PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics Lecture 3: Nuclear Radii, Masses, and Binding Energies
|
|
|
- Ilene Garrett
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 PHGN 422: NUCLEAR PHYSICS PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics Lecture 3: Nuclear Radii, Masses, and Binding Energies Prof. Kyle Leach August 29, 2017 Slide 1
2 Last Week... The atomic nucleus is a very dense, positively charged object composed of protons and neutrons Nuclei are organized according to their Z and N values on the Nuclear Chart (or Chart of the Nuclides) Nuclei are held together by the strong interaction, and the nuclear force is attractive at short range, but repulsive at very short distances (we will talk about why today) So...back to our electron scattering experiments! Slide 2 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
3 Electron Scattering on Nuclei Slide 3 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics Source: Fig. 3.1 (pg. 46) Introductory Nuclear Physics, Ken Krane
4 Light Scattering on an Opaque Object Source: Department of Physics, Brock University Slide 4 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
5 What Can This Tell Us About the Nucleus? Opaque Object Nuclear Matter Slide 5 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
6 The Nuclear Charge Distribution Source: Fig. 3.4 (pg. 49) Introductory Nuclear Physics, Ken Krane Slide 6 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
7 What Does This Tell Us About The Nucleus? 1 The boundary of the nucleus is not sharp, but displays a probability distribution Slide 7 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
8 What Does This Tell Us About The Nucleus? 1 The boundary of the nucleus is not sharp, but displays a probability distribution The angular distributions from elastic scattering of electrons from nuclei do not show sharp minima Slide 7 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
9 What Does This Tell Us About The Nucleus? 1 The boundary of the nucleus is not sharp, but displays a probability distribution The angular distributions from elastic scattering of electrons from nuclei do not show sharp minima These minima become even less sharp with increasing Z Slide 7 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
10 What Does This Tell Us About The Nucleus? 1 The boundary of the nucleus is not sharp, but displays a probability distribution The angular distributions from elastic scattering of electrons from nuclei do not show sharp minima These minima become even less sharp with increasing Z 2 The central nuclear charge density is nearly the same for all nuclei Slide 7 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
11 What Does This Tell Us About The Nucleus? 1 The boundary of the nucleus is not sharp, but displays a probability distribution The angular distributions from elastic scattering of electrons from nuclei do not show sharp minima These minima become even less sharp with increasing Z 2 The central nuclear charge density is nearly the same for all nuclei There is no dependence on the density of charge as a function of Z Slide 7 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
12 What Does This Tell Us About The Nucleus? 1 The boundary of the nucleus is not sharp, but displays a probability distribution The angular distributions from elastic scattering of electrons from nuclei do not show sharp minima These minima become even less sharp with increasing Z 2 The central nuclear charge density is nearly the same for all nuclei There is no dependence on the density of charge as a function of Z Nucleons do not seem to preferentially organize based on type (ie. protons or neutrons) Slide 7 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
13 What Does This Tell Us About The Nucleus? 1 The boundary of the nucleus is not sharp, but displays a probability distribution The angular distributions from elastic scattering of electrons from nuclei do not show sharp minima These minima become even less sharp with increasing Z 2 The central nuclear charge density is nearly the same for all nuclei There is no dependence on the density of charge as a function of Z Nucleons do not seem to preferentially organize based on type (ie. protons or neutrons) 3 The overall matter density of all nucleons in the nucleus must therefore be constant as well? (number of nucleons per unit volume) Slide 7 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
14 What Does This Tell Us About The Nucleus? 1 The boundary of the nucleus is not sharp, but displays a probability distribution The angular distributions from elastic scattering of electrons from nuclei do not show sharp minima These minima become even less sharp with increasing Z 2 The central nuclear charge density is nearly the same for all nuclei There is no dependence on the density of charge as a function of Z Nucleons do not seem to preferentially organize based on type (ie. protons or neutrons) 3 The overall matter density of all nucleons in the nucleus must therefore be constant as well? (number of nucleons per unit volume) If this is true, we should be able to determine what the density of nuclear matter is Slide 7 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
15 What Does This Tell Us About The Nucleus? 1 The boundary of the nucleus is not sharp, but displays a probability distribution The angular distributions from elastic scattering of electrons from nuclei do not show sharp minima These minima become even less sharp with increasing Z 2 The central nuclear charge density is nearly the same for all nuclei There is no dependence on the density of charge as a function of Z Nucleons do not seem to preferentially organize based on type (ie. protons or neutrons) 3 The overall matter density of all nucleons in the nucleus must therefore be constant as well? (number of nucleons per unit volume) If this is true, we should be able to determine what the density of nuclear matter is Also, can we find a generic way of obtaining the matter radius of a given nucleus? Slide 7 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
16 Density of Nuclear Matter Well, to start...let s assume that the nucleus is a perfect sphere. From here, we can estimate the volume and perhaps the density Proton (π) + Neutron (ν) + V = 4 3 πr3 Slide 8 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
17 The Nuclear Matter Radius If the nuclear matter density is also indeed constant for all nuclei: V = 4 3 πr3 constant Then, we can relate the radius of a nucleus to the number of nucleons A: R A 1/3 To determine this proportionality constant, we can relate the total nuclear matter radius R to the matter radius of the individual nucleons R 0 Slide 9 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
