Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. AP Biology
|
|
- Bertina Richards
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life AP Biology
2 Overview: Carbon: The Backbone of Life Even though water is the universal medium for life on Earth, living organisms are made mostly of the element carbon Carbon enters biosphere through action of plants During photosynthesis, they use solar energy to transform CO 2 in atmosphere into molecules needed for life (glucose and other related organic compounds) These molecules are then passed along to animals that feed on plants Of all the chemical elements, carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form molecules that are large, complex, and diverse This molecular diversity has made possible the diversity of organisms that have evolved on Earth Molecules that distinguish living from nonliving matter (like proteins, DNA, carbohydrates) are all composed of carbon atoms bonded to one another and to atoms of other elements (often H, O, N, S, and P)
3 Concept 4.1: Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
4 The branch of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds is called ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Organic compounds range from simple molecules (ex: methane CH 4 ) to very large one made up of 1000s of atoms (proteins) Most organic compounds contain hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon atoms The overall percentages of the major elements of life (C, H, N, S, P) are fairly constant from one organism to another, However, they can be used to build an almost inexhaustible variety of organic molecules by assorting them in different ways Different species of organisms and different individuals within a species are distinguished in this way by variations in their organic molecules
5 The science of organic chemistry originated in the attempt to purify and improve the yield of valued substances (food, medicine, fabrics) obtained from living organisms By the early 1800s, chemists had learned to make many simple compounds in the lab by combining elements under the right conditions Scientists at this time, however, believed that artificial synthesis of complex molecules found in living matter was impossible This belief, that organic compounds could arise only in organisms, was called VITALISM Chemists began to chip away at the foundation of vitalism when they finally learned to synthesize organic compounds in labs Urea, an organic compound present in the urine of mammals, was one of the first organic compounds to be artificially made in 1928 The synthesis of urea occurred accidentally, while German chemist Friedrich Wohler was attempting to make an inorganic salt called ammonium cyanate by mixing ammonium and cyanate ions (created urea instead) Because one of the ingredients used in the synthesis (cyanate) had been extracted from animal blood, however, many vitalists were still not swayed by Wohler s discovery
6 Vitalism crumbled completely after several decades of artificial synthesis of increasingly complex organic compounds One of these experiments included Stanley Miller s synthesis of organic compounds related to evolution Miller s experiment tested whether complex organic molecules could arise spontaneously under conditions thought to have existed on early Earth (see next slide) These pioneers of organic chemistry helped shift mainstream biological thought from vitalism to MECHANISM Mechanism is the view that physical and chemical laws govern all natural phenomena, including the processes of life Organic chemistry was thus redefined as the study of carbon compounds, regardless of origin
7 Experiment: In 1953, Stanley Miller set up a closed system to simulate conditions thought to have existed on early Earth 1) Water mixture in sea flask was heated; vapor entered atmosphere flask 2) Atmosphere flask contained mix of hydrogen gas, methane, ammonia, and water vapor (believed to mimic early Earth s atmosphere) 3) Sparks were discharged to mimic lightning 4) Condenser cooled the atmosphere, raining water and any dissolved molecules down into sea flask 5)As material cycled through apparatus, Miller periodically collected samples for analysis Results: Miller identified variety of organic molecules common in organisms (including simple molecules like formaldehyde (CH 2 O) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and more complex molecules (like amino acids and hydrocarbons) Conclusion: Organic molecules (a 1 st step in the origin of life) may have been synthesized abiotically on early Earth
8 Concept Check 4.1 1) What conclusion did Stanley Miller draw when he found amino acids in the products of his experiment? 2) When Miller tried the experiment in Figure 4.2 (pp. 59) without the electrical discharge, no organic compounds were found. What might explain this result?
