DNA And The Microwave Effect Post From MailBag 4/8/2002: DNA and the Microwave Effect Dear Technical staff,
|
|
- Mervyn Reeves
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 DNA And The Microwave Effect Post From MailBag 4/8/2002: DNA and the Microwave Effect Dear Technical staff, I am a private researcher based in Perth, Western Australia. I believe that the major contributing factor to the 'microwave effect' is actually a reciprocating Lorentz-force (force exerted on a charge-carrying substance in the presence of mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields - such as in a microwave) exerted on the uneven charge distribution of the DNA/RNA molecule. Thus providing a non-thermal explanation for this phenomenon. If that is the case, then the frequencies involved would almost certainly be very different to the conventional 2450 MHz, since the structures and the forces involved are so different. It would become a microscopic structural resonance issue, as opposed to a purely thermal or purely chemical effect. This would also explain the similarities between the microwave effect and the external-heating method. Please post this on your site as it may assist research in this important area. DNA And The Microwave Effect Penn State University January 20, 2001 Can microwaves disrupt the covalent bonds of DNA? The fundamentals of thermodynamics and physics indicate this is impossible. Numerous studies have concluded that there is no evidence to support the existence of the 'Microwave Effect', and yet, some recent studies have demonstrated that microwaves are capable of breaking the covalent bonds of DNA. The exact nature of this phenomenon is not well understood, and no theory currently exists to explain it. This report summarizes the history of the controversy surrounding the microwave effect, and the latest research results. [Picture of DNA breaks with x-ray and microwave (mobile phone frequency) radiation] The effectiveness of microwaves for sterilization has been well established by numerous studies over the previous decades (Latimer 1977, Sanborn 1982, Brown 1978, Goldblith 1967). The exact nature of the sterilization effect and whether it is due solely to thermal effects or to the 'microwave effect' has been a matter of controversy for decades. The dielectric effect on polar molecules has been known since 1912 (DeBye 1929). Polar molecules are those which possess an uneven charge distribution and respond to an electromagnetic field by rotating. The angular momentum developed by these molecules results in friction with neighboring molecules and converts thereby to linear momentum, the definition of heat in liquids and gases. Because the molecules are forced to rotate first,
2 there is a slight delay between the absorption of microwave energy and the development of linear momentum, or heat. There are some minor secondary effects of microwaves, including ionic conduction, which are negligible in external heating. Microwave heating is, therefore, not identical to external heating, at least at the molecular level, and the existence of a microwave effect is not precluded simply because the macroscopic heating effects of microwaves are indistinguishable from those of external heating. During the 1930s the effects of low frequency electromagnetic waves on biological materials were studied in depth by physicists, engineers and biologists. Studies of the effects of microwaves on bacteria, viruses and DNA were performed in the 1960s and included research on heating, biocidal effects, dielectric dispersion, mutagenic effects and induced sonic resonance. Some of the early biophysicists investigating microwave absorption claimed evidence of a 'microwave effect' which was distinct in its biocidal effects from the effects of external heating (Barnes 1977, Cope 1976, Furia 1986). Most biologists in turn claimed there was no evidence of a microwave effect and that the biocidal effects of microwaves were either due entirely to heating or were indistinguishable from external heating (Goldblith 1967, Lechowich 1969, Vela 1978, Jeng 1987, Fujikawa 1991, Welt 1994). These experiments were repeated with increased sophistication right up to the present with the majority consensus being that the microwave effect did not exist. These