APPENDIX A SEM IMAGES OF MORTAR SPECIMENS FROM STANDARD AND MODIFIED ASTM C 1260 TESTS

Transcription

1 APPENDIX A SEM IMAGES OF MORTAR SPECIMENS FROM STANDARD AND MODIFIED ASTM C 1260 TESTS Page No. A-I 1N SODIUM HYDROXIDE A-I-1 Ottawa Sand A-I-2 Spratt Limestone A-I-3 NC Argillite A-I-4 NM Rhyolite/Andesite A-I-5 SD Sioux Quartzite A-II POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE A-II-1 Ottawa Sand A-II-2 Spratt Limestone A-II-3 NC Argillite A-II-4 NM Rhyolite/Andesite A-II-5 SD Sioux Quartzite A-III SODIUM ACETATE A-III-1 Ottawa Sand A-III-2 Spratt Limestone A-III-3 NC Argillite A-III-4 NM Rhyolite/Andesite A-III-5 SD Sioux Quartzite A-IV SODIUM FORMATE A-IV-1 Ottawa Sand A-IV-2 Spratt Limestone A-IV-3 NC Argillite A-IV-4 NM Rhyolite/Andesite A-IV-5 SD Sioux Quartzite A-V POTASSIUM FORMATE A-V-1 Ottawa Sand A-V-2 Spratt Limestone A-V-3 NC Argillite A-V-4 NM Rhyolite/Andesite A-V-5 SD Sioux Quartzite...197

2 A-I-1 OTTAWA SAND IN 1N SODIUM HYDROXIDE 130

3 Aggregate: OTTAWA Soak Solution: 1N SODIUM HYDROXIDE (1N) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image Ott1n1a] [image Ott1n9] General view of the sample. Some cracks within the paste Some aggregates missing probably lost during cutting(?) [image Ott1n7] Composition of the paste. [image Ott1n17] Composition of inner CSH. No increased content of Na Aggregates seems not affected by corrosion Inclusion within aggregate, or some corrosion product(?) Except above aggregate don t look like it is corroded 131

4 A-I-2 SPRATT LIMESTONE IN 1N SODIUM HYDROXIDE 132

5 Aggregate: SPRATT Soak Solution: 1N SODIUM HYDROXIDE (1N) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image sp1n1] [image sp1n12] General view. Massive cracks across paste and aggregates. Also some fine cracks present [image sp1n2] Cracks within the paste and aggregate Composition of cement paste increased Na content [image sp1n3] Gel deposition inside the air void Gel filling the crack within the aggregate 133

6 Aggregate: SPRATT Soak Solution: 1N SODIUM HYDROXIDE (1N) [image sp1n7] [image sp1n9] Gel filling the cracks within the aggregate View of a crack passing aggregate and paste 134

7 A-I-3 NC ARGILLITE IN 1N SODIUM HYDROXIDE 135

8 Aggregate: NORTH CAROLINA Soak Solution: 1N SODIUM HYDROXIDE (1N) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image NC1N1A] [image NC1n9] General view. Only few cracks within the paste [image NC1n8] Alkali silica gel between two aggregates [image NC1n5] Si-Na gel inside the air void. No aggregates in direct contact with gel deposit Composition of unaffected aggregate. Pure SiO 2 136

9 Aggregate: NORTH CAROLINA Soak Solution: 1N SODIUM HYDROXIDE (1N) [image NC1n4] [image NC1n6] Si-Al-Fe-Mg inclusions within the aggregate Crack or natural defect of aggregate visible Sulfoaluminate compound present in the sample (probably monosulfate) 137

10 A-I-4 NM RHYOLITE/ANDESITE IN 1N SODIUM HYDROXIDE 138

11 Aggregate: NEW MEXICO Soak Solution: 1N SODIUM HYDROXIDE (1N) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image NM1N1A] [image NM1n10] General view of the sample. Some cracks within the paste Cracks in aggregates probably the natural texture [image NM1n2] Composition of the paste. No increased concentration of Na visible Cracks within the paste [image NM1n3] Aggregate affected by corrosion Gel composition Si-Na-Ca Gel of similar composition as on the previous image, but different morphology (or not polished well?) 139

