PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics Lecture 1: General Introduction to Nuclear Physics
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1 PHGN 422: NUCLEAR PHYSICS PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics Lecture 1: General Introduction to Nuclear Physics Prof. Kyle Leach August 22, 2017 Slide 1
2 Course Goals and Objectives Introduction to subatomic physics focused on the atomic nucleus. Characterization and systematics of nuclear states, symmetries, and shapes. Introduction to the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions through nuclear decay. Providing the student with a complete background understanding of nuclear physics for future applications Slide 2 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
3 Course Expectations Students should have a basic understanding of modern physics, quantum mechanics, and their applications Source: xkcd.com Slide 3 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
4 Course Expectations Do your best to keep up with the readings and lecture review, the textbooks are there to help...and are an excellent resource. Recommended Textbook Introductory Nuclear Physics, 1 st Edition Kenneth S. Krane Supplemental Textbook Basic Ideas and Concepts in Nuclear Physics, 3 rd Edition Kris Heyde Slide 4 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
5 Course Information Office: Timberline 1, Room 01 Nearly all of my research is performed at accelerator laboratories outside of the United States, so I m not always here. is the best way to get a hold of me. Office Hours: Tuesday am, Wednesday and Thursday 9-11 am. I will inform the class via if/when I won t be around for office hours on a given week. Course Website: inside.mines.edu/ kleach/phgn422 The syllabus, lecture slides, assignments, and supplemental material will be uploaded to this page. You ll still need to take notes, problems and work done on the chalkboard are the student s responsibility Slide 5 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
6 Course Evaluation Assignments - 40% Four assignments will be given in total, each worth 10% of the final grade They will be designed to comprehensively cover all material presented in the course Midterm Examination - 30% One midterm exam covering the first portion of the course Final Presentation - 30% Students will be required to make a research presentation (10 minutes + 2 minutes question) on a nuclear physics topic of their choice Topics will be chosen after the midterm Final two weeks of the course will in-class be presentations Slide 6 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
7 So...Where Do We Start? We need a point of reference to start discussing nuclear physics. Slide 7 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
8 Distance and Energy Scales in Physics Source: Department of Physics, Princeton University Slide 8 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
9 Distance and Energy Scales in Physics Slide 9 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
10 The Atom Atom is a neutral system Atomic excitations: ev Caused by transitions between electronic states Electrons Nucleus m = Å Slide 10 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
11 The Atomic Nucleus Nuclear excitations: ev Caused by transitions between nuclear states Proton (π) m = fm Neutron (ν) + Interactions can be thought of as either microscopic or collective Slide 11 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
12 Inside the Atomic Nucleus + Positive Charge Neutral Charge Proton Mass= MeV/c 2 Neutron Mass= MeV/c 2 Slide 12 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
13 Protons and Neutrons In fact, protons and neutrons are so similar, they can be classified as the same object; The Nucleon Slide 13 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
14 Protons and Neutrons In fact, protons and neutrons are so similar, they can be classified as the same object; The Nucleon Nucleons are (of course) quantum mechanical objects: Slide 13 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
15 Protons and Neutrons In fact, protons and neutrons are so similar, they can be classified as the same object; The Nucleon Nucleons are (of course) quantum mechanical objects: They are spin 1/2 Fermions Slide 13 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
16 Protons and Neutrons In fact, protons and neutrons are so similar, they can be classified as the same object; The Nucleon Nucleons are (of course) quantum mechanical objects: They are spin 1/2 Fermions Radius: r m, or 1 fm (fermi) Slide 13 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
17 Protons and Neutrons In fact, protons and neutrons are so similar, they can be classified as the same object; The Nucleon Nucleons are (of course) quantum mechanical objects: They are spin 1/2 Fermions Radius: r m, or 1 fm (fermi) Charge: p +e n 0 Slide 13 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
18 Protons and Neutrons In fact, protons and neutrons are so similar, they can be classified as the same object; The Nucleon Nucleons are (of course) quantum mechanical objects: They are spin 1/2 Fermions Radius: r m, or 1 fm (fermi) Charge: p +e n 0 Mass: p MeV/c 2 n MeV/c 2 Slide 13 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
19 Protons and Neutrons In fact, protons and neutrons are so similar, they can be classified as the same object; The Nucleon Nucleons are (of course) quantum mechanical objects: They are spin 1/2 Fermions Radius: r m, or 1 fm (fermi) Charge: p +e n 0 Mass: p MeV/c 2 n MeV/c 2 We will discuss the nuclear radius in the next lecture, but for now let s look at some properties of the nucleon. Slide 13 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