experiments typically fell into two categories, 'controlled temperature' experiments and 'dry' experiments. In the controlled temperature experiments the researchers controlled the temperature of the irradiated specimen through various timing, pulsing or cooling techniques (Welt 1994, Lechowich 1968). For example, Welt (1994) investigated the effects of microwave irradiation on Clostridium spores and found no additional lethality caused by microwaves that could not be accounted for by conventional heating. However, spores may not be representative of microwave irradiation effects on active growing bacterial cells. The results of this and other experiments showed that controlling the temperature prevented biocidal effects, and this was taken as conclusive evidence that the microwave effect did not exist. However, the assumption that the microwave effect is independent of, and separable from, temperature was always implicit in these studies, but was never acknowledged. The second type of experiment, the dry experiment, also contains unacknowledged assumptions. Studies have shown that in the absence of water or moisture, biocidal effects of microwaves are severely diminished, or require considerably longer exposures (Jeng 1987, Vela 1979). This was typically taken as evidence that nonthermal microwave effects did not exist, however, since water is the primary medium by which microwaves are converted to heat, the absence of biocidal effects in the absence of water would only indicate that water is necessary for sterilization whether or not heating is the cause. Furthermore, the possibility that the specific frequency used, 2450 MHz, only affects water and not bacteria or spores was overlooked. DNA has a dielectric dispersion, where microwaves are readily absorbed, at much lower frequencies than water (Takashima 1984). The experiments may simply be indicating that the wrong frequency is being used for targeting 'dry' bacteria and spores. Most of the studies mentioned above concluded that the microwave effect, if it existed, was indistinguishable from the effects of external heating. However, it was recently demonstrated (Kakita 1995) that the microwave effect is distinguishable from external heating by the fact that it is capable of extensively fragmenting viral DNA, something that heating to the same temperature did not accomplish. This experiment consisted of irradiating a bacteriophage PL-1 culture at 2450 MHz and comparing this with a separate culture heated to the same temperature. The DNA was mostly destroyed, a result that does not occur from heating alone. These photos are borrowed from Kakita et al (1995), permission pending. In the Kakita experiment the survival percentage was approximately the same whether the samples were heated or irradiated with microwaves, but evaluation by electrophoresis and electron microscopy showed that the DNA of the microwaved samples had mostly disappeared. In spite of the evolving complexity of all the previous experiments, electrophoresis had not been used to compare irradiated and externally heated samples prior to this. Electron microscopy had been used to study the bacteriocidal effects of microwaves (Rosaspina 1993, 1994) and these results also showed that microwaves had effects that were distinguishable from those of external heating. The energy level of a microwave photon is only 10-5 ev, whereas the energy required to break a covalent bond is 10 ev, or a million times greater. Based on this fact, it has been stated in the literature that "microwaves are incapable of breaking the covalent bonds of DNA" (Fujikawa 1992, Jeng 1987), but this has apparently occurred in the Kakita experiment, even though this may be only an indirect effect of the microwaves. There is, in fact, plenty of evidence to indicate that there are alternate mechanisms for causing DNA covalent