12 Aggregate: NEW MEXICO Soak Solution: 1N SODIUM HYDROXIDE (1N) [image NM1n7] [image NM1n8] Alkali silica gel Si-Ca-Na Composition of unreacted aggregate. Pure SiO 2 140

13 A-I-5 SD SIOUX QUARTZITE IN 1N SODIUM HYDROXIDE 141

14 Aggregate: SOUTH DAKOTA Soak Solution: 1N SODIUM HYDROXIDE (1N) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image SD1n1A] [image SD1n11] General view. Only few cracks within the paste. Cracks (or maybe natural aggregate texture) within the aggregates Some cracks within aggregates are filled with brighter substance [image SD1n5] Composition of cement paste. No significant Na content increase [image SD1n7] SI-Al-Na deposit within the aggregate (corrosion product?) Si-Na-Ca gel within the aggregate 142

15 Aggregate: SOUTH DAKOTA Soak Solution: 1N SODIUM HYDROXIDE (1N) [image SD1n8] [image SD1n9] Si-Ca-Na gel deposit within the aggregate Gel filling the crack 143

16 A-II-1 OTTAWA SAND IN POTASSIUM ACETATE 144

17 Aggregate: OTTAWA SAND Soak Solution: POTASSIUM ACETATE (KAc) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image OTT_01] [image OTT_06] General view. No cracks in the sample visible [image OTT_06] Edge of the aggregate. Composition not affected pure SiO 2 No visible signs of corrosion [image OTT_08] Edge of the aggregate - SiO 2 No visible signs of corrosion Composition of the paste increased K content 145

18 A-II-2 SPRATT LIMESTONE IN POTASSIUM ACETATE 146

19 Aggregate: SPRATT Soak Solution: POTASSIUM ACETATE (KAc) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image SPPA2] [image SPPA9] General view of the sample. The net of cracks visible. [image SPPA4] Crack partially filled with Ca rich deposit Cracks are mostly within paste or at the paste- aggregate interface [image SPPA5] Ca-K deposit (no Si) Composition of gel Si-K-Ca The crack within the paste is empty, free of gel 147

20 Aggregate: SPRATT Soak Solution: POTASSIUM ACETATE (KAc) [image SPPA21] [image SPPA20] Alkali silica gel within the aggregate. River of gel appears even outside the grain The river of gel outside the aggregate It looks like the gel outside the aggregate contains more Ca than the one inside the grain 148

21 A-II-3 NC ARGILLITE IN POTASSIUM ACETATE 149

22 Aggregate: NORTH CAROLINA Soak Solution: POTASSIUM ACETATE (KAc) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image NCPA2A] [image NCPA19] General view of the sample. Some cracks visible [image NCPA19] Alkali silica gel in the crack. Composition of gel Si-K-Ca [image NCPA20] Crack filled with gel CH or CaCO 3 intrusion within the aggregate around the crack 150

23 Aggregate: NORTH CAROLINA Soak Solution: POTASSIUM ACETATE (KAc) [image NCPA25] [image NCPA11] Alkali silica gel inside the crack. Entire crack except the gel inclusion is empty [image NCPA30] Composition of unreacted aggregate above crack filled with gel. Pure SiO 2 [image NCPA9] Cracks mostly filled with gel. The net of rivers of gel is visible. Termination of gel-filled crack. Possible that gel is being leached out of the sample and goes into ambient solution (?) 151

24 A-II-4 NEW MEXICO RHYOLITE/ANDESITE IN POTASSIUM ACETATE 152

25 Aggregate: NEW MEXICO Soak Solution: POTASSIUM ACETATE (KAc) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image NM_01] [image nmpa2] General view. Extensive cracking especially at the interfaces and in the paste [image nmpa8] Paste composition increased K content Some cracks around the aggregate and also within the paste [image nmpa5] K-S-Ca deposit within the paste A few K-S-Ca deposits within the paste. 153