18 The Nuclear Matter Radius The nucleons can also be considered spherical: Therefore: 4 3 πr3 = A 4 3 πr3 0 = R = R 0 A 1/3 Experimentally we know that R fm. So, the nuclear matter radius is R = 1.2 A 1/3! Further detailed discussion on this topic can be found in Chapter 3.1 of Krane. Slide 10 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
19 The Nature of Nuclear Matter One of the most remarkable conclusions from all of this is that nuclear matter does not seem to change density regardless of the size of the nucleus!! In other words, the number of nucleons per unit of volume is roughly constant for all nuclei. How dense is nuclear matter (comparatively speaking). Well... Sea Water: kg/m 3 Slide 11 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
20 The Nature of Nuclear Matter One of the most remarkable conclusions from all of this is that nuclear matter does not seem to change density regardless of the size of the nucleus!! In other words, the number of nucleons per unit of volume is roughly constant for all nuclei. How dense is nuclear matter (comparatively speaking). Well... Sea Water: kg/m 3 Tin Oxide: kg/m 3 Slide 11 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
21 The Nature of Nuclear Matter One of the most remarkable conclusions from all of this is that nuclear matter does not seem to change density regardless of the size of the nucleus!! In other words, the number of nucleons per unit of volume is roughly constant for all nuclei. How dense is nuclear matter (comparatively speaking). Well... Sea Water: kg/m 3 Tin Oxide: kg/m 3 Steel: kg/m 3 Slide 11 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
22 The Nature of Nuclear Matter One of the most remarkable conclusions from all of this is that nuclear matter does not seem to change density regardless of the size of the nucleus!! In other words, the number of nucleons per unit of volume is roughly constant for all nuclei. How dense is nuclear matter (comparatively speaking). Well... Sea Water: kg/m 3 Tin Oxide: kg/m 3 Steel: kg/m 3 Lead: kg/m 3 Slide 11 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
23 The Nature of Nuclear Matter One of the most remarkable conclusions from all of this is that nuclear matter does not seem to change density regardless of the size of the nucleus!! In other words, the number of nucleons per unit of volume is roughly constant for all nuclei. How dense is nuclear matter (comparatively speaking). Well... Sea Water: kg/m 3 Tin Oxide: kg/m 3 Steel: kg/m 3 Lead: kg/m 3 Core of the Sun: kg/m 3 Slide 11 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
24 The Nature of Nuclear Matter One of the most remarkable conclusions from all of this is that nuclear matter does not seem to change density regardless of the size of the nucleus!! In other words, the number of nucleons per unit of volume is roughly constant for all nuclei. How dense is nuclear matter (comparatively speaking). Well... Sea Water: kg/m 3 Tin Oxide: kg/m 3 Steel: kg/m 3 Lead: kg/m 3 Core of the Sun: kg/m 3 Nuclear Matter: kg/m 3 Slide 11 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
25 Question: What if the nucleus were nearly 20 orders of magnitude larger? Slide 12 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
26 PHGN 422: NUCLEAR PHYSICS Question: What if the nucleus were nearly 20 orders of magnitude larger? Well, this is not hypothetical...these are known as neutron stars Source: NASA.gov Slide 12 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
27 PHGN 422: NUCLEAR PHYSICS Question: What if the nucleus were nearly 20 orders of magnitude larger? Well, this is not hypothetical...these are known as neutron stars Source: NASA.gov Slide 12 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
28 Bound Nuclear Systems Limits of Nuclear Existence Putting aside neutron stars for now, let us take a look at the limits of what nuclei can exist, and how we define it. Slide 13 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
29 The Atomic Mass and Nuclear Binding Energy Slide 14 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
30 The Atomic Mass and Nuclear Binding Energy As we briefly mentioned last week, the mass of a given atom is not simply the sum of neutron, proton, and electron masses, ie: ( ) Z M( A ZX N )c 2 Z m p c 2 + N m n c 2 Z m e c 2 B i i=1 For a nucleus to exist (ie. be a bound system), the following constraint must be satisfied (neglecting the electrons for a moment): M( A ZX N )c 2 < Z m p c 2 + N m n c 2 For the nucleons to be bound inside of the nucleus, there needs to be some energy difference. We call this the Binding Energy. We ll define what we mean on the chalkboard... Slide 15 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
31 Mass Excess Since the atomic mass in MeV/c 2 can become a cumbersome way of dealing with larger nuclei (ie. m( 208 Pb) = MeV/c 2 ) We can define a useful experimental mass value relative to our definition of the atomic mass unit in Lecture 1 (1u = MeV/c 2 ). m( A ZX N )c 2 = (A u)c 2 + c 2 = c 2 = m( A ZX N )c 2 A) u Where is referred to as the Mass Excess or Mass Defect, and helps us to quantify how much a specific nucleus deviates from our approximation of the atomic mass unit. It can be either positive or negative, as long as we satisfy M( A Z X N)c 2 < Z m p c 2 + N m n c 2. Slide 16 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
32 Example: What is the Mass Excess ( ) for 16 O in MeV? First we ll start with the experimentally measured mass of 16 O in u: Slide 17 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
33 Example: What is the Mass Excess ( ) for 16 O in MeV? First we ll start with the experimentally measured mass of 16 O in u: Remember, we say mass 16 for 16 O, but this is not exactly true. Slide 17 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
34 Example: What is the Mass Excess ( ) for 16 O in MeV? First we ll start with the experimentally measured mass of 16 O in u: Remember, we say mass 16 for 16 O, but this is not exactly true. m( A ZX N )c 2 = u Slide 17 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
35 Example: What is the Mass Excess ( ) for 16 O in MeV? First we ll start with the experimentally measured mass of 16 O in u: Remember, we say mass 16 for 16 O, but this is not exactly true. m( A ZX N )c 2 = u Now solve for the mass excess, (recall 1 u = MeV/c 2 ) = m( A ZX N A) u = ( ) MeV = MeV Slide 17 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
36 Characteristics of Nuclear Binding The Proton and Neutron Separation Energies (S p and S n ) Analogous to atomic ionization energies, these separation energies can tell us about the binding strength for an individual nucleon. We can define these on the chalkboard: Slide 18 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
37 Characteristics of Nuclear Binding The Proton and Neutron Separation Energies (S p and S n ) Analogous to atomic ionization energies, these separation energies can tell us about the binding strength for an individual nucleon. We can define these on the chalkboard: We can also look at the trends of how nuclear binding changes as a function of the mass number A Slide 18 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
