Chapter: Inside the Atom. Section 2: The Nucleus
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1 Chapter: Inside the Atom Section 2: The Nucleus
2 What you will learn Students will understand that atoms of different elements have a different number of sub particles Students will understand how to identify the number of sub particles in an atom Students will understand what are Isotopes.
3 Review What are the sub particles of the atom??? Where are they located? What is their charge?
4 Important: Are all atoms the same????? What are the differences between atoms of different elements???? The difference is in the number of the sub particles Guided Reading
5 Chapter 14 Section 2 1. What is an atom s Atomic Number? 2. What is the number of electrons and protons in a neutral atom? 3. What are Isotopes? 4. Mass Number is also called Atomic Mass. Explain the meaning of this term. 5. How do you calculate the number of neutrons knowing the Atomic Number and the Atomic Mass? 6. Explain why protons in the nucleus do not repel each other? (remember charges that are equal repel and opposite charges attract) 7. Explain Radioactive Decay. 9. What is the definition of transmutation?
6 1) What is an atom s atomic number? The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons in its nucleus. The atomic number of an atom never changes. If it changes, the atom becomes the atom of another element. See Periodic table page 436.
7 2)What is the number of electrons and protons in a neutral atom? The number of electrons and protons in a neutral atom is the same.
8 3) What are Isotopes? Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
9 4) Mass Number is also called Atomic Mass. Explain the meaning of this term. The atomic mass of an atom is the number of neutrons plus protons in the nucleus.
10 5) How do you calculate the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom, knowing the Atomic Number and the Atomic Mass? The number of neutrons can be calculated: Atomic Mass minus the Atomic Number = number of neutrons
11 Calculate the number of neutrons and electrons of the isotopes below. IMP: The atoms are neutral Isotopes of B B-54 B-55 B-56 Atomic Mass (protons + neutrons) Atomic Number (protons) Neutrons Electrons
12 Calculate the number of neutrons and electrons of the isotopes below. IMP: The atoms are neutral Isotopes of A B A-16 B-54 A-17 B-55 A-18 B-56 Atomic Mass (protons + neutrons) Atomic Number (protons) Neutrons Electrons
13 Calculate the number of neutrons and electrons of the isotopes below. IMP: The atoms are neutral Isotopes of A A-16 A-17 A-18 Atomic Mass (protons + neutrons) Atomic Number (protons) Neutrons Electrons
14 Calculate the number of neutrons and electrons of the isotopes below. IMP: The atoms are neutral Isotopes of A A16 A17 A18 Atomic Mass (protons + neutrons) Atomic Number (protons) Neutrons Electrons 8 8 8
15 Answer the following questions about the following Isotopes: (use the periodic table to help you)
16 Most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus of the atom The nucleus contains the protons and neutrons Why protons in the nucleus do not repel each other?
17 6) Explain why protons in the nucleus do not repel each other? (remember equal charges repel ) Strong Nuclear Force is a force that hold the protons together only when they are as closely packed as they are in the nucleus of the atom.
18 7) Explain Radioactive Decay When the number of neutrons in a nucleus differ from the number of protons, the atom is not stable To become stable, they have to release particles in a process called Radioactive Decay.
19 Radioactive Decay The released particles plus the energy are called nuclear radiation The result is the formation of radioactive isotopes.
20 Radioactive Isotopes are important 1)Used to date old artifacts and fossils 2)Used in medicine to detect cancer, digestion, thyroid and circulation problems. 3) Radioactive Isotopes are added to pesticides and fertilizers to evaluate the environmental impact of these substances
21 Disposal of Radioactive Waste Waste products from processes that involve radioactive decay are a problem because they can leave isotopes that still release radiation. Special disposal sites that can contain the radiation must be built to store this waste for long periods.
22 8) What is half - life? The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the amount of time it takes for half of a sample of the element to decay. Half-life is used to measure the rate of decay of the nucleus of an atom
23 9) Transmutation: Transmutation occurs when an atom releases or gains a proton and becomes an atom of a different element. See periodic table
24 10) Making Synthetic Elements Synthetic elements are created in laboratories by smashing atomic particles into a target element. The absorbed particle converts the target element into another element with a higher atomic number.
25 Making Synthetic Elements Elements with atomic numbers 93 to 112, and 114 have been made in this way. ( see periodic table)
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