26 A-II-5 SD SIOUX QUARTZITE IN POTASSIUM ACETATE 154

27 Aggregate: SOUTH DAKOTA Soak Solution: POTASSIUM ACETATE (KAc) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image SDPa1] [image SDPa2] General view of the sample. Aggregate particles cracked. Most cracks filled with gel [image SDPa3] Some fine cracks visible within the paste. These cracks appear to be empty Gel-filled cracks within the aggregate [image SDPa4] Si-K gel inside the crack in the aggregate grain. No gel outflow to the paste Composition of cement paste adjacent to aggregate grain; paste is rich in K 155

28 Aggregate: SOUTH DAKOTA Soak Solution: POTASSIUM ACETATE (KAc) [image SDPa7] [image SDPa6] Composition of unreacted aggregate mainly SiO 2 Cracks in the aggregate some empty, some filled with gel. Composition of gel within the aggregate crack (Si-K) Empty fine cracks within the paste 156

29 A-III-1 OTTAWA SAND IN SODIUM ACETATE 157

30 Aggregate: OTTAWA SAND Soak Solution: SODIUM ACETATE (NaAc) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image Ottsa1] [image Ottsa7] General view. No cracks visible Composition of paste: Ca-S-Na rich (Glauberite? Wattevillite? occurrence) [image Ottsa11] [image Ottsa2] Ca-S-Na rich spot (Glauberite? Wattevillite?) CH deposit by the aggregate 158

31 Aggregate: OTTAWA SAND Soak Solution: SODIUM ACETATE (NaAc) [image Ottsa4] [image Ottsa9] Composition of aggregate Composition of paste: Ca-S-Na rich (Glauberite? Wattevillite? occurrence) 159

32 A-III-2 SPRATT LIMESTONE IN SODIUM ACETATE 160

33 Aggregate: SPRATT Soak Solution: SODIUM ACETATE (NaAc) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image SPSA3] [image SPSA6] Gel present in the cracks of aggregate (composition Ca-Si-Na-O) [image SPSA12] The paste crack mostly free of gel [image SPSA7A] In same cases gel rivers out of cracks in the aggregate Composition of the gel in the paste: Ca- Si-Al-Na Monosulfate evident in the paste (at certain locations) 161

34 A-III-3 NC ARGILLITE IN SODIUM ACETATE 162

35 Aggregate: NORTH CAROLINA Soak Solution: SODIUM ACETATE (NaAc) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image NCSa1] [image NCSa11] General view. Broad cracks within the paste and aggregates [image NCSa14] Si-Na gel inside the crack [image NCSa2] Si-Na gel within the crack The dark stain is SiO 2 Si-Na gel inside the crack 163

36 Aggregate: NORTH CAROLINA Soak Solution: SODIUM ACETATE (NaAc) [image NCSa3] [image NCSa6] Monosulfate deposits in the paste Ca-S-Al-Na composite inside the paste crack 164

37 A-III-4 NM RHYOLITE/ANDESITE IN SODIUM ACETATE 165

38 Aggregate: NEW MEXICO Soak Solution: SODIUM ACETATE (NaAc) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image NMSa1] [image NMSa14] General view. Extensive cracking within the paste and aggregates. [image NMSa2] Gel in locally-altered paste Very deteriorated microstructure [image NMSa3] Gel in crack within aggregate Si-Na gel within the aggregate 166

39 Aggregate: NEW MEXICO Soak Solution: SODIUM ACETATE (NaAc) [image NMSa4] [image NMSa5] Si-Ca-Na gel within the crack in the paste CH around aggregates 167

40 A-III-5 SD SIOUX QUARTZITE IN SODIUM ACETATE 168

41 Aggregate: SOUTH DAKOTA Soak Solution: SODIUM ACETATE (NaAc) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image SDSa1] [image SDSA10] General view. Extensive cracking within the paste and also in some aggregates [image SDSA13] Monosulfate deposit within the paste Brighter deposit by the edge of the aggregate probably CH [image SDSA12] Si-Na gel partially filling crack within aggregate Ca-Si-Na-Al fragment in the crack 169

