Welcome to the Supercharged Science. Chemistry Course!

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Robyn Baldwin
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1 Welcome to the Supercharged Science Chemistry Course! You can fill out this worksheet as we go along to get the most out of time together, or you can use it as a review exercise at the end of the class to see where your strengths are. What we re going to cover today: States of matter Supercooling Atomic and molecular structure Acids and Bases Chemical reaction rates Catalysts Endothermic and exothermic reactions Polymers Write down two things you really want to know about chemistry Do this NOW: Write down WHY you want to learn about the things you mentioned above. What will it give you, or provide you with, or make possible for you if you now understand these things that you wanted to learn? IMPORTANT: During class, you can either fill out the worksheet, OR if that s too stressful or a hassle, just set it aside and fill it out after class is over so you can enjoy watching the class. Answer key is on the last page, so put it in a place where you won t be tempted to peek at the answers until after you ve given it your best shot Supercharged Science Page 1

2 Material List for Experiments in Lesson 3 (Teleclass Video): Aluminum pie plate Bowl Clear glue or white glue Disposable cups Goggles & gloves Hydrogen peroxide OPTIONAL: Instant reusable hand warmer (containing sodium acetate ) Liquid soap Popsicle sticks Scissors or pliers Sodium tetraborate (also called Borax ) Water bottle Yeast Yellow highlighter 2016 Supercharged Science Page 2

3 During the Lesson: You can look over the worksheet so you know what to listen for as you go through the class with me, or you can go through it along with me during class. OR flip it over and forget about it and just enjoy the class. When class is over, flip it back over and fill it out and be amazed at how much you ve picked up and learned! 1. A chemist new compounds and materials in a lab. 2. A chemical engineer deals with reactions and factory scale equipment. 3. Chemistry is the study of and how matter with other matter and energy. 4. Chemists want to control the of a reaction AND the of a reaction. 5. A changes the rate of the reaction but doesn t get involved in the reaction itself. 6. Matter is made of. 7. are built from atoms. 8. The number of determines the type of atom Supercharged Science Page 3

4 9. Five elements needed for life: 10. Five states of matter are: 11. A is a long chain of molecules, like the glue we used in our second experiment. 12. happens when you cool a liquid very slowly past its freezing point. 13. contains anthocyanin, which changes colors depending if it s exposed to acidic or basic solutions. 14. Density is basically how packed atoms are. 15. The number is the number of in the atom Supercharged Science Page 4

5 16. An ion has an electrical, because the number of protons and don t match. 17. Isotopes are when the number of changes but the remain the same. 18. A is the amount of a substance that has the same number of as found in 12 grams of carbon C A is a compound used to test for the presence of another substance by causing a reaction. 20. Limiting limit the amount of products that can be formed. Reactants are not used up are called reagents. 21. Aqueous reactions happen in. 22. An is a substance that into ions when dissolved in water. 23. Precipitate reactions create an salt. 24. Acids are proton, turn blue litmus paper red, and react with and metals to form salts. 25. ph (power of Hydrogen) is a measure of how a substance is Supercharged Science Page 5

6 26. Bases are proton, turn red litmus paper blue, and react with to form salts. 27. In an acid base reaction, the acid donates a to the base. 28. Baking soda and vinegar is a reaction. 29. Titration is how chemists determine how many of an acid or base are present in a. 30. Redox reactions transfer between compounds. 31. The oxidation number is the charge an has. 32. Thermochemistry is the science of with chemical reactions. 33. Temperature is a for molecules. 34. Temperature measures how fast the are vibrating and moving. 35. The the temperature, the the molecules are vibrating and moving Supercharged Science Page 6

7 36. Thermal energy is how much the are moving inside an object. The molecules move, the thermal energy it has. 37. The movement of thermal energy is called. 38. Heat goes from to. 39. Objects heat when they melt and evaporate/boil. 40. Objects heat when they freeze and condense. 41. Heat capacity is how much an object can absorb it increases in temperature. 42. Specific heat is how much energy a of a material must absorb before it increases 1 C. 43. Temperature is during a phase change. 44. Naturally radioactive elements emit without absorbing it first. 45. splits the nucleus of an atom, which releases. 46. combines lighter atomic together and releases energy Supercharged Science Page 7

8 47. Radiation is or of an atom that are released. 48. Alpha particles or nuclei 49. particles or electrons 50. Gamma 51. The residual binds the protons and neutrons together. 52. The fundamental strong force holds the together within each proton and neutron. 53. The electromagnetic force binds the to the nucleus. 54. Energy can take one of two forms: or. 55. Photons are little packets of. 56. The happens when light of a minimum frequency shines on a surface and ejects electrons. 57. A spectrometer is an instrument that light signals into different. 58. bonds share 2, 4, or 6 electrons between atoms. 59. Water is a molecule Supercharged Science Page 8