38 Characteristics of Nuclear Binding Binding Energy per Nucleon (BE/A) Slide 19 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
39 Characteristics of Nuclear Binding Binding Energy per Nucleon (BE/A) This brings us to some other revelations about the way nuclei behave: 1 Most nuclei have almost exactly the same BE/A, which is roughly 8 MeV/A. This means the nuclear force saturates such that only each nucleon can interact with a few of its neighbours. Recall that the nuclear force is strongly attractive ONLY at short distances ( 1 fm). Slide 20 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
40 Characteristics of Nuclear Binding Binding Energy per Nucleon (BE/A) This brings us to some other revelations about the way nuclei behave: 1 Most nuclei have almost exactly the same BE/A, which is roughly 8 MeV/A. This means the nuclear force saturates such that only each nucleon can interact with a few of its neighbours. Recall that the nuclear force is strongly attractive ONLY at short distances ( 1 fm). 2 The most bound nuclei are in the region of A Slide 20 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
41 Characteristics of Nuclear Binding Binding Energy per Nucleon (BE/A) This brings us to some other revelations about the way nuclei behave: 1 Most nuclei have almost exactly the same BE/A, which is roughly 8 MeV/A. This means the nuclear force saturates such that only each nucleon can interact with a few of its neighbours. Recall that the nuclear force is strongly attractive ONLY at short distances ( 1 fm). 2 The most bound nuclei are in the region of A Some structure in this curve also exists (particularly for 4 He) that results from quantum effects of the nucleus. We will discuss the shell structure of nuclei in a couple of weeks. Slide 20 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
42 Characteristics of Nuclear Binding Binding Energy per Nucleon (BE/A) This brings us to some other revelations about the way nuclei behave: 1 Most nuclei have almost exactly the same BE/A, which is roughly 8 MeV/A. This means the nuclear force saturates such that only each nucleon can interact with a few of its neighbours. Recall that the nuclear force is strongly attractive ONLY at short distances ( 1 fm). 2 The most bound nuclei are in the region of A Some structure in this curve also exists (particularly for 4 He) that results from quantum effects of the nucleus. We will discuss the shell structure of nuclei in a couple of weeks. 4 Nuclei on the left of the peak can release energy by joining together (Nuclear Fusion) Slide 20 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
43 Characteristics of Nuclear Binding Binding Energy per Nucleon (BE/A) This brings us to some other revelations about the way nuclei behave: 1 Most nuclei have almost exactly the same BE/A, which is roughly 8 MeV/A. This means the nuclear force saturates such that only each nucleon can interact with a few of its neighbours. Recall that the nuclear force is strongly attractive ONLY at short distances ( 1 fm). 2 The most bound nuclei are in the region of A Some structure in this curve also exists (particularly for 4 He) that results from quantum effects of the nucleus. We will discuss the shell structure of nuclei in a couple of weeks. 4 Nuclei on the left of the peak can release energy by joining together (Nuclear Fusion) 5 Nuclei on the right of the peak can release energy by breaking apart (Nuclear Fission) Slide 20 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
44 Characteristics of Nuclear Binding Binding Energy per Nucleon (BE/A) Source: The Open University Slide 21 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
45 PHGN 422: NUCLEAR PHYSICS Nuclear Fusion in Stars Source: A.C. Phillips, The Physics of Stars, 2nd Edition (Wiley, 1999) Slide 22 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
46 Nuclear Fission in Reactors Source: Department of Physics, UC Davis Slide 23 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
47 Next Class... Reading Before Next Class Sections 3.2 and 3.3 (first part) in Krane More on binding energy Next Class Topics Ways to release of energy in a nuclear decay or reaction The experimental determination of atomic masses...and why do we care? Slide 24 Prof. Kyle Leach PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics
PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics Lecture 5: The Liquid Drop Model of the Nucleus
PHGN 422: NUCLEAR PHYSICS PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics Lecture 5: The Liquid Drop Model of the Nucleus Prof. Kyle Leach September 5, 2017 Slide 1 KUgridlrcorner Last Week... Nuclear binding results in a mass
PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics Lecture 1: General Introduction to Nuclear Physics
PHGN 422: NUCLEAR PHYSICS PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics Lecture 1: General Introduction to Nuclear Physics Prof. Kyle Leach August 22, 2017 Slide 1 Course Goals and Objectives Introduction to subatomic physics
PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics Lecture 6: The Semi-Empirical Mass Formula
PHGN 422: NUCLEAR PHYSICS PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics Lecture 6: The Semi-Empirical Mass Formula Prof. Kyle Leach September 7, 2017 Slide 1 Last Class... Assignment: Due September 22, 5pm to the TA mailbox
Basic Nuclear Theory. Lecture 1 The Atom and Nuclear Stability
Basic Nuclear Theory Lecture 1 The Atom and Nuclear Stability Introduction Nuclear power is made possible by energy emitted from either nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. Current nuclear power plants utilize
PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics Lecture 15: Introduction to β Decay
PHGN 422: NUCLEAR PHYSICS PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics Lecture 15: Introduction to β Decay Prof. Kyle Leach October 9, 2018 Slide 1 Last Week... We learned α decay is a result of having a Coulomb term in
THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM
VISUAL PHYSICS ONLINE THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM Models of the atom positive charge uniformly distributed over a sphere J. J. Thomson model of the atom (1907) ~2x10-10 m plum-pudding model: positive charge
RFSS: Lecture 2 Nuclear Properties
RFSS: Lecture 2 Nuclear Properties Readings: Modern Nuclear Chemistry: Chapter 2 Nuclear Properties Nuclear and Radiochemistry: Chapter 1 Introduction, Chapter 2 Atomic Nuclei Nuclear properties Masses
The liquid drop model
The liquid drop model Introduction to Nuclear Science Simon Fraser University Spring 2011 NUCS 342 January 10, 2011 NUCS 342 (Tutorial 0) January 10, 2011 1 / 33 Outline 1 Total binding energy NUCS 342
What did you learn in the last lecture?
