Physical Science SPS 6 Review Activity

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Valerie Harrison
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Properties of Acids & Bases: in this table, list everything that you know about acids, bases, & their properties. List specific things and general things. (how do you identify them?

1 Properties of Acids & Bases: in this table, list everything that you know about acids, bases, & their properties. List specific things and general things. (how do you identify them? What makes them, them? What can they do?) Acids Bases H + Ions H 3 O + Ions in H 2 O Turn Litmus Red Taste Sour React with metals to form Hydrogen Gas (H 2 ) Corrosive Electrolytes: allow solutions to conduct electricity Fruits = Citric Acid Acids = vitamins Stomach = Acidic Heartburn = {acid reflux} OH- Ions (Hydroxide) Turn Litmus Blue Turn Pink in Phenolphthalein Taste Bitter Feel Slippery Corrosive Electrolytes Household Cleaners Bleach Medicine to calm your stomach 1. A sugar cube dissolves faster in hot tea than in iced tea. The main reason this occurs is that the particles in hot tea a. attract sugar. c. are farther apart. b. react with sugar. d. are moving faster. The faster the particles are moving the more collisions there will be between particles and the quicker the sugar can be torn apart (dissolve). 2. In which sequence are the materials arranged in order of DECREASING average molecular velocity? a. air, iron, oil c. iron, air, oil b. air, oil, iron d. oil, iron, air Put phases of matter into order of energy Gas Liquid Solid 3. Demetrius added Chemical A to a beaker and measured its temperature. Next, he added Chemical B to the beaker and recorded the temperature every 30 seconds as the chemicals reacted. Which hypothesis was Demetrius MOST LIKELY testing? a. Energy transfers from Chemical A to Chemical B. b. Energy transfers from Chemical B to Chemical A. c. The reaction between Chemicals A and B releases gas. d. The reaction between Chemicals A and B releases heat. Although Energy transfers are possible, the best answer is D, this is testing to see if the reaction is endothermic or exothermic. Does it release energy to its surrounding and the thermometer (exothermic) or does in absorb energy from its surroundings and the thermometer (Endothermic) 4. Sandra heated a 12.3 g piece of iron to 100 o C. She then placed the iron in a calorimeter with a heat capacity of J/ o C. The reading on the calorimeter temperature gauge rose from 25 o C to 30 o C. How much heat did the piece of iron lose? a J b J c J d. 861 J 5. A student wants to measure the heat of combustion of bituminous coal. He uses a calorimeter with a heat capacity of 10.0 kj/ o C. If burning 15.0 g of coal raises the temperature of the calorimeter by 50 o C, what is the heat of combustion of the coal? a. 333 J/g b kj/g c J/g d. 3.0 kj/g

2 6. During which physical change would a system release heat to its surroundings? a. boiling c. freezing b. evaporating d. melting When a substance freezes it is changing from the liquid phase to the solid phase; Therefore, it is changing from a higher energy state (liquid) to a lower energy state (solid), in order to accomplish this the higher energy liquid must lose some energy so it can change to its lower energy solid form. 7. In an exothermic reaction, the heat content of the reactants compared to that of the product is a. always lower. c. always equal. b. always higher. d. either higher or lower. Exothermic means that when the reaction occurs energy is released to the surroundings. Therefore if the products will have lower energy than the reactants, and the reactants energy level is always higher than the products. 8. In an endothermic reaction, the potential energy of the reactants is a. higher than that of the products. c. Lower than that of the products. b. equal to that of the products. d. released to the surroundings. This is the opposite of question 7. Endothermic means that energy is absorbed during the reaction; therefore, the products (after the reactions) will have more energy than the reactants die prior to the reaction. 9. The graph below shows the effects of adding heat to a piece of ice. Between 10 minutes and 20 minutes, the temperature is constant while the ice is melting. What happens to the heat added during this time interval? a. The added heat overcomes the intermolecular attractions between water molecules. b. The added heat strengthens the intermolecular attractions between water molecules. c. The added heat breaks the bonds between the hydrogen and oxygen within water molecules. d. The added heat causes bonds to form between the hydrogen and oxygen within water molecules. If the added energy is not being used to increase the Kinetic energy of the particles (recorded as temperature) then it must be being used for something else because it certainly is not disappearing. In order to change phase energy must be used to break the particles out of the arrangement in which they are not bonded but held together by intermolecular forces. 10. Angelo notices that water vapor condenses on the blades of grass in his yard to form drops of dew. What happens to water molecules as water vapor changes into dew? a. Size of the molecules increases. b. Speed of the molecules increases. c. Energy of the molecules decreases. d. Density of the molecules decreases. This is another phase change energy questions regarding the energy level of gas (water vapor) changing to a liquid (dew). The change is from higher energy (gas) to a lower energy(liquid) therefore the energy level must decrease. 11. Which of the following processes is considered endothermic? a. The freezing of water b. The lighting of a match c. The burning of propane d. The melting of ice cubes Endothermic means energy is absorbed, which means the products energy levels are higher than the reactants. Melting of ice cubes involves the phase change from solid (low energy) to liquid (higher energy) which is an increase in energy and therefore is an example of an endothermic phase change. 12. In an aqueous solution, the dissolved particles are the a. solute. b. solvent. c. solubility. d. solvation. 13. What is the dissolving medium in a solution? a. solvent b. suspension c. solute d. colloid