9 60. Chemical reactions that release energy in the form of are exothermic. 61. Endothermic reactions need to energy in order to react. 62. Gases assume the of their container. 63. Gases have lower than solid or liquid phases 64. Gases are more easily than solid or liquids. 65. Gases and evenly when confined to the same volume. 66. A solid has a and a shape. 67. All solids have the ability of solids to be stretched, twisted or squashed and come back to its original shape, called. 68. Solids undergo and compression. 69. Plasma is a hot gas of positive and free electrons. 70. Most chemical reactions are. 71. When products and reactants remain the same, the reaction is in equilibrium. 72. A change in a chemical system triggers an reaction Supercharged Science Page 9

10 73. The energy needed to completely remove an electron from an atom (or ion) is the energy. 74. Electrochemistry is the study of the chemical processes that cause to move (called electricity), usually through a reaction. 75. A voltaic (galvanic) cell produces through a spontaneous chemical reaction. 76. Oxidation happens when a compound (increases oxidation state). 77. Reduction occurs when a compound (decreases oxidation state). 78. A reaction is an exothermic chemical reaction between a fuel and, giving energy in the form of heat and light. 79. Synthesis reactions combine compounds together into more complicated. 80. Displacement reactions replace one with another Supercharged Science Page 10

11 81. Hydrolysis is a reaction that breaks a in a molecule using. 82. Catalysts the reaction rate without being. 83. Fireworks use fuel,, coloring agents,, regulators, and reducing agents. 84. A is a large molecule made up of chains or rings linked in. 85. What I didn t know about chemistry until class today was: 2016 Supercharged Science Page 11

12 Vocabulary Words: Acids are sour (like a lemon), react with metals, and can burn your skin. They register between 1 and 7 on the ph scale. An acid base reaction deals with reactions that involve hydrogen (protons). Atoms are made of a core group of neutrons and protons, with an electron cloud circling the nucleus. Avogadro s constant is x 10 23, and since mole is a lot easier to write than x 10 23, chemists like to use it to help keep track of the particles in a chemical reaction. It s a handy way to convert between atoms and grams, or even molecules and grams. Balancing Chemical Reactions Learning how to figure out whether a chemical reaction will occur and what comes out the other end is found by writing a balanced chemical equation to describe a chemical reaction. Bases are bitter (like baking soda), slippery, and can also burn your skin. They measure between 7 and 14 on the ph scale. Bose Einstein condensate is atoms at such a low state of energy that the atoms actually blend together. Bose Einstein condensate occurs only in laboratories under outrageously cold conditions. The electrons in the outermost shell are the ones that form the bonds with other atoms. When one atom accepts or donates an electron to another atom, an ionic bond is formed. When the atoms share the electron(s), a covalent bond is formed. Usually an electron is more attracted to one atom than another, which forms polar covalent bond between atoms. By knowing the value of the bond energy, we can predict if a chemical reaction will be exothermic or endothermic. A chemical change rearranges the molecules and atoms to create new molecule combinations (like a campfire). Chemists study chemical kinetics when they want to control the speed of a reaction as well as what gets generated from the process (the products of the reaction). Several factors affect the speed of a chemical reaction, including catalysts, surface area, temperature, and concentration. A combustion reaction gives off energy, usually in the form of heat and light. Atoms in a solid have a tendency to form crystals. Since the molecules are pulled close together and tightly, they form specific patterns Supercharged Science Page 12

13 A decomposition reaction breaks a complicated molecule into simpler ones A double displacement (metathesis) reaction has two compounds exchanging bonds to form new compounds The chemical reaction inside electrochemical cells is also a redox reaction. Batteries (also known as galvanic or voltaic cells) use a spontaneous chemical reaction inside to create energy. Non spontaneous cells require an energy source (like a battery) in order for the chemical reaction to occur, called electrolysis. Splitting the water molecule into parts (hydrogen and oxygen) requires power (electrolysis) to break the bonds. Electronegativity is how attracted an electron is to an atom. Thin layers of metal can be moved from one object to another using the electroplating technique. Elements A substance made up of only one particular kind of atom is called a chemical element, and you can find a whole slew of these on the periodic table. The number assigned to the chemical element refers to the number of protons in the nucleus. Endothermic reactions are reactions that absorb heat when they react (like a cold compresses). Energy is the ability to do work. Energy can be transferred, in other words it can be changed from one form to another and from one object to another. Exothermic reactions release energy in the form of heat, light, and sound (think fireworks). Gases have no bonds between the molecules. The jiggling motion in atoms is called heat. Ideal Gas Law Pure substances all behave about the same when they are gases. The Ideal Gas Law relates temperature, pressure, and volume of these gases in one simple statement: PV = nrt where P = pressure, V = volume, T = temperature, n = number of moles, and R is a constant. Different indicators are used for specific ranges of acids and bases. Phenolphthalein changes from clear to pink when added to a base. Atoms that have an electrical charge are called ions, as they have a different number of electrons than protons Supercharged Science Page 13

