Gulfport High School AP Chemistry Summer Assignment

Transcription

1 Gulfport High School AP Chemistry Summer Assignment Welcome to AP Chemistry! This homework is meant to be a review of the materials covered in Integrated Science III and IV as well as some memorization of ions and solubility rules that you will need throughout the year. Having the following skills will be essential to your success in AP Chemistry and I will expect that you already have a firm grasp on these topics as we start the year. The following assignment is expected to be completed over the summer and brought in COMPLETED the first day of class. AP Chemistry is an extremely challenging course. While it is not about memorization, having these items memorized is essential for success for learning the concepts covered in the course. I have included several resources in this packet. 1. There is a list of ions that you must know on the first day. Utilize the suggestions for making the process of memorization easier. For instance, most of you will remember that most of the monatomic ions have charges that are related directly to their placement on the periodic table. There are naming patterns that greatly simplify the learning of the polyatomic ions as well. I have included a sheet of flashcards for the polyatomic ions that you must learn. I strongly suggest you cut them out and begin memorizing them immediately. Use the hints on the common ions sheet to help you reduce the amount of memorizing that you must do. **There will be a test on the first day of class to assess your knowledge of polyatomic ions... BE PREPARED!! 2. Memorize the solubility rules and be able to identify whether a substance will break into ions when dissolved in water. **There will be a test on the first day of class to assess your knowledge of solubility rules... BE PREPARED!! 3. There are several questions that are meant to help you review the material that you learned in Integrated Science III and IV and will be expected to know as we begin AP Chemistry. While you may need to reference materials to help remind you how to do some of the problems (your notes from Integrated Science III, an AP Reference manual, the internet, etc.) please make sure that your work is YOU OWN as you will be the one responsible for understanding this information. I also have a web site on schoology.com the access code is KHJJT-BNSP3. Also included is a copy of the Periodic Table used in AP Chemistry. Notice this is not the table that you used before. The AP table is the same that the College Board allows you to use on the AP Chemistry Exam. Notice that it has the symbols for the elements but not the written names. You need to take that into consideration when studying for the quiz! Do not let the fact that there are no flash cards for the monatomic ions suggest to you that monatomic ions are not important. They are every bit as important as the polyatomic ions. If you have trouble identifying the charges of monatomic ions (or the naming system) then I suggest you make yourself some flashcards for those as well. Doubtless, there will be some students who will procrastinate and try to do all this studying just before the start of school. Those students may cram well enough to do well on the initial quiz. However, they will quickly forget the ions, and struggle every time that these formulas are used in lecture, homework, labs, quizzes and tests. All research on human memory shows us that frequent, short periods of study, spread over extended periods of time will produce much greater retention than extended periods of study over short periods of time. I could wait and throw these at you on the first day of school, but I don't think that would be fair to you. Use every modality possible as you try to learn these - speak them, write them, visualize them. Make flash cards, form a study group, have your family and friends quiz you, take the lists with you on vacation, but do whatever it takes to get this information embedded in your head. I look forward to seeing you all at the beginning of the next school year. If you need to contact me during the summer, you can me and I will get back to you quickly. Jack Cordray GHS AP Chemistry, HHS Science jack.cordray@gulfportschools.org

2 1. Nomenclature Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds (metal + nonmetal) A. Balance Charges (charges should net zero) B. Cation is always written first (in name and formula) C. Change the ending of the anion to -ide (unless polyatomic ion, then named as given) I. Name these binary compounds of two non metals IF 7 N 2 O 5 XeF 2 N 2 O 4 As 4 O 10 SF 6 PCl 3 S 2Cl 2 II. Name these binary compounds with a fixed charge metal. AlCl 3 KI MgO SrBr 2 BaI 2 Na 2S CaF 2 Al 2O 3 III. Name these binary compounds of cations with variable charges. (use roman numerals) CuCl 2 PbCl 4 AuI 3 Fe 2O 3 Cu 2S CoP SnO HgS IV. Name these compounds with polyatomic ions. Fe(NO 3) 3 NaOH Cu 2SO 4 Ca(ClO 3) 2 KNO 2 NaHCO 3 NH 4NO 2 Cu 2Cr 2O 7 Acids- Foe simplicity the acids we will be concerned with naming are really just a special class of ionic compounds where the cation is always H +. So, if the formula has hydrogen written first, then this usually indicates that the hydrogen is a H + cation and that the compound is an acid. When dissolved in water, acids produce H + ions (also called protons, since removing the single electron from a neutral hydrogen atom leaves behind one proton). Rules for Naming an Acid A. When the name of an anion ends in -ide, the acid name begins with hydro-, the stem of the anion has the suffix -ic and it is followed by the word acid. -ide becomes hydro ic acid Example: Cl - is the Chloride ion so HCl = hydrochloric acid