14. Coal-fired power plants transform energy stored in coal to electrical energy. In the first step of this transformation, coal is burned in a furnace, converting stored chemical energy to heat.

3 14. Coal-fired power plants transform energy stored in coal to electrical energy. In the first step of this transformation, coal is burned in a furnace, converting stored chemical energy to heat. The equation below represents the reaction of the carbon (C) in coal with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and heat. The heat released is used to change liquid water in a boiler into steam under high pressure. Steam is then released through a nozzle at high speed, converting its potential energy into kinetic energy. As the steam strikes the blades of the turbine, its linear motion is changed into circular motion. Finally, the rotating turbine spins a generator, which produces electricity. As the steam expands, it cools and condenses to form liquid water, which returns to the boiler, and the cycle is repeated. The efficiency of a typical coal-fired power plant is about. 15. After the steam spins the turbine, it condenses to become liquid water. What is the correct description of the heat exchange taking place during condensation? a. Heat is released to the surroundings. b. Heat is transformed into kinetic energy. c. Heat is absorbed from the surroundings. d. Heat is transformed into potential energy. Condensation explains the phase change from Gas (high energy) to Liquid (lower energy) therefore heat must be released to its surrounding in order for the high energy gas to be able to change to its lower energy liquid form. 16. A substance that has surface area will dissolve. a. more; faster b. more; slower c. less; faster d. less; slower 17. Trout obtain their oxygen from the oxygen gas that has dissolved in the water of mountain streams. Under which set of conditions would a stream have the highest amount of dissolved oxygen gas? a. high temperature and high atmospheric pressure b. high temperature and low atmospheric pressure c. low temperature and low atmospheric pressure d. low temperature and high atmospheric pressure Gasses dissolve easier the opposite way that solids do. Solids dissolve best at high temperatures and lower pressure because gasses need to move to a higher energy level. However; gasses need to move to a lower energy level to dissolve in liquids so they dissolve better at low temperatures and higher pressure. 18. Which activity decreases the rate at which a solid solute dissolves in a liquid solvent? a. stirring the mixture vigorously b. Increasing the temperature of the solution c. decreasing the temperature of the solution d. crushing the solid solute to particles of smaller sizes

4 19. As a general rule-of-thumb regarding solutes and solvents, what solubility factor does the common term like dissolves like refer to? a. dissolution b. polarity c. pressure d. temperature 20. Which compound in the solubility curve above is the least affected by a change in temperature? NaCl : This has the line that remains the most constant from left to right as the temperature increases. 21. If you were to dissolve 50 grams of KCl in 100 grams of water at 80 o C, what type of solution would form? a. Unsaturated c. Supersaturated b. Saturated 22. Which Salt represented in the solubility curve above is affected the most by ΔT? KNO 3 : This has the line that is change the most from left to right as the temperature changes. 23. If you were to dissolve 90 grams of NaNO 3 into 100 grams of water at 20 O c, what type of solution would form? a. Unsaturated c. Supersaturated b. Saturated 24. If you had a solution of 100 grams of water and 70 grams ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl) at 90 o C and you were to cool the solution from 90 o C to 47 0 C, how much precipitate would form? = 20 grams 25. Amy is completing her assignment on the properties of acids and bases in aqueous solutions. Which property can she include in her assignment? a. Acids feel slippery, and bases taste sour. b. Acids produce H + ions, and bases produce OH - ions. c. Acids are proton acceptors, and bases are proton donors. d. Acids turn litmus paper blue, and bases turn litmus paper red. The other answer choices are False 26. Josa knows the following properties of an unknown substance. Turns litmus paper red Releases H + ions in solution How would this unknown substance BEST be classified? a. acid b. alcohol c. base d. salt

27. The ph scale, which indicates hydrogen ion concentration, ranges from 0 to 14. What are the approximate ph values of vinegar (a weak acid) and ammonia (a weak base)? a. Vinegar is ph 1, and ammonia is ph 14.