3 bond breakage without invoking the energy levels of ionizing radiation (Watanabe 1985, 1989, Ishibashi 1982, Kakita 1995, Kashige 1995, Kashige 1990, 1994). Still, no theory currently exists to explain the phenomenon of DNA fragmentation by microwaves although research is ongoing which may elucidate the mechanism (Watanabe 1996). The results of microwave irradiation affected two bacteria, S. aureus and E. coli. The death curves exhibited classic exponential decay with ab apparent shoulder, as well as a possible second stage. These curves are based on data from Kakita etal (1999). The microwave frequency used in the Kakita study was the standard 2450 MHz used in conventional microwave ovens. This is the same frequency that was used in essentially all prior studies, except for the earliest studies (which looked at lower frequencies), and sonic resonant studies, which looked at much higher frequencies. The early studies showed that DNA tended to absorb microwave radiation "in the kilocycle range" (Takashima 1963, 1966, Grant 1978, Grandolfo 1983), but no biocidal effects in the range of 1 MHz to 60 MHz were observed. One notable exception, however, was an early experiment which found that frequencies between 11 and 350 MHz had lethal effects on bacteria, with a peak at 60 MHz (Fleming 1944). As far as could be determined, the contradiction between the results of Fleming and those of Takashima has never been resolved or re-addressed. In any event, there is no evidence in these studies to indicate any undue attention was paid to control the actual absorbed dose or the precise geometry of the irradiation cell, and therefore the differences in the results of these investigators may reflect differences in their cell geometries, among other things. In summary, it would seem there is reason to believe that the microwave effect does indeed exist, even if it cannot yet be adequately explained. What we know at present is somewhat limited, but there may be enough information already available to form a viable hypothesis. The possibility that electromagnetic radiation in the non-ionizing frequency range can cause genetic damage may have profound implications on the current controversy involving EM antennae, power lines, and cell phones. A Theory of Microwave Induced DNA Covalent Bond Breakage A review of the data from the various referenced experiments shows a common pattern -- for the first few minutes of irradiation there is no pronounced effect, and then a cascade of microbial destruction occurs. The data pattern greatly resembles the dynamics of a capacitor; first there is an accumulation of energy, and then a catastrophic release. It may simply indicate a threshold temperature has been reached, or it may indicate a two-stage process is at work. The second stage of this process may very well be the accumulation of oxygen radicals, which would certainly seem to be primary suspects as they have a considerable propensity for dissociating the covalent bonds of DNA. Oxygen radicals can be generated by the disruption of a hydrogen bond on a water molecule. Water molecules exist alongside DNA molecules as "bound" water, two or three layers thick. These water molecules share a hydrogen bond with component atoms of the DNA backbone, including carbon, nitrogen and other oxygen atoms. At any given point in time one of the hydrogen atoms may be primarily bonded to either an oxygen atom on the water molecule, or to an oxygen (or other) atom on the DNA backbone. The fluctuating character of these shared and exchanged bonds is enhanced by temperature and by the dynamics induced by microwaves. Although the amount of oxygen radicals which may be produced by this process cannot presently be determined, the production of some number of oxygen radicals is inevitable in these circumstances. It must be noted here though, that most of the oxygen radicals produced in this manner would exist only briefly, as they would almost immediately bond to the nearest available site. If this site is an oxygen atom on the DNA backbone, we get a covalent bond break, albeit probably only a brief one. Although DNA tends to repair itself naturally, the simultaneous breakage of a sufficient number of covalent bonds would lead to a catastrophic failure of the entire DNA molecule. Due to the exceedingly large number of bonds involved, the matter boils down to a reproducible function of pure probabilities. In other words, after a set and reproducible amount of time determined by probability functions, you would expect to see DNA disintegration. And so, what we have is a two-stage process of DNA covalent bond breakage resulting from oxygen radicals generated by microwave irradiation. This is one theory, and it awaits experimental verification. An alternate theory comes from investigators at Fukuoka University in Japan. In a series of studies not specifically involving microwaves, these investigators established that certain ions can stimulate DNA breakage and OH radical production (Kashige eta al 1990, Kashige et al 1994). They also determined that amino sugars
