Industrial Textiles & Plastics Ltd 17/02/2012
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1 Introduction Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetic Polymers to Hydrocarbons and Toxic Soil Contaminants Presented by James Holt Outline Background Environmental Contaminants Review Geosynthetic materials Review of Chemical Resistance test methods Chemical Resistance Permeation New Barrier Technology Applications References 1
2 Background Established 1989 Producer of building membranes and chemical protection fabrics Expertise in Flame Retardant and Chemical Resistant Technologies Product Groups Weather Protection & Containment Building Membranes Gas Barriers Chemical Barriers Background Weather Protection & Containment Building Membranes UV Resistant Facade membranes Roof Underlays Breather Membranes & Vapour Control Layers 2
3 Background Chemical Barrier fabrics CBRN shelters Chemical protection clothing Barrier technology incorporated into Puraflex Environmental Contaminants Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Cyclohexane Diesel Fuel Hexane Jet Fuel Petrol / Gasoline White Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons 1.1-Biphenyl Anthracene (PAH)* Acenaphthene (PAH)* Benzene (BTEX) Benzo(a)anthracene (PAH)* Benzo(a)pyrene (PAH)* Benzo(b)fluoroanthene (PAH)* Benzo(ghi)perylene (PAH)* Benzo(k)fluoroanthene (PAH)* Chrysene (PAH)* Dibenzo(ah)anthracene (PAH)* Ethylbenzene (BTEX) Fluoranthene (PAH)* Fluorene (PAH)* Idendo(1.2.3-cd)pyrene (PAH)* Isopropyl BenzineNaphthalene (PAH)* Pyrene (PAH)* Styrene Toluene (BTEX) Xylene (BTEX) Halogenated Hydrocarbons Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethane Trichloroethane 1.2-Dibromoethane 1.2-Dichloroethane Trichlorobenzene Ti Carbon Tetrachloride Chlorobenzene (VOC)** Chlorotoluene Chloroform Dioxins and Furans Hexachlorobuta-1,3-diene Pentachlorobenzene Pentachlorophenol Polychlorinated biphenyls Tetrachlorobenzene Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethene (VOC)** Vinyl Chloride (VOC)** Metals Arsenic, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead, Mercury, Nickel, Selenium, Vanadium, Zinc Organics Methyl-tert-butyl-ether tert ether Phenol Inorganics Carbon Disulphide Cyanides Pesticides Dieldrin DDT HCH Gases Carbon dioxide Methane Radon * Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ** Volatile Organic Compound 3
![ethylene interpolymer alloy [ Coolgard TM, XR-5 TM, UltraTech TM, Elvaloy TM ] Aluminium Laminates Geosynthetic Materials Limited Chemical](/docs-images/84/91009959/images/4-1.jpg "Resistance Information Industry practice to compile resistance charts Information often sparse and qualitative Do not provide any performance")
4 Geosynthetic Materials PVC polyvinyl chloride Butyl Rubber polyisobutylene / PIB EDPM ethylene propylene diene monomer CSPE chlorosulphonated polyethylene [Hypalon TM ] CR polychloroprene [Neoprene TM ] PP polypropylene LDPE low density polyethylene HDPE high density polyethylene EIA ethylene interpolymer alloy [ Coolgard TM, XR-5 TM, UltraTech TM, Elvaloy TM ] Aluminium Laminates Geosynthetic Materials Limited Chemical Resistance Information Industry practice to compile resistance charts Information often sparse and qualitative Do not provide any performance data 4
5 Test Methods EN and EN Test Procedure Immersion test 50 ºC for 56 days Visual inspection Measurements of Tensile Strength & Elongation variances Pass criterion is merely residual strength >75% * Test Procedures equivalent to ASTM D5322 within EPA method 9090 and ASTM D5747. Permeation Permeation Test Method Each challenge chemical exposed to the sample in a permeation cell Sweep gas to MS or GC 5