5 27. The ph scale, which indicates hydrogen ion concentration, ranges from 0 to 14. What are the approximate ph values of vinegar (a weak acid) and ammonia (a weak base)? a. Vinegar is ph 1, and ammonia is ph 14. c. Vinegar is ph 11, and ammonia is ph 3. b. Vinegar is ph 3, and ammonia is ph 11. d. Vinegar is ph 14, and ammonia is ph 1. The values for ph of 1 & 14 represent STRONG values and the numbers 3 & 11 represent weak numbers. higher than 7 = Base and lower than 7 = acids. 28. Which statement BEST describes a base? a. Bases turn litmus paper red. b. Bases neutralize other bases. c. Bases produce H+ ions in aqueous solution. d. Bases produce OH- ions in aqueous solution. 29. Which statement correctly describes a difference between acids and bases? a. Acids are oxidizing agents, and bases are reducing agents. b. Litmus paper turns blue in acid solution and red in basic solution. c. Hydroxide ion concentration is higher in acid solutions than in basic solutions. d. Acid solutions have a ph of less than 7, and basic solutions have a ph of more than Phenolphthalein was added to a solution, which caused the solution to go from colorless to pink. What information about the solution can be determined? a. The solution is basic. c. The solution is neutral. b. The solution is acidic. d. The solution is nonpolar. 31. Ann uses the litmus indicator on some substances to test whether they are acidic, basic, or neutral in nature. She records her observations in the table. What can be concluded about the nature of the substances from the table? a. Vinegar is acidic, water is neutral, and detergent is basic. b. Vinegar is basic, water is neutral, and detergent is acidic. c. Vinegar is acidic, water is basic, and detergent is neutral. d. Vinegar is basic, water is acidic, and detergent is neutral. 32. Raj measured the ph of the following juices: apple, orange, peach, grape, lemon, carrot, celery, tomato, cucumber, and beet. Which of these hypotheses could Raj have tested with this investigation? a. Fruits are more acidic than vegetables. b. Fruit juice is more nutritious than vegetable juice. c. People should eat more fruits and vegetables to stay healthy. d. Fruits and vegetables have more sugars than other types of food. 33. Mr. Smith lists five household items and asks his students to classify them into acidic, basic, and neutral substances. The table below shows the classification of the items made by four of his students. Which student correctly classifies the items?

a. Dick b. Janet c. Joe d. Mary 34. Milk of magnesia is a common household medicine that is used for stomachaches. Which of the following describes the ph of both milk of magnesia and the stomach? a. Milk of magnesia is basic, and the stomach is acidic.

As part of a project on ph values of substances, the class collects four samples of water from different sources. They record their findings in the table. Which water sample is neutral? a. S1 b. S2 c.

6 a. Dick b. Janet c. Joe d. Mary 34. Milk of magnesia is a common household medicine that is used for stomachaches. Which of the following describes the ph of both milk of magnesia and the stomach? a. Milk of magnesia is basic, and the stomach is acidic. b. Milk of magnesia is acidic, and the stomach is basic. c. Milk of magnesia is neutral, and the stomach is basic. d. Milk of magnesia is neutral, and the stomach is acidic. 35. As part of a project on ph values of substances, the class collects four samples of water from different sources. They record their findings in the table. Which water sample is neutral? a. S1 b. S2 c. S3 d. S4 36. Based on the following table, which substance is best classified as slightly acidic? a. Water b. Vinegar c. Baking soda d. Powdered milk 37. Steve is trying to determine the properties of four household substances: lemon juice, water, soap, and tomato juice. Which option represents the correct decreasing acidity of these substances? a. lemon juice tomato juice water soap b. soap water tomato juice lemon juice c. tomato juice soap lemon juice water d. water soap lemon juice tomato juice

2. What characteristic of water makes it the universal solvent? Nonpolar large molecules long-chain hydrocarbon molecules polar

2. What characteristic of water makes it the universal solvent? Nonpolar large molecules long-chain hydrocarbon molecules polar PS Chemistry Chapter 22 & 23 Review Test Date Chapter 22 Suggestions for Studying Section 1 Know that a solution is made up of a solute and solvent. Be able to provide an example of a solute and a solvent.