What did you learn in the last lecture? Charge density distribution of a nucleus from electron scattering SLAC: 21 GeV e s ; λ ~ 0.1 fm (to first order assume that this is also the matter distribution
Nuclear and Radiation Physics
501503742 Nuclear and Radiation Physics Why nuclear physics? Why radiation physics? Why in Jordan? Interdisciplinary. Applied? 1 Subjects to be covered Nuclear properties. Nuclear forces. Nuclear matter.
The Charged Liquid Drop Model Binding Energy and Fission
The Charged Liquid Drop Model Binding Energy and Fission 103 This is a simple model for the binding energy of a nucleus This model is also important to understand fission and how energy is obtained from
Phys 102 Lecture 27 The strong & weak nuclear forces
Phys 102 Lecture 27 The strong & weak nuclear forces 1 4 Fundamental forces of Nature Today Gravitational force (solar system, galaxies) Electromagnetic force (atoms, molecules) Strong force (atomic nuclei)
LECTURE 25 NUCLEAR STRUCTURE AND STABILITY. Instructor: Kazumi Tolich
LECTURE 25 NUCLEAR STRUCTURE AND STABILITY Instructor: Kazumi Tolich Lecture 25 2 30.1 Nuclear structure Isotopes Atomic mass 30.2 Nuclear stability Biding energy 30.3 Forces and energy in the nucleus
Physics 1C. Lecture 29A. "Nuclear powered vacuum cleaners will probably be a reality within 10 years. " --Alex Lewyt, 1955
Physics 1C Lecture 29A "Nuclear powered vacuum cleaners will probably be a reality within 10 years. " --Alex Lewyt, 1955 The Nucleus All nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons (they can also be called
Introduction to Nuclear Science
Introduction to Nuclear Science PAN Summer Science Program University of Notre Dame June, 2014 Tony Hyder Professor of Physics Topics we will discuss Ground-state properties of the nucleus size, shape,
Nuclear Fission. ~200 MeV. Nuclear Reactor Theory, BAU, Second Semester, (Saed Dababneh).
Surface effect Coulomb effect ~200 MeV 1 B.E. per nucleon for 238 U (BE U ) and 119 Pd (BE Pd )? 2x119xBE Pd 238xBE U =?? K.E. of the fragments 10 11 J/g Burning coal 10 5 J/g Why not spontaneous? Two
Fission and Fusion Book pg cgrahamphysics.com 2016
Fission and Fusion Book pg 286-287 cgrahamphysics.com 2016 Review BE is the energy that holds a nucleus together. This is equal to the mass defect of the nucleus. Also called separation energy. The energy
Nuclear Binding Energy
Nuclear Energy Nuclei contain Z number of protons and (A - Z) number of neutrons, with A the number of nucleons (mass number) Isotopes have a common Z and different A The masses of the nucleons and the
Nuclear Binding & Stability. Stanley Yen TRIUMF
Nuclear Binding & Stability Stanley Yen TRIUMF UNITS: ENERGY Energy measured in electron-volts (ev) 1 volt battery boosts energy of electrons by 1 ev 1 volt battery 1 MeV = 106 ev 1 e-volt = 1.6x10-19
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 1. Describe briefly one scattering experiment to investigate the size of the nucleus of the atom. Include a description of the properties of the incident radiation which makes
Nuclear Physics Fundamental and Application Prof. H. C. Verma Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
Nuclear Physics Fundamental and Application Prof. H. C. Verma Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur Lecture - 5 Semi empirical Mass Formula So, nuclear radius size we talked and
The IC electrons are mono-energetic. Their kinetic energy is equal to the energy of the transition minus the binding energy of the electron.