4 and derivatives could induce DNA strand breakage (Kashige et al 1991). It is possible that microwaves may be causing generation of cupric ions and hydroxyl radicals, and that auto-oxidation of aminosugars in solution are involved in DNA strand breakage (Watanabe et al 1990, Watanabe et al 1986). The link between microwaves and these secondary products remains to be established. 1. REFERENCES Barnes, F. S. and C. L. J. Hu (1977). "Model of some nonthermal effects of radio and microwave fields on biological membranes." IEEE Transactions Microwave Theory Tech. 25: Brown, P. V., R. H. Lenox and J. L. Meyerhoff (1978). "Microwave enzyme inactivation system: electronic control to reduce dose variability." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 2: Cheung, W. S. and F. H. Levien (1985). Microwaves made simple, principles and applications. Artech House, Inc. Denham, MA. Chipley, J. R. (1980). "Effects of microwave irradiation on microorganisms." Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 26: Cope, F. W. (1976). "Superconductivity - a possible mechanism for non-thermal biological effects of microwaves." J. of Microwave Power 11: Davis, C. C., G. S. Edwards, M. L. Swicord, J. Sagripanti and J. Saffer (1986). "Direct excitation of DNA internal modes by microwaves." Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 16: Diaz-Cinco, M. and S. Martinelli (1991). The use of microwaves in sterilization. Dairy Food Environ. Sanit. 11(12): Debye, P. (1929). Polar Molecules. Lancaster, Lancaster Press. Dreyfuss, M. S. and J. R. Chipley (1980). Comparison of effects of sublethal microwave radiation and conventional heating on the metabolic activity of Staphylococcus aureus. Appl. Microb. 39(1): Fleming, H. (1944). "Effect of high frequency fields on bacteria." Electrical Engineering 63: Fujikawa, H., H. Ushioda and Y. Kudo (1992). "Kinetics of Escherichia coli destruction by microwave irradiation." Applied and Environ. Microbiol. 58: Fung, D. Y. C. and F. E. Cunningham (1980). Effect of microwaves on microorganisms in foods. J. Food Prot. 43: Furia, L., D. W. Hill and O. P. Gandhi (1986). "Effect of millimeter-wave radiation on growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae." IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 33: Goldblith, S. A. and D. I. C. Wang (1967). "Effect of microwaves on Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis." Applied Microbiol. 15: Grandolfo, M., S. M. Michaelson and A. Rindi (1983). Biological effects and dosimetry of nonionizing radiation. New York, Plenum Press. Grant, E. H., R. J. Sheppard and G. P. South (1978). Dielectric behaviour of biological molecules in solution. Great Britain, Oxford University Press. Heller, J. H. and A. A. Teixeira-Pinto (1959). A new physical method of creating chromosomal aberrations. Nature 183(March): Hoffman, P. N. and M. J. Hanley (1994). "Assessment of a microwave-based clinical waste decontamination unit." J. of Applied Bacteriology 77: Ishibashi, K., T. Sasaki, S. Takesue and K. Watanabe (1982). "In vitro phage-inactivating action of d- glucosamine on Lactobacillus phage PL-1." Agric. Biol. Chem. 46: Jeng, D. K. H., K. A. Kaczmarek, A. G. Woodworth and G. Balasky (1987). "Mechanism of microwave sterilization in the dry state." Applied and Environ. Microbiol. 53: Kakita, Y., N. Kashige, K. Murata, A. Kuroiwa, M. Funatsu and K. Watanabe (1995). "Inactivation of Lactobacillus bacteriophage PL-1 by microwave irradiation." Microbiol. Immunol. 39: Kakita, Y., M. Funatso, F. Miake, K. Watanabe (1999)."Effects of microwave irradiation on bacteria attached to the hospiral white coats." International J. of Occup. Med. & Environ. Health, 12(2): Kashige, N., M. Kojima, et al. (1990). Function of cupric ion in the breakage of pbr322 ccc-dna by D- Glucosamine. Agric. Biol. Chem. 54:
5 Kashige, N., M. Kojima and K. Watanabe (1990). "Correlation between DNA-breaking activity of aminosugars and the amounts of active oxygen molecules generated in their aqueous solutions." Agric. Biol. Chem. 55: Kashige, N., T. Yamaguchi, A. Ohtakara, M. Mitsutomi, J. S. Brimacombe, F. Miake and K. Watanabe (1994). "Structure-activity relationships in the induction of single-strand breakage in plasmid pbr322 DNA by amino sugars and derivatives." Carbohydrate Research 257: Latimer, J. M. and J. M. Matsen (1977). "Microwave oven irradiation as a method for bacterial decontamination in a clinical microbiology laboratory." J. of Clinical Microbiol. 4: Lechowich, R. V., L. R. Beuchat, K. J. Fox and F. H. Webster (1969). "Procedure for evaluating the effects of 2450 MHz microwaves upon Streptococcus faecalis and Saccharamyces cervisiae." Applied Microbiol 17: Mei, W. N., M. Kohli, E. W. Prohofsky and L. L. Van Zandt (1981). "Acoustic modes and nonbonded interactions of the double helix." Biopolymers 20: Najdovski, L., Z. Dragas, V. Kotnik. "The killing activity of microwaves on some non-sporogenic and sporogenic medically important bacterial strains." J. Hosp. Infect. 19: Pethig, R. (1979). Dielectric and electronic properties of biological materials. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons Rosaspina, S., D. Anzanel and G. Salvatorelli (1993). "Microwave sterilization of enterobacteria." Microbios. 76: Rosaspina, S., G. Salvatorelli, D. Anazanel and R. Bovolenta (1994). "Effect of microwave radiation on Candida albicans." Microbios. 78: Sanborn, M. R., S. K. Wan and R. Bulard (1982). "Microwave sterilization of plastic tissue culture vessels for reuse." Applied and Environ. Microbiol. 44: Stuerga, D. A. C. and P. Gaillard (1996). Microwave athermal effects in chemistry: A myth's autopsy. Part I: Historical background and fundamentals of wave-matter interaction. Intl. Microwave Power Inst. 31(2): Stuerga, D. A. C. and P. Gaillard (1996). Microwave athermal effects in chemistry: A myth's autopsy. Part II: Orienting effects and thermodynamic consequences of electric field. Intl. Microwave Power Inst. 31(2): Takashima, S. (1963). "Dielectric dispersion of DNA." J. of Molecular Biology 7: Takashima, S. (1966). "Studies on the effect of radio-frequency waves on biological macromolecules." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 13: Takashima, S., C. Gabriel, R. J. Sheppard and E. H. Grant (1984). "Dielectric behaviour of DNA solution at radio frequency and microwave frequencies." J. of Biophysics 46: Taylor, A. R. (1960). Effects of nonionizing radiations of animal viruses. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 82: Vela, G. R. and J. F. Wu (1979). "Mechanism of lethal action of 2450 MHz radiation on microorganisms." Applied and Environ. Microbiol. 37: Watanabe, K., N. Kashige, M. Kojima, Y. Nakashima, M. Hayashida and K. Sumoto (1985). "DNA strand scission by d-glucosamine and its phosphates in plasmid pbr322." Agric. Biol. Chem. 50: Watanabe, K., N. Kashige, M. Kojima and Y. Nakashima (1989). "Specificity of nucleotide sequence in DNA cleavage induced by d-glucosamine and d-glucosamine-6-phosphate in the presence of Cu2+." Agric. Biol. Chem. 54: Watanabe, K. (1996). "Personal communication with W. J. Kowalski." Webb, S. J. and A. D. Booth (1969). Absorption of microwaves by microorganisms. Nature 222(June): Welt, B. A., C. H. Tong, J. L. Rossen and D. B. Lund (1994). "Effect of microwave radiation on inactivation of Clostridium sporogenes spores." Applied and Environ. Microbiol. 60:
Effects of Low Level Radiation on Genetic Material
Sunday, November 21, 2010 PLEASE VISIT OUR NEW SITE - HERE Post comments on anything Final Work, Assembly & Research; Geet Duggal Page 1 Page 2 Effects of Low Level Radiation on Genetic Material Foreward
More informationMechanism of Microwave Sterilization in the Dry State
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 1987, p. 2133-2137 99-224/87/92133-5$2./O Copyright C 1987, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 53, No. 9 Mechanism of Microwave Sterilization in the Dry
More informationNOTES - Ch. 16 (part 1): DNA Discovery and Structure
NOTES - Ch. 16 (part 1): DNA Discovery and Structure By the late 1940 s scientists knew that chromosomes carry hereditary material & they consist of DNA and protein. (Recall Morgan s fruit fly research!)