20 Nucleons and Isospin + Proton Neutron Slide 14 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
21 Nucleons and Isospin Isospin: t = 1/2 Nucleon p = 1/2 Nucleon n = + 1/2 Slide 14 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
22 The Structure of Nucleons < m Up (u) m = 2.4 MeV/c 2 q = +2/3 Particle excitations: > 10 9 ev u u u d d Proton u,u,d Down (d) m = 4.8 MeV/c 2 q = 1/3 d Neutron u,d,d Slide 15 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
23 Elementary Particles of the Standard Model Slide 16 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
24 The History of Subatomic Physics Slide 17 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
25 Back to the Atomic Nucleus Nuclear excitations: ev Caused by transitions between nuclear states Proton (π) m = fm Neutron (ν) + Interactions can be thought of as either microscopic or collective Slide 18 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
26 Terminology Nuclei are typically referred to by the number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) that they contain: A = N + Z The number of protons defines the chemical symbol, and is also referred to as the nuclear charge Slide 19 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
27 Terminology Nuclei are typically referred to by the number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) that they contain: A = N + Z Number of Neutrons The number of protons defines the chemical symbol, and is also referred to as the nuclear charge Slide 19 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
28 Terminology Nuclei are typically referred to by the number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) that they contain: A = N + Z Number of Neutrons Number of Protons The number of protons defines the chemical symbol, and is also referred to as the nuclear charge Slide 19 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
29 Typical Notation A Z X N Slide 20 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
30 Typical Notation A Z X N A is the number of nucleons, or the nuclear mass Slide 20 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
31 Typical Notation A Z X N A is the number of nucleons, or the nuclear mass X is the chemical symbol, as used in the periodic table, and is defined by the nuclear charge Z Slide 20 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
32 Typical Notation A Z X N A is the number of nucleons, or the nuclear mass X is the chemical symbol, as used in the periodic table, and is defined by the nuclear charge Z Therefore, N and Z are often omitted, since all of the relevant information can be defined by A and X A X Slide 20 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
33 Example What is the notation for a nucleus with Z = 30 and N = 32 (ie. 30 protons and 32 neutrons)? Slide 21 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
34 Example What is the notation for a nucleus with Z = 30 and N = 32 (ie. 30 protons and 32 neutrons)? What is the chemical symbol for an element with Z = 30? Slide 21 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
35 Example What is the notation for a nucleus with Z = 30 and N = 32 (ie. 30 protons and 32 neutrons)? What is the chemical symbol for an element with Z = 30? Slide 21 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
36 Example What is the notation for a nucleus with Z = 30 and N = 32 (ie. 30 protons and 32 neutrons)? What is the chemical symbol for an element with Z = 30? 30Zn Slide 21 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
37 Example What is the notation for a nucleus with Z = 30 and N = 32 (ie. 30 protons and 32 neutrons)? Now include the number of neutrons (recall: A = N + Z) Slide 21 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
38 Example What is the notation for a nucleus with Z = 30 and N = 32 (ie. 30 protons and 32 neutrons)? Now include the number of neutrons (recall: A = N + Z) Zn 32 Slide 21 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
39 Example What is the notation for a nucleus with Z = 30 and N = 32 (ie. 30 protons and 32 neutrons)? And finally, into more standard notation: Slide 21 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
40 Example What is the notation for a nucleus with Z = 30 and N = 32 (ie. 30 protons and 32 neutrons)? And finally, into more standard notation: 62 Zn So, we end with the mass-62 zinc nucleus. As most nuclear physicists are a bit cavalier with the term mass, so let s briefly clarify what we mean. Slide 21 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
41 The Atomic Mass Unit (a.m.u. or u) The atomic mass unit is defined by the mass of 12 6 C 6, such that its mass in a.m.u is exactly u = 1 12 m(12 C) (1) Slide 22 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
42 The Atomic Mass Unit (a.m.u. or u) The atomic mass unit is defined by the mass of 12 6 C 6, such that its mass in a.m.u is exactly u = 1 12 m(12 C) (1) Note: this is not, in general, true for any other nucleus. The nuclear (atomic) mass is not simply the sum of its constituent nucleons. One must account for the binding energy to obtain the nuclear (atomic) mass. This will be discussed next week. Slide 22 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
43 The Atomic Mass Unit (a.m.u. or u) The atomic mass unit is defined by the mass of 12 6 C 6, such that its mass in a.m.u is exactly u = 1 12 m(12 C) (1) Note: this is not, in general, true for any other nucleus. The nuclear (atomic) mass is not simply the sum of its constituent nucleons. One must account for the binding energy to obtain the nuclear (atomic) mass. This will be discussed next week. Unit Conversions: 1 u = MeV/c 2 (most common for our purposes) Slide 22 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
