SULFUR DIOXIDE REMOVAL
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1 Report No. 63 A SULFUR DIOXIDE REMOVAL FROM STACK GASES Supplement A by EARL D. OLIVER August 1973 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA
2 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ,.., SUMMARY... General Aspects... Technical Aspects... Comparison of Processes... INDUSTRY STATUS... Stack Gas Cleaning Plants... Potential Recovery and Marketing of By-Products... Air Quality Standards... DUST COLLECTION Wet Processes... Dry Processes LIME OR LIMESTONE SCRUBBING , Chemistry Review of Processes Process Description Process Discussion Cost Estimates DRY CATALYTIC OXIDATION... Review of Processes... Process Description... Process Discussion... Cost Estimates... CARBON SORPTION WITH WASHING OR THERMAL REGENERATION,.. Review of Processes... costs... ALKALI SULFITE ABSORPTION.... Chemistry... Review of Processes... Process Description... Process Discussion... Cost Estimates V
3 CONTENTS 9 MAGNESIA SCRUBBING , Chemistry Review of Processes Process Description Process Discussion Cost Estimates DOUBLE ALKALI PROCESSES Chemistry Review of Processes Process Description Process Discussion Cost Estimates CARBON SORPTION WITH REDUCTION Chemistry Review of Processes Process Description Process Discussion Cost Estimates DILUTE ACID-ALKALI PROCESS Chemistry Review of Process Process Description Process Discussion Cost Estimates OTHERPROCESSES...,., 181 Dry Metal Oxide Sorption Aqueous Scrubbing Inorganic Liquid Organic Liquid Inorganic Solid Other Than Oxide Organic Solid Direct Reduction Other Proposals Vi
4 CONTENTS 14 REMOVAL OF NITROGEN OXIDES, APPENDIX A DESIGN AND COST BASIS APPENDIX B PHYSICAL DATA APPENDIX C RAW MATERIAL AND PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS CITED REFERENCES PATENT REFERENCES BY COMPANY vii
5 ILLUSTRATIONS Effects of Variables on Costs of Electrostatic Precipitators , SOa Removal from Stack Gases by Combustion Engineering Precipitators SOs Removal from Stack Gases by Monsanto Reheat Cat-Ox Process....,....., SOs Removal from Stack Gases by Sodium Sulfite Process SO, Removal from Stack Gases by Magnesia Scrubbing.. SO, Removal from Stack Gases by Magnesia Scrubbing Effect of Operating Level and Plant Capacity on Operating Cost SOa Removal from Stack Gases by Double Alkali Process SOa Removal from Stack Gases by Double Alkali Process Effect of Operating Level and Plant Capacity on Operating Cost , Westvaco SO, Removal Process SOa Removal from Stack Gases by Carbon Sorption with Reduction SOa Removal from Stack Gases by Carbon Sorption with Reduction Effect of Operating Level and Plant Capacity on Operating Cost...., ,...,. SO2 Removal from Stack Gases by Chiyoda 101 Process ix
6 TABLES Design Factors for Base Case..,,,,...,,.,. Summary of Evaluations....,,,,,.,....,. Plants for Removal of SOa from Stack Gases..,.,,. National Standards of Quality for Ambient Air..... Capital Costs of Electrostatic Precipitators Operating Costs of Electrostatic Precipitators..... SOs Removal from Stack Gases by Lime or Limestone Scrubbing Patent Summary......,....., SOa Removal from Stack Gases by Limestone Scrubbing Total Capital Investment..,...., SOs Removal from Stack Gases by Limestone Scrubbing Operating Costs SOa Removal from Stack Gases by Monsanto Reheat Cat-Ox Process Total Capital Investment...,....,, SOs Removal from Stack Gases by Monsanto Reheat Cat-Ox Process Operating Costs..., ,......,. 74 SOs Removal from Stack Gases by Carbon Sorption Patent Summary,,..,....,,., SOa Removal from Stack Gases by Alkali Sulfite Absorption Patent Summary...,.,.,......,...,, 83 SO2 Removal from Stack Gases by Sodium Sulfite Absorption Total Capital Investment SOs Removal from Stack Gases by Sodium Sulfite Absorption Operating Costs SOa Removal from Stack Gases by Magnesia Scrubbing Patent Summary Xi
7 TABLES SO2 Removal from Stack Gases by Magnesia Scrubbing Major Process Equipment and Utilities Summary., SO2 Removal from Stack Gases by Magnesia Scrubbing Stream Flows SO2 Removal from Stack Gases by Magnesia Scrubbing Total Capital Investment, SOa Removal from Stack Gases by Magnesia Scrubbing Operating Costs....., SOs Removal from Stack Gases by Double Alkali Process Major Process Equipment and Utilities Summary., SO2 Removal from Stack Gases by Double Alkali Process Stream Flows SOa Removal from Stack Gases by Double Alkali Process Total Capital Investment SOs Removal from Stack Gases by Double Alkali Process Operating Costs SOa Removal from Stack Gases by Carbon Sorption Patent Summary.., SOs Removal from Stack Gases by Carbon Sorption Major Process Equipment and Utilities Summary SOa Removal from Stack Gases by Carbon Sorption Stream Flows......,...., SO2 Removal from Stack Gases by Carbon Sorption Total Capital Investment.,.,,.,...., SOs Removal from Stack Gases by Carbon Sorption Operating Costs ,....,......, 165 SOa Removal from Stack Gases by Chiyoda 101 Process Total Capital Investment...,., , 179 SOa Removal from Stack Gases by Chiyoda 101 Process Operating Costs , xii
8 TABLES 13.1 SOa Removal from Stack Gases by Dry Metal Oxide Processes Patents ,,.., SO2 Removal from Stack Gases by Aqueous Scrubbing Processes Patents ,.., SOa Removal from Stack Gases by Molten Carbonate Processes Patents...., SOa Removal from Stack Gases by Direct Reduction Processes Patents NOx Removal Processes Patent Summary.., , xiii
CHLORINE PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM. Report No. 61A. Supplement A. by YEN CHEN YEN. May A private report by the STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
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