More informationIndustrial Hygiene: Assessment and Control of the Occupational Environment
Industrial Hygiene: Assessment and Control of the Occupational Environment Main Topics Air Pollution Control Analytical Methods Ergonomics Gas and Vapour Sampling General Practice Heat and Cold Stress
More informationSimple method to study the mechanism of thermal and non thermal bactericidal action of microwave radiations on different bacterial species
Journal of Bacteriology Research Vol. 1(5), pp. 058-063, August, 2009 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/jbr 2009 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Simple method to study the
More informationConnecticut State Department of Education Science - Core Curriculum Standards High School Grades 9-12
Connecticut State Department of Education Science - Core Curriculum Standards High School Grades 9-12 Essential Questions Scientific Inquiry, Literacy and Numeracy How is scientific knowledge created and
More informationKinetics of Escherchia coli Destruction by Microwave Irradiation
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1992, p. 92-924 99-224/92/392-5$2./ Copyright X) 1992, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 58, No. 3 Kinetics of Escherchia coli Destruction by Microwave
More informationFoundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition
Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition Talaro Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Biology Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
More informationThe Chemistry of Microbiology
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 2 The Chemistry of Microbiology Atoms Matter anything that takes up space and has mass
More informationIntroduction to Molecular and Cell Biology
Introduction to Molecular and Cell Biology Molecular biology seeks to understand the physical and chemical basis of life. and helps us answer the following? What is the molecular basis of disease? What
More informationPenicillium digitatum spores interacted with plasmas
JSAP 2011 Fall 31a-ZD-10 Electron-spin-resonance (ESR) study of Penicillium digitatum spores interacted with plasmas Kenji Ishikawa, Sachiko Iseki, Takayuki Ohta*, Masafumi Ito*, Hiroshi Hashizume*, Hiroyuki
More informationPhysical Science DCI Progression Chart
DCI Progression Chart PS1: Matter and Its Interactions Grade Bands PS1.A Structure & Properties of Matter Grades K-2 Grades 3-5 Grades 6-8 Grades 9-12 Second Grade * Different kinds of matter exist and
More information2012 Univ Aguilera Lecture. Introduction to Molecular and Cell Biology
2012 Univ. 1301 Aguilera Lecture Introduction to Molecular and Cell Biology Molecular biology seeks to understand the physical and chemical basis of life. and helps us answer the following? What is the
More informationRadiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects: Session 1
Radiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects: Session 1 Reading assignment: LLE Radiological Controls Manual (LLEINST 6610): Part 1 UR Radiation Safety Training Manual and Resource Book: Parts
More informationSugars, such as glucose or fructose are the basic building blocks of more complex carbohydrates. Which of the following
Name: Score: / Quiz 2 on Lectures 3 &4 Part 1 Sugars, such as glucose or fructose are the basic building blocks of more complex carbohydrates. Which of the following foods is not a significant source of
More informationMicrobial Genetics, Mutation and Repair. 2. State the function of Rec A proteins in homologous genetic recombination.