9 Concept 4.2: Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
10 Electron configuration is the key to an atom s characteristics Electron configuration determines: The kinds of bonds an atom will form with other atoms The number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms
11 The Formation of Bonds with Carbon Carbon has 6 electrons (2 electrons in the 1 st shell; 4 valence electrons in the 2 nd shell, which can hold up to 8) Carbon would have to either donate or accept 4 electrons to complete its valence shell and become an ion Instead, carbon usually completes its valence shell by sharing its 4 electrons with other atoms in covalent bonds so that 8 electrons are present This characteristic is called TETRAVALENCE
12 The Formation of Bonds with Carbon Carbon may form bonds that are single or double covalent bonds: When carbon atom forms 4 single covalent bonds, the arrangement of its 4 hybrid orbitals causes bonds to angle toward corners of an imaginary tetrahedron (roughly degrees) When 2 carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, all bonds around those carbons are in the same plane, giving the molecule a flat shape
13 The electron configuration of carbon gives it covalent compatibility with many different elements The valences of carbon, along with its most frequent partners (O,H,N) are the basis for the rules of covalent bonding in organic chemistry We can think of it as the building code for the architecture of organic molecules Recall: Valence is the number of covalent bonds an atom can form It is usually equal to the number of electrons required to complete the valence (outermost) shell All the electrons are shown for each atom in the electron distribution diagrams (above) Only the electrons in the valence shell are presented in the Lewis dot structure of each atom (below)
14 Let s consider how rules of covalent bonding apply to carbon atoms with partners other than hydrogen: Ex) CO 2 a single carbon atom is joined to 2 atoms of oxygen by double covalent bonds Each line in its structural formula represents a pair of shared electrons Carbon (6) has 4 valence electrons and can thus form 4 bonds to fill valence shell Oxygen (8) has 6 valence electrons and thus can form 2 bonds to fill valence shell The 2 double bonds are equivalent to 4 single covalent bonds (This arrangement therefore completes the valence shells of all atoms in the molecule) O = C = O
15 Let s consider how rules of covalent bonding apply to carbon atoms with partners other than hydrogen: Ex) Urea organic compound found in urine that Wohler synthesized in early 1880s Molecular formula: CO(NH 2 ) 2 Nitrogen (7) has 5 valence electron and can thus form 3 bonds to fill valence shell Carbon again can form 4 bonds Oxygen can again form 2 bonds
16 Molecular Diversity Arising from Carbon Skeleton Variation Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules Skeletons can vary in length and shape Shapes can include (1) straight, (2) branched, and (3) arranged in closed rings Some skeletons can also include double bonds, which vary in location and number This variation in carbon skeletons is one important source of molecular complexity and diversity that characterizes living matter In addition, even more variation is added to these carbon skeletons when we consider atoms of other elements that can be bonded to the skeletons at available sites Animation: Carbon Skeletons
17 Hydrocarbons HYDROCARBONS organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen Atoms of hydrogen are attached to carbon skeleton wherever electrons are available for covalent bonding Hydrocarbons are very common on Earth Hydrocarbons are major components of petroleum Petroleum is called a FOSSIL FUEL because it consists of partially decomposed remains of organisms that lived millions of years ago Many of the cell s organic molecules have regions consisting only of hydrocarbons Ex) Fats have long hydrocarbon tails attached to a non-hydrocarbon component
18 Hydrocarbons Characteristics of Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons are relatively NONPOLAR and thus DO NOT DISSOLVE in water Hydrocarbons can UNDERGO REACTIONS that release relatively large amounts of energy Gas that fuels cars consists of hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon tails of fat molecules serve as stored fuel for animal bodies
19 Isomers Variation in the architecture of organic molecules can be seen in isomers: Isomers: compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties 1) Structural isomers: differ in covalent arrangements of their atoms 2) Geometric isomers: have same covalent partnerships but differ in spatial arrangement 3) Enantiomers: isomers that are mirror images of each other Animation: Isomers
20 Structural Isomers 1) Structural isomers: differ in covalent arrangements of their atoms The number of possible isomers increases with increasing size of carbon skeleton Ex) C 5 H 12 3 isomers (2 shown here) Ex) C 8 H isomers Ex) C 20 H ,319 isomers
21 Geometric Isomers Geometric isomers: have same covalent partnerships but differ in spatial arrangement These differences arise from inflexibility of double bonds SINGLE BONDS: allow atoms they join to rotate freely DOUBLE BONDS: don t permit such rotation
22 Geometric Isomers If a double bond joins 2 carbon atoms and each carbon also has 2 different atoms attached to it, then 2 distinct geometric isomers are possible: Ex) Consider a simple molecule with 2 double-bonded carbons, each of which has an H and X attached to it The arrangement of both X s on the same side of the double bond is called a CIS isomer The arrangement of the X s on opposite sides is called a TRANS isomer Even this subtle difference in shape between geometric isomers can dramatically effect biological activities of organic molecules Ex) Vision requires that a chemical compound in the eye called rhodopsin be changed from cis isomer to trans isomer (reaction is light-induced)
