Division Ave. High School AP Biology

Transcription

1 Division Ave. igh School Ms. Foglia Chemistry of Carbon Bilding Blocks of Life Why stdy Carbon? All of life is bilt on carbon Cells ~72% 2O ~25% carbon componds carbohydrates lipids proteins ncleic acids ~3% salts Na, Cl, K Chemistry of Life Organic chemistry is the stdy of carbon componds C atoms are versatile bilding blocks bonding properties 4 stable covalent bonds C 1

2 Division Ave. igh School Ms. Foglia Complex molecles assembled like TinkerToys ydrocarbons Combinations of C & non-polar not solble in 2 O hydrophobic stable very little attraction between molecles a gas at room temperatre methane (simplest C) ydrocarbons can grow 2

3 Division Ave. igh School Ms. Foglia Isomers Molecles with same moleclar formla bt different strctres (shapes) different chemical properties different biological fnctions 6 carbons 6 carbons 6 carbons Form affects fnction Strctral differences create important fnctional significance amino acid alanine L-alanine sed in proteins bt not D-alanine medicines L-version active bt not D-version sometimes with tragic reslts stereoisomers Form affects fnction Thalidomide prescribed to pregnant women in 50s & 60s redced morning sickness, bt stereoisomer cased severe birth defects 3

4 Division Ave. igh School Ms. Foglia Diversity of molecles Sbstitte other atoms or grops arond the carbon ethane vs. ethanol replaced by an hydroxyl grop ( O) nonpolar vs. polar gas vs. liqid biological effects! ethane (C 2 6 ) ethanol (C 2 5 O) Fnctional grops Parts of organic molecles that are involved in chemical reactions give organic molecles distinctive properties hydroxyl amino carbonyl slfhydryl carboxyl phosphate Affect reactivity makes hydrocarbons hydrophilic increase solbility in water Viva la difference! Basic strctre of male & female hormones is identical identical carbon skeleton attachment of different fnctional grops interact with different targets in the body different effects 4

5 Division Ave. igh School Ms. Foglia ydroxyl O organic componds with O = alcohols names typically end in -ol ethanol Carbonyl C=O O doble bonded to C if C=O at end molecle = aldehyde if C=O in middle of molecle = ketone Carboxyl COO C doble bonded to O & single bonded to O grop componds with COO = acids w fatty acids w amino acids 5

6 Division Ave. igh School Ms. Foglia Amino -N 2 N attached to 2 componds with N 2 = amines w amino acids N 2 acts as base w ammonia picks p + from soltion Slfhydryl S S bonded to componds with S = thiols S grops stabilize the strctre of proteins Phosphate PO 4 P bond to 4 O connects to C throgh an O lots of O = lots of negative charge w highly reactive transfers energy between organic molecles w ATP, GTP, etc. 6

7 Division Ave. igh School Ms. Foglia Macromolecles Bilding Blocks of Life Macromolecles Smaller organic molecles join together to form larger molecles macromolecles 4 major classes of macromolecles: carbohydrates lipids proteins ncleic acids Polymers Long molecles bilt by linking repeating bilding blocks in a chain monomers bilding blocks repeated small nits covalent bonds 2 O O O Dehydration synthesis O 7

8 Division Ave. igh School Ms. Foglia ow to bild a polymer Synthesis Yo gotta be open to bonding! joins monomers by taking 2O ot one monomer donates O other monomer donates + together these form 2O 2O reqires energy & enzymes O O enzyme Dehydration synthesis Condensation reaction O ow to break down a polymer Breaking p is hard to do! Digestion se 2O to breakdown polymers reverse of dehydration synthesis cleave off one monomer at a time 2O is split into + and O w + & O attach to ends reqires enzymes O releases energy 2O enzyme ydrolysis Digestion O O Any Qestions??