1 Lecture 3 Nuclear Decay modes, Nuclear Sizes, shapes, and the Liquid drop model Introduction to Decay modes (continued) Gamma Decay Electromagnetic radiation corresponding to transition of nucleus from
The strong & weak nuclear forces
Phys 102 Lecture 27 The strong & weak nuclear forces 1 4 Fundamental forces of Nature Today Gravitational force (solar system, galaxies) Electromagnetic force (atoms, molecules) Strong force (atomic nuclei)
Final Exam Practice Solutions
Physics 390 Final Exam Practice Solutions These are a few problems comparable to those you will see on the exam. They were picked from previous exams. I will provide a sheet with useful constants and equations
Computational Applications in Nuclear Astrophysics using JAVA
Computational Applications in Nuclear Astrophysics using JAVA Lecture: Friday 10:15-11:45 Room NB 6/99 Jim Ritman and Elisabetta Prencipe j.ritman@fz-juelich.de e.prencipe@fz-juelich.de Computer Lab: Friday
Physics 228 Today: April 22, 2012 Ch. 43 Nuclear Physics. Website: Sakai 01:750:228 or
Physics 228 Today: April 22, 2012 Ch. 43 Nuclear Physics Website: Sakai 01:750:228 or www.physics.rutgers.edu/ugrad/228 Nuclear Sizes Nuclei occupy the center of the atom. We can view them as being more
Nuclear Physics 2. D. atomic energy levels. (1) D. scattered back along the original direction. (1)
Name: Date: Nuclear Physics 2. Which of the following gives the correct number of protons and number of neutrons in the nucleus of B? 5 Number of protons Number of neutrons A. 5 6 B. 5 C. 6 5 D. 5 2. The
Lecture 4: Nuclear Energy Generation
Lecture 4: Nuclear Energy Generation Literature: Prialnik chapter 4.1 & 4.2!" 1 a) Some properties of atomic nuclei Let: Z = atomic number = # of protons in nucleus A = atomic mass number = # of nucleons
The nucleus and its structure
The nucleus and its structure Presently no complete theory to fully describe structure and behavior of nuclei based solely on knowledge of force between nucleons (although tremendous progress for A < 12
Part II Particle and Nuclear Physics Examples Sheet 4
Part II Particle and Nuclear Physics Examples Sheet 4 T. Potter Lent/Easter Terms 018 Basic Nuclear Properties 8. (B) The Semi-Empirical mass formula (SEMF) for nuclear masses may be written in the form
Introduction to Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Decay
Introduction to Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Decay Larry MacDonald macdon@uw.edu Nuclear Medicine Basic Science Lectures September 6, 2011 toms Nucleus: ~10-14 m diameter ~10 17 kg/m 3 Electron clouds:
Atomic and nuclear physics
Chapter 4 Atomic and nuclear physics INTRODUCTION: The technologies used in nuclear medicine for diagnostic imaging have evolved over the last century, starting with Röntgen s discovery of X rays and Becquerel
fiziks Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT-JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics
Institute for ET/JRF, GTE, IIT-JM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics. asic Properties of uclei. asic uclear Properties n ordinary hydrogen atom has as its nucleus a single proton, whose charge
Instead, the probability to find an electron is given by a 3D standing wave.
Lecture 24-1 The Hydrogen Atom According to the Uncertainty Principle, we cannot know both the position and momentum of any particle precisely at the same time. The electron in a hydrogen atom cannot orbit
8 Nuclei. introduc)on to Astrophysics, C. Bertulani, Texas A&M-Commerce 1
8 Nuclei introduc)on to Astrophysics, C. Bertulani, Texas A&M-Commerce 1 8.1 - The nucleus The atomic nucleus consists of protons and neutrons. Protons and neutrons are called nucleons. A nucleus is characterized
Fermi gas model. Introduction to Nuclear Science. Simon Fraser University Spring NUCS 342 February 2, 2011
Fermi gas model Introduction to Nuclear Science Simon Fraser University Spring 2011 NUCS 342 February 2, 2011 NUCS 342 (Lecture 9) February 2, 2011 1 / 34 Outline 1 Bosons and fermions NUCS 342 (Lecture
Introduction to Nuclear Science
Introduction to Nuclear Science PIXIE-PAN Summer Science Program University of Notre Dame 2006 Tony Hyder, Professor of Physics Topics we will discuss Ground-state properties of the nucleus Radioactivity
General Physics (PHY 2140)
General Physics (PHY 140) Lecture 18 Modern Physics Nuclear Physics Nuclear properties Binding energy Radioactivity The Decay Process Natural Radioactivity Last lecture: 1. Quantum physics Electron Clouds
Chapter 44. Nuclear Structure
Chapter 44 Nuclear Structure Milestones in the Development of Nuclear Physics 1896: the birth of nuclear physics Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium compounds Rutherford showed the radiation
1. Section 2: Nuclear Energetics
1. Section 2: Nuclear Energetics The energy stored in atomic nuclei is more than a million times greater than that from chemical reactions and is a driving force in the evolution of our Universe. The energy
A. Incorrect! Do not confuse Nucleus, Neutron and Nucleon. B. Incorrect! Nucleon is the name given to the two particles that make up the nucleus.