23 Enantiomers Enantiomers: isomers that are mirror images of each other You can think of them as left-handed and right-handed versions of a molecule Just as you right hand won t fit into a left-handed glove, the working molecules in a cell can distinguish the 2 versions by shape Usually one isomer is biologically active and the other is inactive In the ball-and-stick model shown in the figure (above), the middle carbon atom is called an asymmetric carbon because it is attached to 4 different atoms (or groups of atoms) The 4 groups can be arranged in space around the asymmetric carbon in 2 different ways that are mirror images
24 The concept of enantiomers is important in the pharmaceutical industry because 2 enantiomers of a drug may not be equally effective One of the isomers may even produce harmful effects (in some cases) Ex) Thalidomide drug prescribed for 1000s of pregnant women in late 1950s and early 1960s This drug was a mixture of 2 enantiomers One enantiomer reduced morning sickness (desired effect) The other enantiomer caused severe birth defects Furthermore, even if the good enantiomer is used in its purified form, some of it will soon convert to the bad enantiomer inside a patient s body The differing effects of enantiomers in the body demonstrate that organisms are sensitive to even the most subtle variations in molecular architecture This is another example of the emergent properties of molecules that depend on specific arrangement of their atoms Animation: L-Dopa
25 Ibuprofen and albuterol are also example of drugs whose enantiomers have different effects S and R are letters used in one system to distinguish enantiomers Ibuprofen: reduces inflammation and pain Commonly sold as a mixture of its 2 enantiomers S enantiomer is 100X more effective than R Albuterol: used to relax bronchial muscles, improving airflow in asthma patients Only R-albuterol is synthesized and sold as a drug S form actually counteracts the active R-form
26 Concept Check 4.2 1) Draw the structural formula for C 2 H 4. 2) Which molecules in Figure 4.5 (pp. 61) are isomers? For each pair, identify the type of isomer. 3) How are gasoline and fat chemically similar? 4) Can propane (C 3 H 8 ) form isomers?
27 Concept 4.3: A small number of chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules
28 The distinctive properties of an organic molecule depend not only on arrangement of its carbon skeleton but also on molecular components (atoms) attached to skeleton Hydrocarbons can be thought of as the underlying framework for more complex organic molecules A number of chemical groups can replace one or more of the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon skeleton These groups may: Participate directly in chemical reactions or Contribute to function indirectly by their effects on molecular shape
29 The Chemical Groups Most Important in the Processes of Life Functional groups are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions The number and arrangement of functional groups give each molecule its unique properties Ex) Consider the differences between male sex hormone testosterone and female sex hormone estradiol (a type of estrogen) Both are steroids with a common carbon skeleton in the form of 4 fused rings These sex hormones differ only in the chemical groups attached to their rings These subtle differences in molecular structure influence the development of anatomical and physiological differences between male and female vertebrates
30 The seven functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life: Hydroxyl group Carbonyl group Carboxyl group Amino group Sulfhydryl group Phosphate group Methyl group The 1 st 6 groups can act as functional groups They are also hydrophilic and therefore increase the solubility of organic compounds in water The methyl group is not reactive Instead, it often acts as a recognizable tag on biological molecules
31 Hydroxyl Groups Hydroxyl group (-OH): a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton of the organic molecule Not to be confused with a hydroxide ion (OH-) These are considered alcohols (their specific names usually end in ol) Ex) Ethanol the alcohol present in alcoholic beverages Functional Properties: Polar due to presence of electronegative oxygen atom Can form H-bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve the organic compounds to which it is attached (like sugars)
32 Carbonyl Groups Carbonyl group (-C=O): consists of a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond, including: Ketones: if carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton (acetone) Aldehydes: if carbonyl group is at end of carbon skeleton (propanal) Functional Properties: Ketones and aldehydes may be structural isomers of one another with different properties (like acetone and propanal) Both groups are found in sugars, giving rise to 2 major groups of sugars: Aldoses: contain an aldehyde Ketoses: contain a ketone
33 Carboxyl Groups Carboxyl group (-COOH): when an oxygen atom is double-bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH) Compounds containing carboxyl groups are called carboxylic acids (or organic acids) Ex) acetic acid (gives vinegar its sour taste) Functional Properties: Has acidic properties (it s a source of H+ ions) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar Ex) Acetic acid dissociates into acetate ion Found in cells in ionized form (with 1 charge) These are called carboxylate ions
34 Amino Groups Amino group (-NH2): consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton Compounds with amino groups are called amines Ex) Glycine because it also has a carboxyl group, glycine is both an amine and a carboxylic acid Compounds with both of these groups are called AMINO ACIDS Functional Properties: Acts as a base (can pick up an H+ from surrounding solution; water in living organisms) Ionizes (with +1 charge) under cellular conditions
35 Sulfhydryl Groups Sulfhydryl group (-SH): consists of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom Resembles a hydroxyl group (-OH) in shape Compounds containing sulfhydryls are called THIOLS Ex) Cysteine an important sulfur-containing amino acid Functional Properties: 2 sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a covalent bond (this cross-linking helps stabilize protein structure) Cross-linking of cysteines in hair proteins maintains curliness or straightness of hair Straight hair can be curled with curlers by breaking and reforming the cross-linking bonds)