42 Aggregate: SOUTH DAKOTA Soak Solution: SODIUM ACETATE (NaAc) [image SDSA2] [image SDSA11] CH in paste aggregate transition zone CH within the paste 170

43 A-IV-1 OTTAWA SAND IN SODIUM FORMATE 171

44 Aggregate: OTTAWA SAND Soak Solution: SODIUM FORMATE (NaFr) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image OttSf1] [image OttSf8] General view. Cracks running across the paste and aggregates [image OttSf10] Paste composition: increased Na content [image OttSf11] Alkali-silica gel (Si-Na) present within the aggregate (Ottawa sand is an unreactive aggregate!) Paste composition near the crack partially filled with gel: increased Na content 172

45 Aggregate: OTTAWA SAND Soak Solution: SODIUM FORMATE (NaFr) [image OttSf13] [image OttSf12] Gel within the aggregate: Si-Na-Ca Crack within the paste on elongation of gel deposit Gel within the aggregate: Si-Ca-Na Crack within the paste on elongation of gel deposit [image OttSf9] [image OttSf15] Massive crack across the paste Gel within the aggregate crack Aggregate probably affected by corrosion 173

46 A-IV-2 SPRATT LIMESTONE IN SODIUM FORMATE 174

47 Aggregate: SPRATT Soak Solution: SODIUM FORMATE (NaFr) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image spsf1] [image spsf11] General view. [image spsf13] Cracks mainly in aggregate and also in paste Some cracks are empty and some looks filled [spsf15] Si-Ca-Na gel inside the crack crack within the aggregate and a river on elongation maybe corrosion products diffuse out? 175

48 Aggregate: SPRATT Soak Solution: SODIUM FORMATE (NaFr) [image spsf17] [image spsf20] Si-Na-Ca gel between aggregate and paste [image spsf3] Big deposit of gel Si-Na-Ca [image spsf8] River of gel within the paste, between two aggregates Gel inside the air void 176

49 A-IV-3 NC ARGILLITE IN SODIUM FORMATE 177

50 Aggregate: NORTH CAROLINA Soak Solution: SODIUM FORMATE (NaFr) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image NCSf1] [image NCSf2] Cracks across aggregates and paste [image NCSf5] River of gel flowing out of the aggregate Gel composition: Si-Ca-Na [image NCSf15] Gel composition inside the aggregate River of gel within the paste 178

51 Aggregate: NORTH CAROLINA Soak Solution: SODIUM FORMATE (NaFr) [image NCSf12] [image NCSf9] Si-Na gel within the aggregate Gel in the paste 179

52 A-IV-4 NM RHYOLITE/ANDESITE IN SODIUM FORMATE 180

53 Aggregate: NEW MEXICO Soak Solution: SODIUM FORMATE (NaFr) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image NMSf1] [image NMSf12] General view. Massive cracks across aggregates and paste; empty, or partially filled [image NMSf4] Ca-Al rim around the fine aggregate grain [image NMSf5] Gel (Si-Na-Ca) between aggregate and paste Magnification of view from previous image 181

54 Aggregate: NEW MEXICO Soak Solution: SODIUM FORMATE (NaFr) [image NMSf7] [image NMSf9] Gel inside the air void (Si-Na) Si-Na-Ca gel within the paste (where it came from?) 182

55 A-IV-5 SD SIOUX QUARTZITE IN SODIUM FORMATE 183

56 Aggregate: SOUTH DAKOTA Soak Solution: SODIUM FORMATE (NaFr) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image SDSf1A] [image SDSf4] General view. Intensive cracking of aggregates [image SDSf8] Ca-Si inclusion within the aggregate grain (corrosion product?) [image SDSf13] River of Si-Ca-Na gel within the paste Si-Ca-Na deposit within the paste (some corrosion products flown out of an aggregates) 184

57 Aggregate: SOUTH DAKOTA Soak Solution: SODIUM FORMATE (NaFr) [image SDSf14] [image SDSf15] Si-Ca-Na (corrosion product?) around the aggregate Si-Ca rim around the aggregate 185

