2 O diaminodiphenyl methylene) Poly(3,3',4,4'-benzophenone O tetracarboxylic dianhydride-co-p.p'- CO diaminodiphenyl methylene) H 2 O Poly(3,3',4,4'-benzophenone O tetracarboxylic dianhydride-co-/?,/?'- CO diaminodiphenyl ether) H 2 O References page VI - 568

18 Polymer Permeant T /»(xlo 13 ) D(xlO 6 ) S(xlO 6 ) range P 9 (XlO 1 ) E P D E s Refs. Poly(3,3',4,4 / -benzophenone O tetracarboxylic dianhydnde-co- CO benzidine) H 2 O Poly(3,3',4,4'-benzophenone O tetracarboxylic dianhydride-co-p- H 2 O phenylenediamine) Poly(3,3\4,4'-benzophenone O tetracarboxylic dianhydride-co-w- CO phenylenediamine) H 2 O PolyP.S'^'-benzophenone O tetracarboxylic dianhydride-co- CO diaminodiphenyl sulfide) H 2 O Poly(3,3\4,4'-benzophenone O tetracarboxylic dianhydride-co- CO m,m '-diaminobenzophenone) H 2 O Poly(3,3',4,4'-benzophenone O tetracarboxylic dianhydride-co-m^'- CO diaminobenzophenone) H 2 O Poly(3,3',4,4'-benzophenone O tetracarboxylic dianhydride-a?-p,/?'- CO diaminobenzophenone) H 2 O Poly(3,3',4,4'-benzophenone O tetracarboxylic dianhydride-co-p^'- CO diaminostilbene) Poly(pyromeJlitic dianhydride-ro- O benzidine) CO H 2 O Poly(pyromellitic dianhydride -co- O m,m'-diaminobenzophenone) H 2 O Poly(pyromellitic dianhydride -co- O p,p'-diaminobenzophenone) CO H 2 O Poly(pyromellitic dianhydride -co- O p,p 1 -diaminodiphenyl ether) CO H 2 O Poly(pyromellitic dianhydride -co- O p y p'-diaminodiphenyl sulfide) H 2 O Poly(pyromellitic dianhydride -co- O p,p'-diaminodiphenyl methylene) CO H 2 O POLY(URETHANES) Poly(2-methyl-2- N dimethylaminornethylpropylenehexa O methylene dicarbamate) (PoIy(NPM-HMDI)) Poly(2-methyl-2- N dimethylaminomethyl-1,3- O propylene-diphenylmethane-4,4' - dicarbamate) (PoIy(NPM-MDI)) Poly(urethane-sulfone) CO (tolylene diisocyanate + 1,10- decanediol) (tolylene diisocyanate + l,3-bis(3- CO hydroxypropylsulfonyl)propane) (tolylene diisocyanate +l,4-bis(3- CO hydroxypropylsulfonyl)butane) POLY(SULFONES) Poly(sulfone) CO CH Poly(tetramethylsulfone) CO CH

Lecture No. (1) Introduction of Polymers

Lecture No. (1) Introduction of Polymers Polymer Structure Polymers are found in nature as proteins, cellulose, silk or synthesized like polyethylene, polystyrene and nylon. Some natural polymers can also