44 The Atomic Mass Unit (a.m.u. or u) The atomic mass unit is defined by the mass of 12 6 C 6, such that its mass in a.m.u is exactly u = 1 12 m(12 C) (1) Note: this is not, in general, true for any other nucleus. The nuclear (atomic) mass is not simply the sum of its constituent nucleons. One must account for the binding energy to obtain the nuclear (atomic) mass. This will be discussed next week. Unit Conversions: 1 u = MeV/c 2 (most common for our purposes) Recall: E = mc 2 m p = MeV/c 2 m n = MeV/c 2 m e = MeV/c 2 Slide 22 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
45 The Atomic Mass Unit (a.m.u. or u) The atomic mass unit is defined by the mass of 12 6 C 6, such that its mass in a.m.u is exactly u = 1 12 m(12 C) (1) Note: this is not, in general, true for any other nucleus. The nuclear (atomic) mass is not simply the sum of its constituent nucleons. One must account for the binding energy to obtain the nuclear (atomic) mass. This will be discussed next week. Unit Conversions: 1 u = MeV/c 2 (most common for our purposes) Recall: E = mc 2 m p = MeV/c 2 m n = MeV/c 2 m e = MeV/c 2 1 u = kg Slide 22 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
46 The Atomic Mass Unit (a.m.u. or u) The atomic mass unit is defined by the mass of 12 6 C 6, such that its mass in a.m.u is exactly u = 1 12 m(12 C) (1) Note: this is not, in general, true for any other nucleus. The nuclear (atomic) mass is not simply the sum of its constituent nucleons. One must account for the binding energy to obtain the nuclear (atomic) mass. This will be discussed next week. Unit Conversions: 1 u = MeV/c 2 (most common for our purposes) Recall: E = mc 2 m p = MeV/c 2 m n = MeV/c 2 m e = MeV/c 2 1 u = kg Also referred to as a Dalton (although very rarely...). 1 u = 1 Da Slide 22 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
47 How We Organize Nuclei We need to find a convenient way to classify nuclei with different numbers of protons and neutrons. Slide 23 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
48 How We Organize Nuclei We need to find a convenient way to classify nuclei with different numbers of protons and neutrons. We know that atomic systems are organized by the number of electrons (and their orbital shells) in the Periodic Table. Slide 23 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
49 How We Organize Nuclei We need to find a convenient way to classify nuclei with different numbers of protons and neutrons. We know that atomic systems are organized by the number of electrons (and their orbital shells) in the Periodic Table. This model will not work for nuclei since the classification characteristics are very different. Also, there are several thousand nuclei that need to be classified. Aside: There are roughly 3000 known (experimentally observed) nuclei in the universe. Recent predictions suggest that there may be more than 7000 bound nuclear systems that are able to exist... J. Erler et al., Nature 486, (2012) Slide 23 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
50 How We Organize Nuclei We need to find a convenient way to classify nuclei with different numbers of protons and neutrons. We know that atomic systems are organized by the number of electrons (and their orbital shells) in the Periodic Table. This model will not work for nuclei since the classification characteristics are very different. Also, there are several thousand nuclei that need to be classified. Aside: There are roughly 3000 known (experimentally observed) nuclei in the universe. Recent predictions suggest that there may be more than 7000 bound nuclear systems that are able to exist... Typically, these classifications are done by neutron and proton number, and nuclei are arranged in what we call: The Nuclear Chart or The Nuclear Landscape. J. Erler et al., Nature 486, (2012) Slide 23 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
51 The Nuclear Chart Phil Walker, New Scientist Magazine, October 2011 Slide 24 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
52 Navigating the Nuclear Chart Stable Nucleus - A nuclear system that does not undergo radioactive decay (ie. it is energetically unfavourable). This region of the nuclear chart is often called the Valley of Stability or Line of Stability. Slide 25 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
53 Navigating the Nuclear Chart Stable Nucleus - A nuclear system that does not undergo radioactive decay (ie. it is energetically unfavourable). This region of the nuclear chart is often called the Valley of Stability or Line of Stability. Radioactive Nucleus (or unstable) - A nucleus that is spontaneously able to decrease its total energy by emmitting ionizing radiation. This may result in a change in the total number of protons and neutrons. Slide 25 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
54 Navigating the Nuclear Chart Stable Nucleus - A nuclear system that does not undergo radioactive decay (ie. it is energetically unfavourable). This region of the nuclear chart is often called the Valley of Stability or Line of Stability. Radioactive Nucleus (or unstable) - A nucleus that is spontaneously able to decrease its total energy by emmitting ionizing radiation. This may result in a change in the total number of protons and neutrons. Neutron-Rich Nucleus - A nucleus that has an excess of neutrons relative to the stable isotope for a given Z. This is to the right of the valley of stability. Slide 25 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