Answer the following questions 1. Define genetic recombination. Microbial Genetics, Mutation and Repair 2. State the function of Rec A proteins in homologous genetic recombination. 3. List 3 types of bacterial
More informationCORE CONCEPTS & TERMINOLOGY FALL 2010
CORE CONCEPTS & TERMINOLOGY FALL 2010 The following concepts and terms will be covered by all BIO 120 lecture instructors. Presentation of additional concepts is left to the discretion of the individual
More informationNORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE. Honors Biology I
NOTE/STUDY GUIDE: Unit 1-2, Biochemistry Honors Biology I, Mr. Doc Miller, M.Ed. North Central High School Name: Period: Seat #: Date: NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE Honors Biology I Unit
More informationKinetics of Microbial Inactivation for Alternative Food Processing Technologies Oscillating Magnetic Fields (Table of Contents)
U. S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition June 2, 2000 Kinetics of Microbial Inactivation for Alternative Food Processing Technologies Oscillating Magnetic Fields
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1)
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) 1) Which of the following statements about the atom A) It has 12 neutrons in its nucleus. B) It
More informationMathematical Models of Cobalt and Iron Ions Catalyzed Microwave Bacterial Deactivation
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 7, (), - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 66-787 www.ijerph.org 7 by MDPI Mathematical Models of Cobalt and Iron Ions Catalyzed
More informationINTRODUCTION TO IONIZING RADIATION (Attix Chapter 1 p. 1-5)
INTRODUCTION TO IONIZING RADIATION (Attix Chapter 1 p. 1-5) Ionizing radiation: Particle or electromagnetic radiation that is capable of ionizing matter. IR interacts through different types of collision
More informationExplain your answer:
Biology Midterm Exam Review Introduction to Biology and the Scientific Method Name: Date: Hour: 1. Biology is the study of: 2. A living thing is called a(n): 3. All organisms are composed of: 4. The smallest
More informationCHAPTER 2 SCIENCE, MATTER, ENERGY, AND SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 2 SCIENCE, MATTER, ENERGY, AND SYSTEMS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. In 1963, Bormann and Likens compared the output of two river valleys, one forested and the other clear cut. What were their findings? a.
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Figure 2.1
Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Figure 2.1 1) Which compound in Figure 2.1 is an ester? 1) A) a b c d e Answer: D 2) A scientist
More informationDifferential Damage in Bacterial Cells by Microwave Radiation on the Basis of Cell Wall Structure
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, May 2000, p. 2243 2247 Vol. 66, No. 5 0099-2240/00/$04.00 0 Copyright 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Differential Damage in Bacterial
More informationNature of matter. Chemical bond is a force that joins atoms
Nature of matter Atom the smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means The subatomic particles of an atom consist of protons, neutrons and electrons Element is a pure substance
More informationBIT TM Detailed Technical Discussion
National Security Solutions BIT TM Detailed Technical Discussion Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidizer that is used for high-level disinfection and sterilization. It produces reactive hydroxyl free radicals
More informationCHAPTER 1 Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology
CHAPTER 1 Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology 1-1 Zoology: The Uses of Principles The scientific study of animal life Does Life Have Defining Properties? No simple definition The history
More informationIntroduction to Life Science. BSC 1005 Fall 2011 Homework 1! Connect Due Date: 9/18/ :59PM. Multiple Choice Portion
Introduction to Life Science BSC 1005 Fall 2011 Homework 1 Connect Due Date: 9/18/2011 11:59PM Instructions Complete this homework assignment as the material is covered in class. You may refer to any of
More information`1AP Biology Study Guide Chapter 2 v Atomic structure is the basis of life s chemistry Ø Living and non- living things are composed of atoms Ø
`1AP Biology Study Guide Chapter 2 v Atomic structure is the basis of life s chemistry Ø Living and non- living things are composed of atoms Ø Element pure substance only one kind of atom Ø Living things
More information1 Introduction to ultraviolet radiation
1 Introduction to ultraviolet radiation 1.1 General characteristics Ultraviolet radiation or ultraviolet light (UV) is part of the spectrum of electromagnetic waves, covering the interval between X-rays
More informationDR KAZI SAZZAD MANIR
DR KAZI SAZZAD MANIR PHOTON BEAM MATTER ENERGY TRANSFER IONISATION EXCITATION ATTENUATION removal of photons from the beam by the matter. ABSORPTION SCATTERING TRANSMISSION Taking up the energy from the
More informationSPECIES OF ARCHAEA ARE MORE CLOSELY RELATED TO EUKARYOTES THAN ARE SPECIES OF PROKARYOTES.
