Name Date Class. aryl halides substitution reaction

Transcription

1 23.1 INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Section Review Objectives Explain how organic compounds are classified Identify the IUPAC rules for naming halocarbons Describe how halocarbons can be prepared Vocabulary functional group halocarbons alkyl halides aryl halides substitution reaction Part A Completion Use this completion exercise to check your understanding of the concepts and terms that are introduced in this section. Each blank can be completed with a term, short phrase, or number. The chemical reactions of most organic compounds involve 1. 1 groups. Functional groups are the chemically 2 2. parts of an organic molecule. Common functional groups include 3. the double and triple carbon-carbon bonds of 3 and 4. 4, respectively. 5 are a class of organic compounds 5. containing one or more covalently bonded halogen atoms. 6. A common type of organic reaction is a 6 reaction in 7. which an atom or a group of atoms replaces another atom or group 8. of atoms. For example, treating methane with bromine in the 9. presence of a catalyst causes the substitution of a 7 atom 10. with a 8 atom. Similarly, halogens on carbon chains are readily replaced by hydroxide ions to produce an 9 and a 10. Chapter 23 Functional Groups 601

2 Part B True-False Classify each of these statements as always true, AT; sometimes true, ST; or never true, NT. 11. A functional group is a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic reactions. 12. Many halocarbons are found in nature. 13. A product of a substitution reaction is a hydrogen halide. 14. The common name of C 3 C 2 C 2 Br is propyl bromide. Part C Matching Match each description in Column B to the correct term in Column A. Column A Column B 15. functional group 16. alkyl halide 17. substitution reaction 18. aryl halides a. the reaction of chlorine with ethane to produce ethyl chloride and hydrogen chloride b. C 3 C 2 C 2 C 2 I c. a class of organic compounds in which one or more halogen atoms are joined to a carbon of an arene ring d. a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions Part D Problems Answer the following in the space provided. 19. Identify the functional group in each of the following compounds. a. O c. O # C 3 2 C 2 C 3 2 C 2 b. O d. O # # C 3 2 C 2 2 C 2 C 3 C 3 2 C 2 2 C 2 2 C 2 O 20. Give the structural formula for each compound. a. o-chlorotoluene b. 2,2-dichloropentane 602 Core Teaching Resources

3 23.2 ALCOOLS AND ETERS Section Review Objectives Identify how alcohols are classified and named Predict how the solubility of an alcohol varies with the length of its carbon chain Name the reactions of alkenes that may be used to introduce functional groups Construct the general structure of an ether and describe how ethers are named Vocabulary alcohol hydroxyl group fermentation denatured alcohol addition reaction hydration reaction hydrogenation reaction ether Part A Completion Use this completion exercise to check your understanding of the concepts and terms that are introduced in this section. Each blank can be completed with a term, short phrase, or number. 1 are organic compounds with a hydroxyl group. 1. Aliphatic alcohols can be classified as 2, 3, or 2. 4 alcohols depending on the number of R groups attached 3. to the carbon with the hydroxyl group. For example, 2-propanol 4. represents a 5 alcohol. In general, alcohols are more soluble 5. in water than alkanes containing comparable numbers of atoms 6. because they are capable of intermolecular Alcohols can be prepared from alkenes by a 7 reaction. 8. In this type of reaction, 8 is added at the carbon-carbon 9. double bond of the alkene. Another form of addition reaction is In this reaction, which is catalyzed by platinum or 11. palladium, hydrogen is added to the carbon-carbon double bonds 12. in a molecule to produce an 10. Organic compounds whose general formula can be written as R-O-R are called 11. Ethers usually have 12 boiling points than alcohols of comparable formula mass. Chapter 23 Functional Groups 603

4 Part B True-False Classify each of these statements as always true, AT; sometimes true, ST; or never true, NT. 13. The addition of water to an alkene is called a hydration reaction. 14. ydrogenation of a double bond is an oxidation reaction O 2 is an ether. 16. The benzene ring usually undergoes addition rather than substitution. Part C Matching Match each description in Column B to the correct term in Column A. Column A Column B 17. hydration reaction 18. fermentation 19. alcohols 20. addition 21. hydrogenation a. the production of ethanol from sugars by the action of yeast or bacteria b. the reaction of Br with propene to form 1-bromopropane c. the reaction of hydrogen with butene to form butane d. a class of organic compounds whose structures contain an O group e. the addition of water to an alkene Part D Problems Answer the following in the space provided. 22. Identify the following compounds as primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohols. a. O b. C 3 2 C 2 2 O C 3 2 C 2 2 C 2 C 3 C Give the structure for the expected organic product from each reaction. a. b. C 3 % ^ Pt C 3 C 2 uy ^ % C 3 C 3 % ^ C 3 C 2 O uy ^ % 604 Core Teaching Resources