6 Permeation Permeation Testing Breakthrough time Steady State t Permeation Rate g/cm 2 /min Key Points Materials & Tests Common Geosynthetic Materials Limited chemical resistance spectrum of homogenous mono-polymer membrane materials Current Test Methods Limited scope of challenge chemicals Lack of Quantitative chemical resistance data Immersion testing measures Resilience, i.e. the effect of the challenge chemical on the membrane s physical characteristics. Performance is measured by Permeation 6
7 Hydrocarbon Resistant Common HDPE membranes: Active-guard HB hydrocarbon barrier [Timloc] CarbonBlock [Geosynthetics] Corden TM EPS Hydrocarbon Membrane Barrier Hazgard TM /Arctic Liner NT TM (America) Landflex TM HCR [Landline ] Monarflex Besoguard [Icopal] Visqueen GX geomembrane [BPI plc] How effective is HDPE? All Trade Names and Registered Trade Marks are acknowledged and remain the property of the respective companies as above. Landflex HCR [Landline] Landflex HCR [Landline] published data 1.0mm HDPE ISO 6170 method B Toluene 6.4 gm/m 2 /hr ( = 56,064 gm/m 2 /yr ) Xylene 3.5 gm/m 2 /hr ( = 30,660 gm/m 2 /yr ) Are these permeation rates really fit for purpose? All Trade Names and Registered Trade Marks are acknowledged and remain the property of the respective companies as above. 7
8 Aluminium Laminate Control Sample EN Method A Immersion 20% Sulphuric Acid Failure (oxidation) 0 days 2 weeks Aluminium Laminate Control Sample EN Method A Immersion 2.0% Sulphuric Acid Failure (oxidation) 0 days 16 weeks 8
9 Chemical Resistance Factors affecting Chemical Resistance Geosynthetic material polymer Challenge chemical Chemical concentration Toxic Additivity External Factors Area, Duration and Frequency of chemical exposure Temperature ph Aeration, Flow velocity, Exposure to weathering, Mechanical load Chemical Resistance Molecular structure characteristics Molecular Weight - Chain length is directly related to polymer strength Molecular Weight Distribution - Relationship between the number of species and the molar mass Crystallinity - Ratio of amorphous regions to crystalline regions within the polymer s structure Polarity - Distribution of electrons 9
10 Chemical Resistance Polymer HDPE LDPE PP PVC Crystallinity % Tensile Strength Good Fair Good Poor Brittle Deformation Poor Good Fair Excellent Chemical Resistance Good Fair Good Poor Polarity Non-Polar Non-Polar Non-Polar Polar Polarity Polar & Non-polar Chemicals Normally an atom has an even distribution of electrons in the orbits If more end up on one side that the other in a molecule, there is a resulting electrical field in that area Polar Non-polar H 2 O CO 2 10
11 Polarity General rule Polar + Polar = Soluble Non-polar + Non-polar = Soluble Polar + Non-polar = Not Soluble e.g. Water (Polar) + Oil (Non-Polar) Why is this significant? Methanol (Polar) Hydrocarbons (Non-polar) HDPE (Non-polar) Polarity PVC polyvinyl chloride Polar Butyl Rubber polyisobutylene / PIB Non-Polar EDPM ethylene propylene diene monomer Non-Polar CSPE chlorosulphonated polyethylene Polar [Hypalon TM ] CR polychloroprene [Neoprene TM ] Polar PP polypropylene Non-Polar LDPE low density polyethylene Non-Polar HDPE high h density polyethylene l Non-Polar EIA ethylene interpolymer alloy Polar [ Coolgard TM, XR-5 TM, UltraTech TM, Elvaloy TM ] 11
12 Chemical Resistance Solubility Parameters Graphical representation Green Sphere = polymer Red Satellites = challenge chemicals δd Dispersion Solubility Parameter δh Hydrogen Bonding Solubility Parameter δp Polar Solubility Parameter The closer the challenge chemical is to the polymer > Solubility > Permeation rate Permeation Sorption Partitioning of the chemical to the liner governed by Henry s Law : Cg = Sgf*C 2 Diffusion Migration on a molecular scale through the barrier expressed by Fick s first Law : f = -D g * (dc g / dz) 3 Desorption Partitioning between the chemical and the outer surface of the barrier 12
