General and Inorganic Chemistry Made Easy

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1 General and Inorganic Chemistry Made Easy J. Nentwig M. Kreuder K. Morgenstern VCH

2 Contents How to use this book XIII Program 1 1 Introducüon. Chemistry as a natural science - chemical and physical processes - the chemical Compound. Program 2 19 The Air. Composition of the air - oxygen and nitrogen - reactions involving oxygen - liquefaction of air - the production of nitrogen and oxygen. Program 3 31 Oxygen. The electrolysis of water - chemical elements - the combustion process - catalysis and catalysts - breathing - Law of the Conservation of Mass. Program 4 55 Water. The water cycle - the density of water - the Celsius temperature scale - hard and soft water - distillation - the electrolysis of water - detonating gas and chlorine detonating gas. Program 5 73 Hydrogen. Its properties - preparation in the laboratory and industrially - uses - precautionary measures - oxidation and reduction. Program 6 85 Theoretical Foundations (I). Chemical processes synthesis analysis elements and Compounds metals and non-metals the chemical symbols of elements - chemical equations - atoms and their structure.

3 Contents VIII Program Theoretical Foundations (11). Atoms and molecules - chemical equations - diatomic gases - valence - structural formulas chemical formulas - ions ionic bonding atomic bonding. Program Sodium and Potassium. Heavy metals and light metals properties of sodium and potassium reactions with water - hydroxides - alkalis - indicators the electrolysis of sodium chloride molten electrolysis of sodium chloride. Program Theoretical Foundations (III). Stoichiometric calculations - atomic mass - the gram atom molecular mass the gram molecule the Law of Fixed Proportions by Mass. Program Theoretical Foundations (IV). Behavior of gases relationships between pressure and volume the effect of changing the temperature normal conditions molar volumes the Law of Avogadro. Program Theoretical Foundations (V). Acids, bases and salts - dissociation - indicators - acid radicals - neutralization - monobasic and polybasic acids - hydrogen salts - exothermic and endothermic reactions. Program Sulfur and its Compounds (I). Properties - allotropes - oxides - hydrogen Sulfide - Sulfides - production of sulfur dioxide - oxidation of hydrogen sulfide - testing for Sulfides - acid anhydrides - sulfuric and sulfurous acids - Sulfides and Sulfates.

4 IX Contents Program Sulfur and its Compounds (II). The manufacture of sulfuric acid - the Contact Process the Lead Chamber Process oleum salts with water of crystallization - properties of sulfuric acid - test reactions. Program Theoretical Foundations (VI). The equivalent mass - gram equivalents concentration normality normal Solutions titration Volumetrie analysis Program Carbon (I). Properties - allotropes active charcoal and adsorption - carbon monoxide - carbon dioxide - carbonic acid - carbonates - industrial produetion of carbon dioxide. Program Carbon (II). Carbonic acid and carbonates - the manufacture of soda by the Leblanc Process acid salts - sodium hydrogen carbonate potassium carbonate - calcium carbonate. Program Carbon (III). Calcination of chalk slaked lime hard and soft water - mortar - test for carbonates. Program Nürogen (I). Occurrence - ammonia - ammonium salts - thermal dissociation - the chemical process for soldering - testing for ammonium Compounds. Program t Nürogen (II). The Haber Process - producer gas and water gas - the Solvay Process for the manufacture of soda - ammonium salts as fertilizers - nitric acid - oxidation of ammonia.

5 Contents X Program Nitrogen (III). Oxides of nitrogen - nitrates - manufacture of nitric acid - nitrous acid - nitrites - test reactions. Program Chlorine and its Compounds. Properties - preparation - hydrogen Chloride hypochlorous and perchloric acids - hypochlorites and chlorates - perchloric acid - testing for Chlorides. Program Phosphorus and Silicon. Yellow and red phosphorus - phosphorus pentoxide - phosphoric acid - phosphates - value as fertilizers - phosphorus trichloride - phosphorus pentachloride - Silicon - Silicon dioxide - glass - fusion processes - silicic acid - Silicates. Program Iron (I). Oxide and sulfide iron ores - the roasting of pyrites - the blast furnace - chemical processes in the blast furnace - fluxes. Program Iron (II). White and gray pig iron - steel - the Bessemer Process - the Thomas Process - the Siemens-Martin Process - alloys - iron salts - test reactions - gravimetric analysis. Program Copper, Lead, Zinc and Tin. Oxides of copper- manufacture of copper - electrolytic copper - uses of copper - copper salts - test reaction - lead - properties and Compounds - test reaction - zinc - properties and Compounds - tin. Program Aluminum. Properties - aluminum oxide - aluminum salts - aluminothermic reaction - thermite - manufacture of aluminum - bauxite - sodium aluminate - double salts - alums - aluminum acetate.

6 XI Contents Program Magnesium. Properties - Compounds - manufacture - uses. Program The Periodic Table of the Elements. Periods and groups - main groups, sub-groups - short and long Periodic Table - lanthanides - actinides - chemical properties of main groups elements and their hydroxides, oxides, and Compounds with hydrogen versus positions in the Periodic Table. Program The Transition Elements. Chemical properties versus position in the Periodic Table - valence - formation of cations and anion complexes - occurrence - production - application. Program The Electrochemical Series. Oxidation, reduction, and electron transfer - oxidizing and reducing agents - oxidizing power - normal redox potential - electrochemical series and its use with redox reactions. Program Oxidation Numbers and Redox Equations. Rules for deriving oxidation numbers - use in the formulation of redox equations. Appendix 711 Index 717

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