3 HCl HI H 2S HF B. When the anion name ends in -ite, the stem of the anion has the suffix -ous and it is followed by the word acid. -ite becomes ous acid Example: ClO - is the chlorite ion, so HClO = chlorous acid 2 2 C. When the anion name ends in -ate, the stem of the anion has the suffix -ic and it is followed by the word acid. -ate becomes ic acid Example: ClO - is the chlorate ion, so HClo = chloric acid 3 3 I like to remember - "I ate something and got sick. I spend nite at the house. I. Name the following acids using the correct naming rules. HClO 4 H 2SO 4 HC 2H 3O 2 H 3PO 4 HNO 2 H 2CrO 4 H 2 C 2 O 4 H 2CO 3 II. Name these compounds appropriately. Hint: Some of these compounds are covalently bonded (nonmetal + nonmetal) so you will have to use prefixes to indicate how many of each element is in the compound: mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca-. CO NI 3 LiMnO 4 CuCr 2O 7 FeF 3 NH 4CN AlP HClO K 2O KC 2H 3O 2 HIO 3 OF 2 SO 2 HF MnS III. Write the chemical formula. Tin (IV) phosphide Magnesium hydroxide sulfurous acid potassium nitride gallium arsenide zinc fluoride copper (II) cyanide sodium peroxide lithium silicate chromium (III) carbonate cobalt (II) chromate dichromic acid

4 2. Composition Complete the following problems showing all work. 1. A gram piece of magnesium metal is heated and reacts with oxygen. The resulting magnesium oxide weighed grams. Determine the percent composition of each element in the compound. 2. Determine the empirical formula given the following data for each compound: a) Fe = 63.53%, S = 36.47% b) Fe = 46.55%, S = 53.45% 3. A compound contains 21.6% sodium, 33.0% chlorine, 45.1% oxygen. Determine the empirical formula of the compound.

5 3. Solubility rules I. Review solubility rules and identify each of the following compounds as soluble (S) or insoluble (I) in water. You must memorize the solubility rules given in this packet. You may want to spend time memorizing the solubility rules before you compete the next two sections, try them without using your solubility chart, and then check them using the chart. Na2CO3 CoCO3 Pb(NO3)2 K2S BaSO4 (NH4)2S AgI Ni(NO3)2 KI FeS PbCl2 CuSO4 Li2O Mn(C2H3O2)2 Cr(OH)3_ AgClO3 Sn(SO3)4 FeF2 II. Write out the balanced chemical equation for each of the following double replacement reactions. Predict whether each of these double replacement reactions will give a precipitate or not based on the solubility of the products. If yes, identify the precipitate. silver nitrate and potassium chloride magnesium nitrate and sodium carbonate strontium bromide and potassium sulfate cobalt (III) bromide and potassium sulfide ammonium hydroxide and copper (II) acetate lithium chlorate and chromium (III) fluoride

6 4. Balancing Equations I. Balance the following equations with the lowest whole number coefficients. S8 + O2 SO3 C10H16 + Cl2 C + HCl Fe + O2 Fe2O3 C7H6O2 + O2 CO2 + H2O KClO3 KCl + O2 H3AsO4 As2O5 + H2O V2O5 + HCl VOCl3 + H2O Hg(OH)2 + H3PO4 Hg3(PO4)2 + H2O II. Balance the following equations and indicate the type of reaction taking place: 1) NaBr + H 3PO 4 Na 3PO 4 + HBr Type of reaction: 2) Ca(OH) 2 + Al 2(SO 4) 3 CaSO 4 + Al(OH) 3 Type of reaction: 3) Mg + Fe 2O 3 Fe + MgO Type of reaction: 4) C 2H 4 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2O Type of reaction: 5) PbSO 4 PbSO 3 + O 2 Type of reaction: 6) NH 3 + I 2 N 2I 6 + H 2 Type of reaction:

7 5. Stoichiometry and Limiting Factor 1. Given the equation below, what mass of water would be needed to react with 10.0g of sodium oxide? Na 2O + H 2O 2NaOH 2. 2NaClO3 2NaCl + 3O2 What mass of sodium chloride is formed along with 45.0g of oxygen gas? 3. 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6 H2O What mass of water will be produced when 100.0g of ammonia is reacted with excess oxygen? 4. If the reaction in #3 is done with 25.0g of each reactant, which would be the limiting factor?

8 5. Na2S + 2AgNO3 Ag2S + 2NaNO3 If the above reaction is carried out with 50.0g of sodium sulfide and 35.0g of silver nitrate, which is the limiting factor? What mass of the excess reactant remains? What mass of silver sulfide would precipitate? 6. 6NaOH + 2Al 2Na3AlO3 + 3H2 What volume of hydrogen gas (measured at STP) would result from reacting 75.0g of sodium hydroxide with 50.0g of aluminum?

9 You will need to memorize these rules for the rest of the year start memorizing over the summer! SOLUBILITY RULES 1. Salts of ammonium (NH4+) and Group IA are always soluble. 2. a. All chlorides (Cl-) are soluble except AgCl, Hg2Cl2, and PbCl2 which are insoluble. b. All bromides (Br-) are soluble except AgBr, Hg2Br2, HgBr2, and PbBr2 which are insoluble. c. All iodides (I-) are soluble except AgI, Hg2I2, HgI2, and PbI2 which are insoluble. 3. Chlorates (ClO 3- ), nitrates (NO 3- ), and acetates (CH3COO - ) are soluble. 4. Sulfates (SO 4-2 ) are soluble except CaSO 4, SrSO 4, BaSO 4, Hg 2SO 4, HgSO 4,PbSO 4, and Ag 2SO 4 which are insoluble. 5. Phosphates (PO 4-3 ), and carbonates (CO 3-2 ) are insoluble except NH 4 + and Group IA compounds. 6. All metallic oxides (O -2 ) are insoluble except NH 4 + and Group IA compounds. 7. All metallic hydroxides (OH - ) are insoluble except NH 4 + and Group IA and Group IIA from calcium down. 8. All sulfides (S -2 ) are insoluble except NH4 + and Groups IA and IIA.

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