36 Phosphate Groups Phosphate group (-OPO3 2-): a phosphorus atom is bonded to 4 oxygen atoms and one of these oxygen atoms in bonded to carbon skeleton; 2 of the oxygens carry a negative charge Phosphate groups are ionized forms of phosphoric acid groups (-OPO3H2) Compounds containing phosphate groups are called organic phosphates Ex: glycerol phosphate takes part in many important chemical reactions in cells and provides backbone for phospholipids (most prevalent molecules in cell membrane) Functional Properties: Contributes negative charge to molecule of which it is a part (-2 when at end of molecule; -1 when located internally in chain of phosphates) Has potential to react with water, releasing energy (part of ATP)
37 Methyl Groups Methyl groups (-CH3): consists of a carbon atom bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms May be attached to a carbon or to a different atom Compounds containing methyl groups are called methylated compounds Ex) 5-Methyl cytidine component of DNA that has been modified by addition of methyl group Functional Properties: Addition of a methyl group to DNA or molecules bound to DNA affects expression of gene (how proteins are synthesized) Arrangement of methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function
38 ATP: An Important Source of Energy for Cellular Processes The phosphate molecule shown in the figure before shows a simple organic phosphate molecule A more complicated organic phosphate called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has a very important function in the cell It is the primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell Consists of molecule of adenosine attached to a string of 3 phosphate groups
39 Where 3 phosphate groups are present in series, one phosphate may split off as a result of a reaction with water This reaction creates an inorganic phosphate ion (HOPO 2-3 ) This is abbreviated as a P with a circle around it and a subscript of I By losing a phosphate, ATP becomes adenosine diphosphate (ADP) This reaction releases energy that can be used by the cell
40 The Chemical Elements of Life: A Review Living matter consists mainly of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, with smaller amount of sulfur and phosphorus These elements all form strong covalent bonds, which is an essential characteristic in the structure of complex organic molecules Of all these elements, carbon is the most versatile, making possible a great diversity of organic molecules Each of these organic molecules have particular properties that emerge from their unique arrangement of the carbon skeleton and the chemical groups suspended to that skeleton, leading to the foundation of all biological diversity
41 Concept Check 4.3 1) What does the term amino acid signify about the structure of such a molecule? 2) What chemical change occurs when ATP reacts with water and releases energy? 3) Suppose you has an organic molecule such as glycine (see Figure 4.10, amino group example, pp. 65), and you chemically removed the NH 2 group and replaced it with COOH. Draw the structural formula for this molecule and speculate about its chemical properties.
42 You should now be able to: 1. Explain how carbon s electron configuration explains its ability to form large, complex, diverse organic molecules 2. Describe how carbon skeletons may vary and explain how this variation contributes to the diversity and complexity of organic molecules 3. Distinguish among the three types of isomers: structural, geometric, and enantiomer Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
43 4. Name the major functional groups found in organic molecules; describe the basic structure of each functional group and outline the chemical properties of the organic molecules in which they occur 5. Explain how ATP functions as the primary energy transfer molecule in living cells Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Chapter 4. Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Lecture Outline Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Overview: Carbon The Backbone of Life Although cells are 70 95% water, the rest consists of mostly carbon-based compounds. Carbon enters
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Chapter 4 1 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Lecture Outline Overview: Carbon The Backbone of Biological Molecules Although cells are 70 95% water, the rest consists mostly of carbon-based compounds.
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Dr. Wendy Sera Houston Community College Biology 1406 Key Concepts in Chapter 4: 1. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds 2. Carbon atoms
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life CHAPTER 4
Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life CHAPTER 4 1 Carbon: The Backbone of Life Although cells are 70 95% water, the rest consists mostly of carbon-based compounds Carbon is unparalleled in its ability
More informationBIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life: Carbon: the Backbone of Life
BIOLOGY 101 CHAPTER 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life: CONCEPTS: 4.1 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds 4.2 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other
More informationChapter 4. Carbon: The Basis of Molecular Diversity. Lecture Presentations by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Pearson Education Ltd.
Chapter 4 Carbon: The Basis of Molecular Diversity Lecture Presentations by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Carbon: The Backbone of Life Living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity
More informationStructural Formula. Space-Filling Model (a) Methane
EXPERIMENT Water vapor CH 4 Atmosphere Electrode NH 3 H 2 Condenser Cooled water containing organic molecules Cold water H 2 O sea Sample for chemical analysis 1 Name Molecular Formula Structural Formula
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity
More informationOutline. Organic Compounds. Overview: Carbon: The Backbone of Life. I. Organic compounds II. Bonding with Carbon III. Isomers IV.
Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Outline I. Organic compounds II. Bonding with Carbon III. Isomers IV. Functional Groups Organic Compounds What is organic We think of organic produce
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions
More information4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Vitalism vs Mechanism
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Chapter 4 LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Carbon and the Molecular Diversity
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Chapter 4 LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Carbon and the Molecular Diversity
More informationCh. 2. Carbon: The Backbone of Life. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. carbon-based compounds. Molecules of life. cells 70 95% water
Ch. 2 Chemistry / Water / Carbon BIOL 222 Carbon: The Backbone of Life carbon-based compounds Molecules of life cells 70 95% water rest mostly carbon-based Carbon capable of forming large, complex, and
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
AP Biology - Summer Work - Chapter 4 Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of
More information4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Outline I. Organic compounds II. Bonding with Carbon III. Isomers IV. Functional Groups
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
The Star of The Show arbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life hapter 4 Pgs. 58-67 arbon is the Backbone of Life arbon enters the biosphere via plants It is the most vital atom in proteins, DNA, carbohydrates,
More informationChapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. 1. Organic Molecules 2. Chemical Groups
Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 1. Organic Molecules 2. Chemical Groups 1. Organic Molecules Chapter Reading pp. 57-62 Elements in Biological Molecules Biological macromolecules are
More information1. Organic Molecules. Elements in Biological Molecules 2/13/2016. Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 1. Organic Molecules 2. Chemical Groups 1. Organic Molecules Chapter Reading pp. 57-62 Elements in Biological Molecules Biological macromolecules are
More informationBiology news sources-
Biology news sources- http://www.nature.com/news/index.html http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2009/1001/1 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/default.stm Ancient Skeleton May Rewrite
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Overview: Carbon The Backbone of Biological Molecules
More informationChapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life All organisms are composed mostly of chemical structures based on the element carbon. This chapter builds upon information and concepts introduced in
More informationCarbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of molecules
CAPTER 4 CARBON AND MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OUTLINE I. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds II. III. IV. Carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of molecules Variation in carbon skeletons
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions
More informationChapter 4. Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. AP Biology Parkway Central H.S. A. Bergeron
Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life AP Biology Parkway Central.S. A. Bergeron Do Now: ydrocarbons are considered to be hydrophobic molecules. Why are hydrocarbons hydrophobic and not hydrophilic?
More informationBIOLOGY. Chapter 2.3 THE CHEMICAL FOUNDATION OF LIFE CARBON
BIOLOGY Chapter 2.3 THE CHEMICAL FOUNDATION OF LIFE CARBON Living Organisms Forms complex molecules 4 valance electrons Carbon Atom Carbon can bond to four other atoms or groups of atoms, making a large
More informationCarbon and. Molecular Diversity. Organic Molecules. The Carbon Atom. Carbon s Compatibility. Variations in Carbon Skeletons 10/13/2015
Organic Molecules Carbon and Molecular Diversity What is an organic molecule? Molecule that contains carbon What are the major elements of life? C, H, N, O, P, and S The Carbon Atom What makes the carbon
More informationCarbon and Molecular Diversity - 1
Carbon and Molecular Diversity - 1 Although water is the most abundant compound of living organisms, and the "medium" for the existence of life, most of the molecules from which living organisms are composed
More informationChapter 3 The Chemistry of Carbon
Complex molecules assembled like TinkerToys Chapter 3 The Chemistry of Carbon Why study Carbon? All living things are made of cells Cells ~72% H 2 O ~3% salts (Na, Cl, K ) ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates
More informationBIOLOGY I. Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
BIOLOGY I Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Carbon (C) accounts for the large diversity of biological molecules; it is the backbone of biological
More informationCH 3: Water and Life AP Biology
CH 3: Water and Life AP Biology 2007-2008 Life requires ~25 chemical elements About 25 elements are essential for life Four elements make up 96% of living matter: carbon (C) hydrogen (H) oxygen (O) nitrogen
More informationChemistry of Carbon. Building Blocks of Life
Chemistry of Carbon Building Blocks of Life 2007-2008 Why study Carbon? All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H2O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids ~3% salts Na, Cl,
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
arbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 1 arbon hemistry arbon is the Backbone of Biological Molecules (macromolecules) All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on the element carbon