58 A-V-1 OTTAWA SAND IN POTASSIUM FORMATE 186

59 Aggregate: OTTAWA SAND Soak Solution: POTASSIUM FORMATE (KFr) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image OttPf1A] [image OttPf4] General view. Some cracks visible within the paste [image OttPf7] Composition of cement paste increased K content Cracks visible in the paste [image OttPf8] Composition of inner (?) CSH by the crack. No K increased content drying crack? CH deposit in by the aggregate grain. No signs of aggregate destruction 187

60 A-V-2 SPRATT LIMESTONE IN POTASSIUM FORMATE 188

61 Aggregate: SPRATT Soak Solution: POTASSIUM FORMATE (KFr) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image SPPF2A] [image SPPF1] General view. Cracks within the aggregates and paste Darker rings visible within the aggregates [image SPPF12] K-S-Ca deposit inside the air void [image SPPF3] Gel of composition Si-K-Ca on the edge of the aggregate River of Ca-Al rich substance within the paste Cracks within the paste 189

62 Aggregate: SPRATT Soak Solution: POTASSIUM FORMATE (KFr) [image SPPF7] [image SPPF8] Si-K-Ca gel silica inclusion in limestone aggregate Composition of bright ring K-Si-Ca Ring appearing similar to the one on the previous image, but no Si in the ring (spot resolution?) Composition inside only CaCO 3 Darker area over and between the rings is pure SiO 2 190

63 A-V-3 NC ARGILLITE IN POTASSIUM FORMATE 191

64 Aggregate: NORTH CAROLINA Soak Solution: POTASSIUM FORMATE (KFr) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image NCPf15] [image NCPf2] General view. Extensive cracking within the paste and also within the aggregates [image NCPf14] Composition of the cement paste increased K content [image NCPf10] Gel within the aggregate composition SI-K-Ca Fine cracks within the gel and paste surrounding an aggregate Gel deposit by the large crack within the aggregate Crack in the paste on elongation of gel deposit 192

65 Aggregate: NORTH CAROLINA Soak Solution: POTASSIUM FORMATE (KFr) [image NCPf11] [image NCPf6] K-S-Ca deposit (probably syngenite) inside the crack within the paste Fine cracks present in the paste River of Ca-Al rich substance; present in few places on other images 193

66 A-V-4 NM RHYOLITE/ANDESITE IN POTASSIUM FORMATE 194

67 Aggregate: NEW MEXICO Soak Solution: POTASSIUM FORMATE (KFr) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image NMPf] [image NMPf11] General view. Only few cracks visible. Gel (?)present on the boundary between aggregate and paste. Composition Si-Ca- K [image NMPf1 [image NMPf4 Gel between aggregate and paste Few fine cracks within the paste No cracks within the unreacted part of an aggregate Large deposit of gel (?) Crack visible within the paste Darker stripes connecting aggregates composed mainly of Ca and Al 195

68 Aggregate: NEW MEXICO Soak Solution: POTASSIUM FORMATE (KFr) [image NMPf2] [image NMPf14] K-S-Ca deposit (probably syngenite) Composition of a point near the aggregate high Al content almost no Si Aggregate rounded by a brighter ring probably reaction product 196

69 A-V-5 SD SIOUX QUARTZITE IN POTASSIUM FORMATE 197

70 Aggregate: SOUTH DAKOTA Soak Solution: POTASSIUM FORMATE (KFr) Mortar Specimens- Summary of Major Observations [image SDPF1] [image SDPF11] General view. Extensive cracking within the aggregates, around the aggregates and within paste [image SDPF13] River of Ca and Al rich component within the cement paste The river begins from the aggregate [image SDPF15] Gel of composition Si Ca K within the aggregate Gel outside the aggregate Cracks around the aggregate 198

71 Aggregate: SOUTH DAKOTA Soak Solution: POTASSIUM FORMATE (KFr) [image SDPF9] [image SDPF10] Si-K-Ca gel - it appears that relatively big piece of aggregate has been transformed into gel Ca-Al-C needle forms between the aggregate and paste 199