14 Ionization energy (measured in electronvolts, ev) is the amount of energy needed to completely remove an electron from gaseous atom or ion. Le Chatelier's Principle predicts how changes in pressure, temperature, volume, or concentration will cause a reaction to shift and compensate for these changes. Liquids have loose, stringy bonds between molecules that hold molecules together but allow them some flexibility. Mass is a measure of how much matter (how many atoms) make up an object. Matter is anything that has mass (anything that is affected by gravity). Most matter on our planet is made up of atoms and ions. Not all matter is made up of atoms, but all matter is made up of some kind of particle. Changing from a solid to a liquid is called melting. Melting point is the temperature at which a material changes from solid to liquid. Objects absorb heat as they melt. Moles A mole is a unit of measurement, just like inches or meters. One mole is the amount of a substance that has the same number of particles as found in 12 grams of carbon C 12, which is x particles. A molecule is the smallest unit of a compound that still has the compound s properties attached to it. Molecules are made up of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. Nuclear reactions deal with changes inside the nucleus of an atom. Neutralization Reaction (Hydrolysis) When acids and bases react with each other, they sometimes form a salt and water. A periodic chart has a bunch of boxes, each representing one element. In each box is a ton of information about each element. In the upper left hand corner of each box is what s called the atomic number. The atomic number is the same as the number of protons in the atom. ph stands for power of hydrogen and is a measure of how acidic a substance is. A physical change happens when the molecules stay the same, but the volume and/or shape change (like wadding up tissue). Plasma is basically a very high energy gas. It is not very common on Earth but is the most common state of matter in the universe Supercharged Science Page 14

15 Polymers are long chains of slippery molecules. Coagulation happens when you cross linking the chains into a fishnet looking design. Different factors affect the rate of reaction, or speed of the chemical reaction, including temperature, pressure, surface area, catalysts, and more. The main idea is that the more collisions between particles, the faster the reaction will take place. Salt doesn t necessarily mean table salt (NaCl), but rather an ionic compound formed from acid base combinations. Salts are held together by electrical charges (that s what makes it an ionic bond), as they are formed between cations (positive ions, like Na + ) and anions (negative ions, like Cl ). Quarks make up the nucleus of the atom. They are subatomic particles that you can arrange in certain ways to get protons and neutrons. Redox reactions involve an exchange of electrons between compounds. Redox stands for oxidationreduction. Oxidation happens when a compound loses electrons (increases oxidation state) and reduction occurs when a compound gains electrons (decrease in oxidation state). Solids are the lowest energy form of matter on Earth. Solids are generally tightly packed molecules that are held together in such a way that they cannot change their positions. The atoms in a solid can wiggle and jiggle (vibrate) but they cannot move from one place to another. The typical characteristics that solids tend to have are that they keep their shape unless they are broken and they do not flow. Materials change from one state to another depending on the temperature and these bonds. All materials have given points at which they change from state to state. As objects change state they do not change temperature. The heat that goes into something as its changing phases is used to change the bonds between molecules. Freezing points, melting points, boiling points and condensation points are the speed limits of the phases. Once the molecules reach that speed they must change state. Synthesis Reaction happens when simple compounds come together to form a more complicated compound 2016 Supercharged Science Page 15