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
4 arbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life K E Y E P T S 4.1 rganic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds 4.2 arbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms 4.3 A few chemical
More informationLecture 3: Water and carbon, the secrets of life
Lecture 3: Water and carbon, the secrets of life In this lecture Heat, temperature and energy The four emergent properties of water Acids and bases Carbon skeletons Hydrocarbons Isomers First, a little
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
4 arbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life KEY EPTS 4.1 rganic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds 4.2 arbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms 4.3 A few chemical groups
More informationWhy study Carbon? Chemistry of Life. Chemistry of Life. Hydrocarbons can grow. Hydrocarbons. Building Blocks. Combinations of C & H
Chemistry of Life Building Blocks Why study Carbon? All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids ~3% salts Na, Cl, K Chemistry of Life
More informationMr. Carpenter s Biology Biochemistry. Name Pd
Mr. Carpenter s Biology Biochemistry Name Pd Chapter 2 Vocabulary Atom Element Compound Molecule Ion Cohesion Adhesion Solution Acid Base Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Lipid Protein Amino acid Nucleic acid
More informationThe Molecules of Life Chapter 2
The Molecules of Life Chapter 2 Core concepts 1.The atom is the fundamental unit of matter. 2.Atoms can combine to form molecules linked by chemical bonds. 3.Water is essential for life. 4.Carbon is the
More informationBiol 205 S08 Week 2 Lecture 1
1. Intro to proteins 2. Basic carbon chemistry 3. Functional groups 4. Macromolecules in cells In Alberts: Chapter 2 pp. 50-52, 55-56 Biol 205 S08 Week 2 Lecture 1 Panels 2-1 (chemical bonds), 2-2 (water)
More informationPSI Chemistry. 3) How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 8
Organic Chemistry HW PSI Chemistry Name I - Organic Introduction 1) Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of A) functional groups. B) vital forces interacting with matter. C) carbon compounds.
More informationCh. 2 BASIC CHEMISTRY. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ch. 2 BASIC CHEMISTRY Matter and Composition of Matter Definition: Anything that has mass and occupies space Matter is made up of elements An element cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means Atoms
More informationBio10 Cell and Molecular Lecture Notes SRJC
Basic Chemistry Atoms Smallest particles that retain properties of an element Made up of subatomic particles: Protons (+) Electrons (-) Neutrons (no charge) Isotopes Atoms of an element with different
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY GUIDED NOTES - AP BIOLOGY-
BIOCHEMISTRY GUIDED NOTES - AP BIOLOGY- ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS - anything that has mass and takes up space. - cannot be broken down to other substances. - substance containing two or more different elements
More informationUnit 2: Basic Chemistry
Unit 2: Basic Chemistry I. Matter and Energy A. Matter anything that occupies space and has mass (weight) B. Energy the ability to do work 1. Chemical 2. Electrical 3. Mechanical 4. Radiant C. Composition
More informationThe Chemistry and Energy of Life
2 The Chemistry and Energy of Life Chapter 2 The Chemistry and Energy of Life Key Concepts 2.1 Atomic Structure Is the Basis for Life s Chemistry 2.2 Atoms Interact and Form Molecules 2.3 Carbohydrates
More informationReview Activity Module 1: Biological Chemistry
Review Activity Module 1: Biological Chemistry Laroche: The picture above is of a molecule calle MC1R. Based on what you ve learned so far about the various biological macromolecules, what kind of macromolecule
More informationU2.1.1: Molecular biology explains living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 62).
Unit 11: Biochemistry Study Guide U2.1.1: Molecular biology explains living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 62). 1. Define molecular biology.
More informationIntroductory Biochemistry
Introductory Biochemistry Instructors Dr. Nafez Abu Tarboush Dr. Mamoun Ahram Recommended textbooks Biochemistry; Mary K. Campbell and Shawn O. Farrell, Brooks Cole; 6 th edition Recommended electronic
More informationfile:///biology Exploring Life/BiologyExploringLife04/
Objectives Identify carbon skeletons and functional groups in organic molecules. Relate monomers and polymers. Describe the processes of building and breaking polymers. Key Terms organic molecule inorganic
More informationBiology Unit 2 Chemistry of Life (Ch. 6) Guided Notes
Name Biology Unit 2 Chemistry of Life (Ch. 6) Guided Notes Atoms, Elements, and Chemical Bonding I can draw atom models and identify the # protons, # neutrons, and # electrons in an atom. I can identify
More informationChem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline
Chem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline Slide 2 Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of and its compounds. The major sources of carbon are the fossil fuels: petroleum, natural gas,
More information`1AP Biology Study Guide Chapter 2 v Atomic structure is the basis of life s chemistry Ø Living and non- living things are composed of atoms Ø
`1AP Biology Study Guide Chapter 2 v Atomic structure is the basis of life s chemistry Ø Living and non- living things are composed of atoms Ø Element pure substance only one kind of atom Ø Living things
More informationChemistry 6/15/2015. Outline. Why study chemistry? Chemistry is the basis for studying much of biology.