AP Physics - Problem Drill 24: Nuclear Physics 1. Identify what is being described in each of these statements. Question 01 (1) It is held together by the extremely short range Strong force. (2) The magnitude
13. Basic Nuclear Properties
13. Basic Nuclear Properties Particle and Nuclear Physics Dr. Tina Potter Dr. Tina Potter 13. Basic Nuclear Properties 1 In this section... Motivation for study The strong nuclear force Stable nuclei Binding
DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS
DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS TSOKOS LESSON 6-3 NUCLEAR REACTIONS Review Videos-Radioactivity2 Review Videos - Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces IB Assessment Statements, Topic 7.3
Chapter 10 - Nuclear Physics
The release of atomic energy has not created a new problem. It has merely made more urgent the necessity of solving an existing one. -Albert Einstein David J. Starling Penn State Hazleton PHYS 214 Ernest
PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics Lecture 10: The Nuclear Shell Model II - Application
PHGN 422: NUCLEAR PHYSICS PHGN 422: Nuclear Physics Lecture 10: The Nuclear Shell Model II - Application Prof. Kyle Leach September 21, 2017 Slide 1 Last Class... Introduction of the nuclear shell model
http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/cell_phones.png Announcements: Thursday: Group A to Hayes 105 for hands-on experience Group B comes here to work on worksheet Both groups: bring your calculator! Next Tuesday
PHYSICS CET-2014 MODEL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS NUCLEAR PHYSICS
PHYSICS CET-2014 MODEL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS NUCLEAR PHYSICS IMPORTANT FORMULE TO BE REMEMBERED IMPORTANT FORMULE TO BE REMEMBERED 1. Identify the correct statement with regards to nuclear density a) It
c E If photon Mass particle 8-1
Nuclear Force, Structure and Models Readings: Nuclear and Radiochemistry: Chapter 10 (Nuclear Models) Modern Nuclear Chemistry: Chapter 5 (Nuclear Forces) and Chapter 6 (Nuclear Structure) Characterization
By Tim, John, Shane, Owen
By Tim, John, Shane, Owen A few refreshers Atoms of the same element, which always have an identical number of protons, that have different numbers of neutrons, is an isotope. Protons and neutrons are
Z is the atomic number, the number of protons: this defines the element. Isotope: Nuclides of an element (i.e. same Z) with different N.
Lecture : The nucleus and nuclear instability Nuclei are described using the following nomenclature: A Z Element N Z is the atomic number, the number of protons: this defines the element. A is called the
The Atomic Nucleus. Bloomfield Sections 14.1, 14.2, and 14.3 (download) 4/13/04 ISP A 1
The Atomic Nucleus Bloomfield Sections 14.1, 14., and 14. (download) 4/1/04 ISP 09-1A 1 What is matter made of? Physics is a reductionist science. Beneath the surface, nature is simple! All matter is composed
Section 2: Nuclear Fission and Fusion. Preview Key Ideas Bellringer Nuclear Forces Nuclear Fission Chain Reaction Nuclear Fusion
: Nuclear Fission and Fusion Preview Key Ideas Bellringer Nuclear Forces Nuclear Fission Chain Reaction Nuclear Fusion Key Ideas What holds the nuclei of atoms together? What is released when the nucleus
[2] State in what form the energy is released in such a reaction.... [1]
![[2] State in what form the energy is released in such a reaction.... [1]](/thumbs/87/96058923.jpg "[2] State in what form the energy is released in such a reaction.... [1]")
(a) The following nuclear reaction occurs when a slow-moving neutron is absorbed by an isotope of uranium-35. 0n + 35 9 U 4 56 Ba + 9 36Kr + 3 0 n Explain how this reaction is able to produce energy....
Class XII Chapter 13 - Nuclei Physics
Question 13.1: (a) Two stable isotopes of lithium and have respective abundances of 7.5% and 92.5%. These isotopes have masses 6.01512 u and 7.01600 u, respectively. Find the atomic mass of lithium. (b)
Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics
Nuclear Physics and strophysics PHY-302 Dr. E. Rizvi Lecture 7 - The SemiEmpirical Mass Formula Material For This Lecture Today we will cover Liquid Drop Model Motivation Model terms and Parameters pplications:
RFSS: Lecture 8 Nuclear Force, Structure and Models Part 1 Readings: Nuclear Force Nuclear and Radiochemistry:
RFSS: Lecture 8 Nuclear Force, Structure and Models Part 1 Readings: Nuclear and Radiochemistry: Chapter 10 (Nuclear Models) Modern Nuclear Chemistry: Chapter 5 (Nuclear Forces) and Chapter 6 (Nuclear
Describe the structure of the nucleus Calculate nuclear binding energies Identify factors affecting nuclear stability
Atomic and Nuclear Structure George Starkschall, Ph.D. Lecture Objectives Describe the atom using the Bohr model Identify the various electronic shells and their quantum numbers Recall the relationship
Binding Energy. Bởi: OpenStaxCollege
Binding Energy Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The more tightly bound a system is, the stronger the forces that hold it together and the greater the energy required to pull it apart. We can therefore learn about
Krane Enge Cohen Willaims NUCLEAR PROPERTIES 1 Binding energy and stability Semi-empirical mass formula Ch 4
Lecture 3 Krane Enge Cohen Willaims NUCLER PROPERTIES 1 Binding energy and stability Semi-empirical mass formula 3.3 4.6 7. Ch 4 Nuclear Spin 3.4 1.5 1.6 8.6 3 Magnetic dipole moment 3.5 1.7 1.6 8.7 4
Lecture 4. Magic Numbers
Lecture 4 In last lecture we discussed how one can solve the Schroedinger equation to determine the allowed energies of a particle trapped in a spherically symmetric potential. We will apply these methods
Nice Try. Introduction: Development of Nuclear Physics 20/08/2010. Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity. SPH4UI Physics
SPH4UI Physics Modern understanding: the ``onion picture Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity Nucleus Protons tom and neutrons Let s see what s inside! 3 Nice Try Introduction: Development of Nuclear Physics
Physics 111 Homework Solutions Week #10 - Thursday
Physics 111 Homework Solutions Week #10 - Thursday Monday, March 8, 2010 Chapter 26 Questions 26.1 The atomic number Z is the number of protons in the nucleus. It distinguishes the different types of atoms.
