C n H 2n. C n H 2n+1 OH

Transcription

1 n 2n+2 alkanes n 2n alkanes n 2n+2 n 2n n 2n2 alkynes n 2n+1 alcohols alkynes n 2n2 alcohols n 2n+1 Br alkene alkyne alcohol (1 o ) (bromoalkane) N + Na l carboxylic acid amine sodium salt of carboxylic acid (chloroalkane)

2 ydrogenation ( Pt catalyst) ydration ( 2 / + ) Substitution (l 2 / Br 2 ) Addition ( 2, 2, l 2, Br 2, l, Br etc) addition of 2 addition of water exchange atom another add atoms of molecule across double bond Polymerisation is process where join to m a dehydration between amine + l between carboxylic acid + Na monomers polymer removal of water acidbase or neutralisation acidbase or neutralisation Elimination (from an alcohol) Dehydration (of an alcohol) also an elimination orange Br 2 water is rapidly decolourised by [1] but slowly by [2] (needs UV light) Purple acidified Mn 4 is decolourised if it is shaken an [1] but NT an [2] alcohol alkene alcohol alkene [1] [2] alkanes [1] alkene [2] alkane Type of mula Type of mula alogenation alogenation 3 () 3 of an alkane, eg Br 2 needs and/or to occur eg Br 2 (in UV light) produces structural expanded structural condensed UV light / heat 6 13 Br + Br (monosubstituted)

3 IUPA naming IUPA naming Addition of X or 2 () to alkene: adds to carbon that has most s already Useful saying to remember Markovnikov's rule addition of X/ 2 to an alkene methyl, ethyl, propyl butyl, pentyl, hexyl Markovnikov's rule the rich get richer + /Mn 4 bservation + /Mn 4 Product Polymerisation n( 2 4 ) polymerises to m Polymerisation n( 3 6 ) polymerises to m purple colour is decolourised a diol eg 2 () 2 ( 2 4 ) n polyethene ( 3 6 ) n polypropene name molecular mula family lass of alcohol lass of alcohol lass of alcohol ethyne, 2 2, alkyne secondary primary tertiary To oxidise a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid To eliminate 2 from an alcohol To hydrate an alkene (turn alkene to alcohol) To make an amine from a heat + /r or + /Mn 4 heat conc. 2 S 4 + / 2 conc. N 3 (alc)

4 Useful saying to remember Saytzeff's rule removal of X / 2 from R or Rl Removal of X from an : lost from carbon that has least Removal of 2 from an alcohol: lost from carbon that has least rganic compounds often a fishy smell that turn red litmus blue the poor get poorer Saytzeff's rule Saytzeff's rule amines single bond remains a single bonds but an atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms single bond becomes a = double bonds & two atoms or small groups are removed from a molecule = double bond ms a single bond in its place as well as ming two new single bonds To convert R into Rl substitution elimination addition Use Pl 3, Pl 5 or Sl 2 3 a reactive metal like Mg ( 3 ) 2 Mg + 2 gas 3 sodium carbonate Na Na gas Reactions of carboxylic acids UI paper or litmus UI turns orange, blue litmus turns red: due to + Reactions of carboxylic acids With Na or Na 2 3 or Na 3 are acidbase s ion cis or trans? cis or trans? cis or trans? cis or trans? cisbut2ene transbut2ene cispent2ene transpent2ene

5 Removal of 2 from R or l from Rl produces. Same molecular mula, different arrangement of atoms eg 3 7 as 1 o & 2 o alcohol isomers have the same molecular mula but differ in sequence in the atoms are joined isomers can occur in molecules double bonds, because rotation of the atoms in the carbon carbon double bond is restricted. an alkene structural isomers structural geometrical / cistrans lassification of Br Br lassification of lassification of l istrans isomers must have different groups attached to each of the carbons in the double bond. secondary primary tertiary two To convert Rl into R (substitution) To convert Rl into an alkene (elimination) Reagents Pl 3, Pl 5 and Sl 2 can be used to convert to heat K(aq) or Na(aq) heat K(alc) or Na(alc) Alcohol to No Brain Too Small EMISTRY