Chemistry Biology 105 Lecture 2 Reading: Chapter 2 (pages 20-29) Outline Why study chemistry??? Elements Atoms Periodic Table Electrons Bonding Bonds Covalent bonds Polarity Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonding
More informationFigure 1.3. Order. Response to the environment. Evolutionary adaptation. Reproduction. Regulation. Energy processing. Growth and development
Figure 1.3 Order Response to the environment Evolutionary adaptation Reproduction Regulation Energy processing Growth and development Theme: New Properties Emerge at Each Level in the Biological Hierarchy
More informationA Brief Overview of Biochemistry. And I mean BRIEF!
A Brief Overview of Biochemistry And I mean BRIEF! Introduction A. Chemistry deals with the composition of substances and how they change. B. A knowledge of chemistry is necessary for the understanding
More informationBiology 30 The Chemistry of Living Things
Biology 30 The Chemistry of Living Things Hierarchy of organization: Chemistry: MATTER: Periodic Table: ELEMENT: Ex. oxygen, gold, copper, carbon COMPOUND: Ex. salt (NaCl), H 2 O ELEMENTS ESSENTIAL TO
More informationDivision Ave. High School AP Biology
Division Ave. igh School Ms. Foglia Chemistry of Carbon Bilding Blocks of Life Why stdy Carbon? All of life is bilt on carbon Cells ~72% 2O ~25% carbon componds carbohydrates lipids proteins ncleic acids
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY 10/9/17 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE. Elements: simplest form of a substance - cannot be broken down any further without changing what it is
BIOCHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY OF LIFE Elements: simplest form of a substance - cannot be broken down any further without changing what it is THE ATOM Just like cells are the basic unit of life, the ATOM is the
More informationChemistry Review: Atoms
Chemistry Review: Atoms Atoms are made up : nucleus containing protons and neutrons orbitals containing electrons (2, 8, 8,...). Valence electrons outermost electrons Chemistry Review: Atoms All atoms
More informationGuided Notes Unit 1: Biochemistry
Name: Date: Block: Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life I. Concept 2.1: Atoms, Ions, and Molecules a. Atoms Guided Notes Unit 1: Biochemistry i. Atom: _ ii. (They are SUPER small! It would take 3 million carbon
More informationAP Biology Summer Assignment Biology by Campbell ISBN: S
AP Biology Summer Assignment 2018 Required textbook: Biology by Campbell ISBN:978-0-321-77565-8 S Please read Unit 1 (Chapters 1-5) and answer the attached questions (reading guides). Please print the
More informationOrganic Chemistry (1)
Organic Chemistry (1) Course Number and Symbol: Credit hours: (2+0) 240 Chem 1 What is Organic Chemistry? Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds that contain the element carbon. Carbon compounds
More informationSlide 1 / 97. Organic Chemistry: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Slide 1 / 97 Organic Chemistry: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Slide 2 / 97 Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds Organic compounds range from simple molecules
More informationCHEMICAL BONDS. Attraction that holds molecules together Involves valence electrons. Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds. Involves sharing of.
CHEMICAL BONDS DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION: Attraction that holds molecules together Involves valence electrons TYPES: Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Involves sharing of electrons Electronegativities O = 3.5 N
More information2/25/2013. Electronic Configurations
1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2 Chemical Principles The Structure of Atoms Chemistry is the study of interactions between atoms and molecules The atom is the smallest unit of matter that enters into chemical reactions
More informationChapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry
Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry The study of carbon compounds constitutes a separate branch of chemistry known as organic chemistry The
More informationOpenStax-CNX module: m Carbon. OpenStax College. Abstract. By the end of this section, you will be able to:
OpenStax-CNX module: m44393 1 Carbon OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section, you will be able
More informationChapter 2. Introduction: Chapter Chemical Basis of Life. Structure of Matter:
Chapter 2.1-2.2 Read text 2.1 and describe why chemistry is important in understanding life. Read text 2.2 and discuss how atomic structure determines how atoms interact. Also describe the types of chemical
More information2: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE BODY
1 2: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE BODY Although most students of human physiology have had at least some chemistry, this chapter serves very well as a review and as a glossary of chemical terms. In particular,
More informationChemistry of Life. Chapters 2 & 3. Credit: Larry Stepanowicz. Learning Objectives
Chemistry of Life Chapters 2 & 3 Credit: Larry Stepanowicz Learning Objectives 1. Differentiate between the definitions of an atom, element, ion, and molecule. 2. Describe why and how atoms react chemically.
More informationNORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE. Honors Biology I
NOTE/STUDY GUIDE: Unit 1-2, Biochemistry Honors Biology I, Mr. Doc Miller, M.Ed. North Central High School Name: Period: Seat #: Date: NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE Honors Biology I Unit
More informationBiological Science, 6e (Freeman/Quillin/Allison) Chapter 2 Water and Carbon: The Chemical Basis of Life
Biological Science, 6e (Freeman/Quillin/Allison) Chapter 2 Water and Carbon: The Chemical Basis of Life 1) About twenty-five of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which 4 of these
More informationChapter 11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Chapter 11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction
More informationUnit Two Chemistry of the Human Body
I. Introduction to atoms Unit Two Chemistry of the Human Body A. Chemistry is the branch of science that concerns itself with the structure of matter, including the interaction between atoms. 1. Atoms-
More informationResearch Science Biology The study of living organisms (Study of life)
Scientific method Why is there a hypothesis and prediction? If only prediction: then there is no way to finish the prediction and conclude whether the results support the hypothesis If surfaces are sampled
More informationAtomic weight = Number of protons + neutrons
1 BIOLOGY Elements and Compounds Element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. Essential elements are chemical elements required for an organism to survive,
More informationName Date. Chapter 2 - Chemistry Guide Microbiology (MCB 2010C) Part 1
Name Date Chapter 2 - Chemistry Guide Microbiology (MCB 2010C) Part 1 The study of biology in the 21 st century is actually the study of biochemistry. In order to be successful in this course, it is important
More information2/25/2015. Chapter 4. Introduction to Organic Compounds. Outline. Lecture Presentation. 4.1 Alkanes: The Simplest Organic Compounds
Lecture Presentation Outline Chapter 4 Introduction to Organic Compounds 4.2 Representing Structures of Organic Compounds Julie Klare Fortis College Smyrna, GA Alkanes are structurally simple organic compounds
More informationA. Atoms: The Constituents of Matter
A. Atoms: The Constituents of Matter Lecture Series 2 Small Molecules: Structure and Function An element is made up of only one kind of atom. The number of protons identifies the element. Isotopes differ
More information1. (5) Draw a diagram of an isomeric molecule to demonstrate a structural, geometric, and an enantiomer organization.
Organic Chemistry Assignment Score. Name Sec.. Date. Working by yourself or in a group, answer the following questions about the Organic Chemistry material. This assignment is worth 35 points with the
More informationMatter: Elements and Compounds
Matter: Elements and Compounds Matter is defined as anything that takes up space and has mass. Matter exists in many diverse forms, each with its own characteristics. Rock, metals, and glass are just few
More informationChapter 2: Chemical Basis of Life
Chapter 2: Chemical Basis of Life Chemistry is the scientific study of the composition of matter and how composition changes. In order to understand human physiological processes, it is important to understand
More informationImportant Biological Compounds. organic molecules
Important Biological Compounds organic molecules Carbon containing compounds are the building blocks of life. All the functions of the cell are based on chemical reactions. Carbon containing compounds
More informationBio-elements. Living organisms requires only 27 of the 90 common chemical elements found in the crust of the earth, to be as its essential components.
Bio-elements Living organisms requires only 27 of the 90 common chemical elements found in the crust of the earth, to be as its essential components. Most of the chemical components of living organisms
More informationThe Chemical Level of Organization
Scuola di Ingegneria Industriale e dell Informazione Course 096125 (095857) Introduction to Green and Sustainable Chemistry The Chemical Level of Organization Prof. (and Ada Truscello) Dept. CMIC http://iscamap.chem.polimi.it/citterio/education/course-topics/
More informationChemistry Basics. Matter anything that occupies space and has mass Energy the ability to do work. Chemical Electrical Mechanical Radiant. Slide 2.
Chemistry Basics Matter anything that occupies space and has mass Energy the ability to do work Chemical Electrical Mechanical Radiant Slide 2.1 Composition of Matter Elements Fundamental units of matter
More informationChapter 2 Chemical Aspects of Life
Chapter 2 Chemical Aspects of Life Multiple Choice Questions 1. Anything that has weight and occupies space can be described as A. an atom. B. matter. C. a compound. D. a molecule. #1 Learning Outcome:
More informationChapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry
Chapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry Organic Chemistry The chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon has the ability to form long chains. Without this property, large biomolecules such as proteins,
More informationChapter 002 The Chemistry of Biology
Chapter 002 The Chemistry of Biology Multiple Choice Questions 1. Anything that occupies space and has mass is called A. Atomic B. Living C. Matter D. Energy E. Space 2. The electrons of an atom are A.
More informationAP Bio Organic Practice Test
AP Bio Organic Practice Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Electrons exist only at fixed levels of potential energy. However, if an atom
More information