Nuclear Physics. Chapter 43. PowerPoint Lectures for University Physics, Thirteenth Edition Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman
Chapter 43 Nuclear Physics PowerPoint Lectures for University Physics, Thirteenth Edition Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman Lectures by Wayne Anderson Goals for Chapter 43 To understand some key properties
1. Nuclear Size. A typical atom radius is a few!10 "10 m (Angstroms). The nuclear radius is a few!10 "15 m (Fermi).
1. Nuclear Size We have known since Rutherford s! " scattering work at Manchester in 1907, that almost all the mass of the atom is contained in a very small volume with high electric charge. Nucleus with
Fisika Inti Nuclear Physics 5/14/2010 1
Fisika Inti Nuclear Physics 5/14/2010 1 Pengertian Modern: Gambar onion Modern understanding: the ``onion picture Atom Let s see what s inside! 5/14/2010 2 Pengertian Modern: Gambar onion Modern understanding:
Nuclear Physics Part 1: Nuclear Structure & Reactions
Nuclear Physics Part 1: Nuclear Structure & Reactions Last modified: 25/01/2018 Links The Atomic Nucleus Nucleons Strong Nuclear Force Nuclei Are Quantum Systems Atomic Number & Atomic Mass Number Nuclides
Nuclear Physics 3 8 O+ B. always take place and the proton will be emitted with kinetic energy.
Name: Date: Nuclear Physics 3. A student suggests that the following transformation may take place. Measurement of rest masses shows that 7 7 N+ He 8 O+ total rest mass( N 7 + He ) < total rest mass( O
Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics
Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics Sascha Vogel Elena Bratkovskaya Marcus Bleicher Wednesday, 14:15-16:45 FIS Lecture Hall Lecturers Elena Bratkovskaya Marcus Bleicher svogel@th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de
Properties of Nuclei deduced from the Nuclear Mass
Properties of Nuclei deduced from the Nuclear Mass -the 2nd lecture- @Milano March 16-20, 2015 Yoshitaka Fujita Osaka University Image of Nuclei Our simple image for Nuclei!? Nuclear Physics by Bohr and
DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS
DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS TSOKOS LESSON 7-2 NUCLEAR REACTIONS Review Videos-Radioactivity2 Review Videos - Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces Essential Idea: Energy can be released
Chem 481 Lecture Material 1/23/09
Chem 481 Lecture Material 1/23/09 Nature of Radioactive Decay Radiochemistry Nomenclature nuclide - This refers to a nucleus with a specific number of protons and neutrons. The composition of a nuclide
Introduction to Nuclear Physics Physics 124 Solution Set 6
Introduction to Nuclear Physics Physics 124 Solution Set 6 J.T. Burke January 18, 2000 1 Problem 22 In order to thermalize a neutron it must undergo multiple elastic collisions. Upon each interaction it
Liquid Drop Model From the definition of Binding Energy we can write the mass of a nucleus X Z
Our first model of nuclei. The motivation is to describe the masses and binding energy of nuclei. It is called the Liquid Drop Model because nuclei are assumed to behave in a similar way to a liquid (at
Introduction to Modern Physics Problems from previous Exams 3
Introduction to Modern Physics Problems from previous Exams 3 2007 An electron of mass 9 10 31 kg moves along the x axis at a velocity.9c. a. Calculate the rest energy of the electron. b. Calculate its
Question 13.1: Two stable isotopes of lithium and have respective abundances of 7.5% and 92.5%. These isotopes have masses 6.01512 u and 7.01600 u, respectively. Find the atomic mass of lithium. Boron
FOUNDATIONS OF NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
FOUNDATIONS OF NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY Michele Laino January 8, 2016 Abstract In this brief tutorial, some of basics of nuclear chemistry are shown. Such tutorial it is mainly focused on binding energy of nuclei
Z is the atomic number, the number of protons: this defines the element. Isotope: Nuclides of an element (i.e. same Z) with different N.
Lecture : The nucleus and nuclear instability Nuclei are described using the following nomenclature: A Z Element N Z is the atomic number, the number of protons: this defines the element. A is called the
Compound and heavy-ion reactions
Compound and heavy-ion reactions Introduction to Nuclear Science Simon Fraser University Spring 2011 NUCS 342 March 23, 2011 NUCS 342 (Lecture 24) March 23, 2011 1 / 32 Outline 1 Density of states in a
Recap I Lecture 41 Matthias Liepe, 2012
Recap I Lecture 41 Matthias Liepe, 01 Recap II Nuclear Physics The nucleus Radioactive decay Fission Fusion Particle Physics: What is the Higgs? Today: Nuclear Physics: The Nucleus Positive charge and
[1] (c) Some fruits, such as bananas, are naturally radioactive because they contain the unstable isotope of potassium-40 ( K.
![[1] (c) Some fruits, such as bananas, are naturally radioactive because they contain the unstable isotope of potassium-40 ( K.](/thumbs/82/85827188.jpg "[1] (c) Some fruits, such as bananas, are naturally radioactive because they contain the unstable isotope of potassium-40 ( K.")