16 Answer Key: 1. A chemist develops new compounds and materials in a lab. 2. A chemical engineer deals with large scale reactions and factory scale equipment. 3. Chemistry is the study of matter and how matter interacts with other matter and energy. 4. Chemists want to control the speed of a reaction AND the products of a reaction. 5. A catalyst changes the rate of reaction without getting involved in the reaction. 6. Matter is made of atoms. 7. Molecules are built from atoms. 8. The number of protons determines the type of atom. 9. Five elements needed for life are: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium. 10. The five states of matter are: solid, liquid, gas, plasma, Bose Einstein Condensate. 11. A polymer is a long chain of molecules, like the glue we used in our experiment. 12. Supercooling happens when you cool a liquid very slowly past its freezing point. 13. Red cabbage juice contains anthocyanin, which changes colors depending if it s exposed to acidic or basic solutions. 14. Density is basically how tightly packed atoms are. 15. The atomic number is the number of protons in the atom. 16. An ion has an electrical charge, because the number of protons and electrons don t match. 17. Isotopes are when the number of neutrons changes but the protons remain the same. 18. A mole is the amount of a substance that has the same number of particles as found in 12 grams of carbon C A reagent is a compound used to test for the presence of another substance by causing a chemical reaction. 20. Limiting reagents limit the amount of products that can be formed. Reactants are not used up are called excess reagents. 21. Aqueous reactions happen in water. 22. An electrolyte is a substance that splits into ions when dissolved in water. 23. Precipitate reactions create an insoluble salt. 24. Acids are proton donors, turn blue litmus paper red, and react with bases and metals to form salts. 25. ph (power of Hydrogen) is a measure of how acidic a substance is. 26. Bases are proton acceptors, turn red litmus paper blue, and react with acids to form salts. 27. In an acid base reaction, the acid donates a proton to the base. 28. Baking soda and vinegar is a gas forming reaction. 29. Titration is how chemists determine how many moles of an acid or base are present in a solution. 30. Redox reactions transfer electrons between compounds. 31. The oxidation number is the charge an atom has. 32. Thermochemistry is the science of heat with chemical reactions. 33. Temperature is a speedometer for molecules. 34. Temperature measures how fast the molecules are vibrating and moving Supercharged Science Page 16

17 35. The higher the temperature, the faster the molecules are vibrating and moving. 36. Thermal energy is how much the molecules are moving inside an object. The faster molecules move, the more thermal energy it has. 37. The movement of thermal energy is called heat. 38. Heat goes from hot to cold. 39. Objects absorb heat when they melt and evaporate/boil. 40. Objects release heat when they freeze and condense. 41. Heat capacity is how much heat an object can absorb before it increases in temperature. 42. Specific heat is how much heat energy a mass of a material must absorb before it increases 1 C. 43. Temperature is constant during a phase change. 44. Naturally radioactive elements emit energy without absorbing it first. 45. Fission splits the nucleus of an atom, which releases energy. 46. Fusion combines lighter atomic nuclei together and releases energy. 47. Radiation is energy or particles of an atom that are released. 48. Alpha particles or helium nuclei 49. Beta particles or electrons 50. Gamma rays 51. The residual strong force binds the protons and neutrons together. 52. The fundamental strong force holds the quarks together within each proton and neutron. 53. The electromagnetic force binds the electron to the nucleus. 54. Energy can take one of two forms: matter or light. 55. Photons are little packets of light. 56. The photoelectric effect happens when light of a minimum frequency shines on a surface and ejects electrons. 57. A spectrometer is an instrument that separates light signals into different frequencies. 58. Covalent bonds share 2, 4, or 6 electrons between atoms. 59. Water is a polar molecule. 60. Chemical reactions that release energy in the form of heat are exothermic. 61. Endothermic reactions need to absorb energy in order to react. 62. Gases assume the shape and volume of their container. 63. Gases have lower density than solid or liquid phases 64. Gases are more easily compressed than solid or liquids. 65. Gases mix completely and evenly when confined to the same volume. 66. A solid has a volume and a shape. 67. All solids have the ability of solids to be stretched, twisted or squashed and come back to its original shape, called elasticity. 68. Solids undergo tension and compression. 69. Plasma is a hot gas of positive ions and free electrons. 70. Most chemical reactions are reversible. 71. When products and reactants remain the same, the reaction is in dynamic equilibrium. 72. A change in a chemical system triggers an opposing reaction Supercharged Science Page 17

18 73. The energy needed to completely remove an electron from an atom (or ion) is the ionization energy. 74. Electrochemistry is the study of the chemical processes that cause electrons to move (called electricity), usually through a redox reaction. 75. A voltaic (galvanic) cell produces electricity through a spontaneous chemical reaction. 76. Oxidation happens when a compound loses electrons (increases oxidation state). 77. Reduction occurs when a compound gains electrons (decreases oxidation state). 78. A combustion reaction is an exothermic chemical reaction between a fuel and oxidizer, giving energy in the form of heat and light. 79. Synthesis reactions combine simple compounds together into more complicated compounds. 80. Displacement reactions replace one reactant with another. 81. Hydrolysis is a reaction that breaks a bond in a molecule using water. 82. Catalysts change the reaction rate without being consumed. 83. Fireworks use fuel, oxidizers, coloring agents, binders, regulators, and reducing agents. 84. A polymer is a large molecule made up of chains or rings linked in units Supercharged Science Page 18

Chemistry Teleclass Webinar!

Welcome to the Supercharged Science Chemistry Teleclass Webinar! You can fill out this worksheet as we go along to get the most out of time together, or you can use it as a review exercise at the end of