13 Permeation polymer comparisons Permeation Rate mg/m 2 /year Challenge 100 mg/kg 20ºC 0.00E E E E E E E E E E E+03 Puraflex 0.45mm HDPE 1.5mm Butyl 1.5mm EPDM 1.5mm PVC 1.5mm CSPE 1.5mm Polychloroprene 1.5mm Benzene Fluorene Hexane Methyl Isopropyl Ketone Vinyl Chloride Polychloroprene 1.5mm 1.52E E E E E+03 CSPE 1.5mm 1.65E E E E E+02 PVC 1.5mm 1.90E E E E E+03 EPDM 1.5mm 1.52E E E E E+03 Butyl 1.5mm 1.90E E E E E+03 HDPE 1.5mm 5.60E E E E E+03 Puraflex 0.45mm 3.52E E E E E-01 Permeation BTEX Comparisons Permeation Rate mg/m2/year Challenge 100 mg/kg 20ºC Vinyl Chloride Xylene Toluene Ethyl Benzene Benzene Benzene Ethyl Benzene Toluene Xylene Vinyl Chloride Puraflex 450 µm 3.52E E E E E-01 HDPE 1500 µm 5.44E E E E E+03 13
14 New Technology Composite construction Polar and Non-polar polymers Resistant to Non-Polar and Polar challenge chemicals Barrier Technology Extruded multi-layer composite Incorporates Polar and Non-polar layers Chemical Resistant core Thermally weldable Polar (Methanol) Non-Polar (Hydrocarbons) Non-polar Polar Non-polar Microscopy Cross section Seam weld After creasing 14
15 Design & Installation Can be thermally welded on site or pre-fabricated under factory conditions. Can be installed in various ways for the foundations of buildings. Textured vertical DPC is available Puraflex tank incorporates a bituminous adhesive on one side for tanking applications. Design & Installation Installation Compatible with existing installation methods Conventional geosynthetic membrane welding equipment Typically a Leister Twinny S hot air wedge welder BS EN Qualified Installers recommended Rapid 4m/min installation 15
16 Applications INDUSTRIAL Chemical waste containment Petrochemical sites Retention ponds Secondary containment liners & basins Sludge desiccation basins Under Tank foundations Pipeline trench liners CIVIL ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION Basement linings Brown-field developments & Land reclamation Building foundations (gas barrier) Tanking Tunnel linings Underground structures PROTECTING WATER RESOURCES Groundwater protection Canals, dikes & dams Effluent treatment Fluid barrier Reedbeds Reservoir & potable water lining Water storage & treatment WASTE Landfill capping - (not liner itself 2mm HDPE) Transfer stations Waste disposal & storage sites (liquid & solid) AGRICULTURE Agricultural waste Biogas production tanks Slurry lagoons Puraflex Permeation Modeller Permeation Modeller Software Specifically written for environmental consultants, hydro-geologists & geotechnical engineers Upload soil analysis concentrations Enter variables Output permeation rates Risk Assessment Models (e.g.clea) 16
17 Website and Technical Publications Puraflex Permeation Modeller (PPM) Software Product Information brochure Technical Data Sheet Design & Installation instructions Sample Specification Safety data sheet COSHH, MSDS puraflex.com Software Downloads Technical Updates Project News Latest Chemical Test Data References ASTM D5322. Laboratory Immersion Procedures for evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to liquids. ASTM D5747. Tests to Evaluate Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to Liquids. CLAIRE Report. The soil generic assessment criteria for human health risk assessment. Bromwich.D.W The design of permeation cells for testing chemical protective clothing (1999). Phd Thesis Griffith University. EN Geosynthetics Screening test method for determining chemical resistance for landfill applications (2004). EN Geosynthetics barriers Test methods for determining the resistance to leaching (2004). Lampman.S.W. Characterization and failure analysis of plastics (2003). ASM International. ti Method 9090A. Compatibility test for Wastes and Membrane Liners. Sangam.H.P. & Rowe.R.K. Migration of dilute aqueous organic pollutants through a HDPE geomembrane (2001). Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 19 pp Scheirs.J. A guide to polymeric geomembranes: A practical approach (2009). Wiley. 17
18 Thank you! 18
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