55 Navigating the Nuclear Chart Stable Nucleus - A nuclear system that does not undergo radioactive decay (ie. it is energetically unfavourable). This region of the nuclear chart is often called the Valley of Stability or Line of Stability. Radioactive Nucleus (or unstable) - A nucleus that is spontaneously able to decrease its total energy by emmitting ionizing radiation. This may result in a change in the total number of protons and neutrons. Neutron-Rich Nucleus - A nucleus that has an excess of neutrons relative to the stable isotope for a given Z. This is to the right of the valley of stability. Neutron-Deficient Nucleus (also: Proton-Rich) - A nucleus that has an excess of protons relative to the stable isotope for a given Z. This is to the left of the valley of stability. Slide 25 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
56 Navigating the Nuclear Chart Stable Nucleus - A nuclear system that does not undergo radioactive decay (ie. it is energetically unfavourable). This region of the nuclear chart is often called the Valley of Stability or Line of Stability. Radioactive Nucleus (or unstable) - A nucleus that is spontaneously able to decrease its total energy by emmitting ionizing radiation. This may result in a change in the total number of protons and neutrons. Neutron-Rich Nucleus - A nucleus that has an excess of neutrons relative to the stable isotope for a given Z. This is to the right of the valley of stability. Neutron-Deficient Nucleus (also: Proton-Rich) - A nucleus that has an excess of protons relative to the stable isotope for a given Z. This is to the left of the valley of stability. The Driplines (proton and neutron) - The limits of the nuclear chart where bound nuclei can no longer exist. On the far left is the proton dripline and the far right is the neutron dripline. Slide 25 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
57 Isotopes, Isotones, and Isobars Isotope: Slide 26 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
58 Isotopes, Isotones, and Isobars Isotope: Nuclei with the same number of protons (Z), but a different number of neutrons (N) and a different mass (A) Slide 26 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
59 Isotopes, Isotones, and Isobars Isotope: Nuclei with the same number of protons (Z), but a different number of neutrons (N) and a different mass (A) Isotone: Slide 26 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
60 Isotopes, Isotones, and Isobars Isotope: Nuclei with the same number of protons (Z), but a different number of neutrons (N) and a different mass (A) Isotone: Nuclei with the same number of neutrons (N), but a different number of protons (Z) and a different mass (A) Slide 26 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
61 Isotopes, Isotones, and Isobars Isotope: Nuclei with the same number of protons (Z), but a different number of neutrons (N) and a different mass (A) Isotone: Nuclei with the same number of neutrons (N), but a different number of protons (Z) and a different mass (A) Isobar: Slide 26 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
62 Isotopes, Isotones, and Isobars Isotope: Nuclei with the same number of protons (Z), but a different number of neutrons (N) and a different mass (A) Isotone: Nuclei with the same number of neutrons (N), but a different number of protons (Z) and a different mass (A) Isobar: Nuclei with the same number of nucleons (mass? not really...) (A), but a different number of protons (Z) and neutrons (N) Slide 26 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
63 The Nuclear Chart Phil Walker, New Scientist Magazine, October 2011 Slide 27 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
64 Interesting Features of the Nuclear Chart The nuclear chart can reveal some interesting effects based on what we (as a community) have observed over several decades. The following is just a brief taste of what we will explore over the next 16 weeks... Slide 28 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
65 Interesting Features of the Nuclear Chart Example: Energy required to remove two neutrons from a nucleus Slide 29 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics Two-neutron separation energies (S 2n ),
66 Interesting Features of the Nuclear Chart Example: Energy required to remove two protons from a nucleus Two-proton separation energies (S 2p ), Slide 30 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
67 Interesting Features of the Nuclear Chart Example: The binding energy per nucleon (ie. BE/A) Slide 31 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics Nuclear binding energies (per nucleon) (BE/A),
68 Interesting Features of the Nuclear Chart Example: Energy released (or required) in α decay Slide 32 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics Alpha decay Q value (Qα),
69 Applications of Nuclear Physics Since nuclei close to each other often have similar characteristics, we can also take a brief look at which regions of the nuclear chart are relevant for various forms of physics and engineering. Slide 33 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
70 PHGN 422: NUCLEAR PHYSICS Nuclear Astrophysics Source: The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) Slide 34 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
71 Nuclear Fission: Energy and Engineering Slide 35 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
72 Our World for the Next 16 Weeks... J. Erler et al., Nature 486, (2012) Slide 36 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
73 Next Class... Reading Before Next Class Introduction and Chapter 1 of Krane Next Class Topics The fundamental interactions of nature The strong nuclear force and nuclear binding Slide 37 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
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