(a) State, with a reason, whether or not protons and neutrons are fundamental particles....... [] (b) State two fundamental particles that can be classified as leptons.... [] (c) Some fruits, such as bananas,
Substructure of the Nucleus *
OpenStax-CNX module: m42631 1 Substructure of the Nucleus * OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 Dene and discuss the nucleus in
Atomic and Nuclear Radii
Atomic and Nuclear Radii By first approx. the nucleus can be considered a sphere with radius given by R 1.25 x A (1/3) {fm} A atomic mass number, fm 10-15 m Since the volume of a sphere is proportional
CONCEPT MAP ATOMS. Atoms. 1.Thomson model 2.Rutherford model 3.Bohr model. 6. Hydrogen spectrum
CONCEPT MAP ATOMS Atoms 1.Thomson model 2.Rutherford model 3.Bohr model 4.Emission line spectra 2a. Alpha scattering experiment 3a. Bohr s postulates 6. Hydrogen spectrum 8. De Broglie s explanation 5.Absorption
Applied Nuclear Physics (Fall 2004) Lecture 11 (10/20/04) Nuclear Binding Energy and Stability
22.101 Applied Nuclear Physics (Fall 2004) Lecture 11 (10/20/04) Nuclear Binding Energy and Stability References: W. E. Meyerhof, Elements of Nuclear Physics (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967), Chap.2. The
Chemistry 201: General Chemistry II - Lecture
Chemistry 201: General Chemistry II - Lecture Dr. Namphol Sinkaset Chapter 21 Study Guide Concepts 1. There are several modes of radioactive decay: (1) alpha (α) decay, (2) beta (β) decay, (3) gamma (γ)
Fundamental Forces. Range Carrier Observed? Strength. Gravity Infinite Graviton No. Weak 10-6 Nuclear W+ W- Z Yes (1983)
Fundamental Forces Force Relative Strength Range Carrier Observed? Gravity 10-39 Infinite Graviton No Weak 10-6 Nuclear W+ W- Z Yes (1983) Electromagnetic 10-2 Infinite Photon Yes (1923) Strong 1 Nuclear
Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity
Physics 102: Lecture 28 Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity Physics 102: Lecture 27, Slide 1 Recall: Nuclear Physics A Z 6 3 Li Nucleus = Protons+ Neutrons nucleons Z = proton number (atomic number) Gives chemical
Atomic Quantum number summary. From last time. Na Optical spectrum. Another possibility: Stimulated emission. How do atomic transitions occur?
From last time Hydrogen atom Multi-electron atoms This week s honors lecture: Prof. Brad Christian, Positron Emission Tomography Course evaluations next week Tues. Prof Montaruli Thurs. Prof. Rzchowski
PHY492: Nuclear & Particle Physics. Lecture 5 Angular momentum Nucleon magnetic moments Nuclear models
PHY492: Nuclear & Particle Physics Lecture 5 Angular momentum Nucleon magnetic moments Nuclear models eigenfunctions & eigenvalues: Classical: L = r p; Spherical Harmonics: Orbital angular momentum Orbital
Basic science. Atomic structure. Electrons. The Rutherford-Bohr model of an atom. Electron shells. Types of Electrons. Describing an Atom
Basic science A knowledge of basic physics is essential to understanding how radiation originates and behaves. This chapter works through what an atom is; what keeps it stable vs. radioactive and unstable;
Nicholas J. Giordano. Chapter 30. Nuclear Physics. Marilyn Akins, PhD Broome Community College
Nicholas J. Giordano www.cengage.com/physics/giordano Chapter 30 Nuclear Physics Marilyn Akins, PhD Broome Community College Atomic Nuclei Rutherford s discovery of the atomic nucleus caused scientists
2007 Fall Nuc Med Physics Lectures
2007 Fall Nuc Med Physics Lectures Tuesdays, 9:30am, NN203 Date Title Lecturer 9/4/07 Introduction to Nuclear Physics RS 9/11/07 Decay of radioactivity RS 9/18/07 Interactions with matter RM 9/25/07 Radiation
Lecture 2. The Semi Empirical Mass Formula SEMF. 2.0 Overview
Lecture The Semi Empirical Mass Formula SEMF Nov 6, Lecture Nuclear Physics Lectures, Dr. Armin Reichold 1. Overview.1 The liquid drop model. The Coulomb Term.3 Mirror nuclei, charge asymmetry and independence.4
Physics 2D Lecture Slides Jan 22. Vivek Sharma UCSD Physics
Physics 2D Lecture Slides Jan 22 Vivek Sharma UCSD Physics Nuclear Fusion : What Powers the Sun Opposite of Fission Mass of a Nucleus < mass of its component protons+neutrons Nuclei are stable, bound
PHY492: Nuclear & Particle Physics. Lecture 3 Homework 1 Nuclear Phenomenology
PHY49: Nuclear & Particle Physics Lecture 3 Homework 1 Nuclear Phenomenology Measuring cross sections in thin targets beam particles/s n beam m T = ρts mass of target n moles = m T A n nuclei = n moles
Masses and binding energies
Masses and binding energies Introduction to Nuclear Science Simon Fraser University Spring 2011 NUCS 342 January 10, 2011 NUCS 342 (Lecture 1) January 10, 2011 1 / 23 Outline 1 Notation NUCS 342 (Lecture
Lecture Outlines Chapter 32. Physics, 3 rd Edition James S. Walker
Lecture Outlines Chapter 32 Physics, 3 rd Edition James S. Walker 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in
Slide 1 / 57. Nuclear Physics & Nuclear Reactions Practice Problems
Slide 1 / 57 Nuclear Physics & Nuclear Reactions Practice Problems Slide 2 / 57 Multiple Choice Slide 3 / 57 1 The atomic nucleus consists of: A B C D E Electrons Protons Protons and electrons Protons
NJCTL.org 2015 AP Physics 2 Nuclear Physics
AP Physics 2 Questions 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of? 2. What is the definition of the atomic number? What is its symbol?
Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity
Physics 102: Lecture 28 Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity Physics 102: Lecture 27, Slide 1 Nuclear Physics A Z 6 3 Li 7 Li 3 Physics 102: Lecture 26, Slide 2 Z = proton number ( atomic number ) Gives chemical