5 23.3 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS Section Review Objectives Identify the structure of a carbonyl group as found in aldehydes and ketones Construct the general formula for carboxylic acids and explain how they are named Describe an ester Explain how dehydration is an oxidation reaction Vocabulary carbonyl group aldehydes ketones carboxylic acid carboxyl group fatty acids esters dehydrogenation reaction Part A Completion Use this completion exercise to check your understanding of the concepts and terms that are introduced in this section. Each blank can be completed with a term, short phrase, or number. A carbonyl group consists of a carbon atom and an 1 1. atom joined by a 2 bond. Aldehydes, 3, 4, and 2. esters are all classes of organic compounds that contain carbonyl 3. groups. The general formula for an 5 can be written as RCO. 4. The general formula of a 6 can be written as RCOO. 5. The simplest aldehyde is methanal, also called Methanal is used industrially to manufacture synthetic resins. 7. Ethanoic, propanoic, and butanoic acids are examples of Organic compounds formed from the reaction of a carboxylic acid 9. with an alcohol are called 9. For example, propyl ethanoate 10. could be synthesized by reacting 10 with ethanoic acid. 11. Carbonyl-containing compounds and alcohols can be 12. interconverted using 11 reactions. For example, the primary alcohols methanol and ethanol can be converted to aldehydes by treating them with acidified 12. Chapter 23 Functional Groups 605

6 Part B True-False Classify each of these statements as always true, AT; sometimes true, ST; or never true, NT. 13. Many continuous-chain carboxylic acids are called fatty acids. 14. Benedict s test is used to detect ketones. 15. The hydrolysis of ethyl butanoate in an acid solution would yield ethanoic acid and butanol methyl-2-propanol cannot be oxidized to propanone using acidified potassium dichromate. Part C Matching Match each description in Column B to the correct term in Column A. Column A Column B 17. dehydrogenation reaction 18. esters 19. ketones 20. fatty acids a. a group of atoms that consists of a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group b. long continuous-chain carboxylic acids isolated from fats c. the loss of hydrogen d. a derivative of carboxylic acids in which the O of the carbonyl group has be replaced by an OR from an alcohol 21. carboxyl group Part D Problems Answer the following in the space provided. 22. Show how alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids are related by oxidation and reduction reactions. 23. Give the IUPAC name for the following compound. O # C 3 C 2 C C 2 C 2 C 3 e. organic compounds in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to two other carbons 606 Core Teaching Resources

7 23.4 POLYMERIZATION Section Review Objectives Describe how additional polymers are formed Describe how condensation polymers are formed Vocabulary polymer monomers Part A Completion Use this completion exercise to check your understanding of the concepts and terms that are introduced in this section. Each blank can be completed with a term, short phrase, or number. A 1 is a large molecule formed by the covalent bonding 1. of repeating smaller molecules. 2 polymerization occurs when 2. unsaturated monomers react to form a polymer. 3 polymers 3. are formed by the head-to-tail joining of monomer units. 4. 4, formed by the joining of ethene molecules, is an 5. example of an addition polymer. 5, formed by the joining of 6. dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy alcohols, are examples of condensation polymers. The physical properties of polymers, such as hardness and rigidity, depend in part on the 6 of the carbon chains in the polymer molecules. Part B True-False Classify each of these statements as always true, AT; sometimes true, ST; or never true, NT. 7. Polymerization reactions require a catalyst. 8. Addition polymers form when unsaturated monomers react to form a polymer. Chapter 23 Functional Groups 607

8 9. The condensation polymerization of a carboxylic acid with an amine produces a polyester and water. 10. Various types of nylon are polyamides. 11. The basic repeating unit of polyvinyl chloride could be written as Cl C 2 2 C x Part C Matching Match each description in Column B to the correct term in Column A. Column A Column B 12. polymer a. C 2 2 C x 13. addition polymer 14. condensation polymerization 15. Kevlar TM b. a large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of repeating smaller molecules c. polypropylene d. requires that there be two functional groups on each monomer molecule 16. polystyrene Part D Questions and Problems e. a tough, flexible, and flame-resistant condensation polymer used to construct bullet-proof vests Answer the following in the space provided. 17. Show the addition polymerization of ethene to form polyethylene. 18. Describe the characteristics of a polyester. Give an example of a polyester. 608 Core Teaching Resources