THE TERMS RUN AND TUMBLE ARE GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH A) cell wall fluidity. B) cell membrane structures. C) taxic movements of the cell. D) clustering properties of certain rod-shaped bacteria. A MAJOR
More informationElements and Isotopes
Section 2-1 Notes Atoms Life depends on chemistry. The basic unit of matter is the atom. Atoms are incredibly small The subatomic particles that make up atoms are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Parts
More information1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 14, 17 PS1.B
Correlations to Next Generation Science Standards Physical Science Disciplinary Core Ideas PS-1 Matter and Its Interactions PS1.A Structure and Properties of Matter Each atom has a charged substructure
More informationName: Block: Date: Microbiology Chapters 1 and 2 Review
Name: Block: Date: Microbiology Chapters 1 and 2 Review Complete the following short answer questions. 1. Define microbiology. The study of microorganisms. 2. What are the six major groups of organisms
More informationLiving and nonliving things are all made of elements. It is the way that atoms combine that give every element a different characteristic.
Living and nonliving things are all made of elements. It is the way that atoms combine that give every element a different characteristic. 98% of the body is made of only 6 elements The 6 elements are:
More informationProkaryotes & Viruses. Practice Questions. Slide 1 / 71. Slide 2 / 71. Slide 3 / 71. Slide 4 / 71. Slide 6 / 71. Slide 5 / 71
Slide 1 / 71 Slide 2 / 71 New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning Progressive Science Initiative This material is made freely available at www.njctl.org and is intended for the non-commercial use of
More informationNSTA Science Content Analysis Form: Secondary Science
NSTA Science Content Analysis Form: Secondary Science Instructions for Preparing for Your Review Tables provided below include, in the left column, the 2012 NSTA subject matter for each science discipline.
More informationThe study of life. All organisms share certain properties. All organisms do these things at some point during their life.
Biochemistry The study of life All organisms share certain properties. Cellular organization Homeostasis Metabolism Responsiveness Reproduction Heredity Growth All organisms do these things at some point
More informationGame plan Lecture Lab Prelabs
Game plan Lecture Binary fission Growth curves Physical requirements for growth Chemical requirements for growth Lab Lab Exam Prelabs Growth Curve Bring books and APO-3 for next class Microbial growth
More informationINTEGRATED SCIENCE 3
CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARDS: BIOLOGY/LIFE SCIENCES Cell Biology 4 6.7% 1. The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions that occur in specialized areas
More informationAdvanced Cell Biology. Lecture 7
Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 7 Alexey Shipunov Minot State University January 25, 2013 Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 7 January 25, 2013 1 / 43 Outline Questions and answers Structure
More informationBiology Unit 2 Chemistry of Life (Ch. 6) Guided Notes
Name Biology Unit 2 Chemistry of Life (Ch. 6) Guided Notes Atoms, Elements, and Chemical Bonding I can draw atom models and identify the # protons, # neutrons, and # electrons in an atom. I can identify
More informationIntroduction to Microbiology BIOL 220 Summer Session I, 1996 Exam # 1
Name I. Multiple Choice (1 point each) Introduction to Microbiology BIOL 220 Summer Session I, 1996 Exam # 1 B 1. Which is possessed by eukaryotes but not by prokaryotes? A. Cell wall B. Distinct nucleus
More informationRadiation Safety Training Session 1: Radiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects
Radiation Safety Training Session 1: Radiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects Reading Assignment: LLE Radiological Controls Manual (LLEINST 6610) Part 1 UR Radiation Safety Training Manual
More informationDisinfection. Disinfection is used to treat both domestic water and wastewater.
Disinfection Disinfection is the selective destruction of disease causing organisms (viruses, bacteria, protozoans). It destroys most recognized pathogenic microorganisms, but not necessarily all microbial
More informationUALR Radiation Safety Office
UALR Radiation Safety Office ETAS-329 501-569 8210 Graduate Institute of Technology University of Arkansas at Little Rock Regulatory Authority Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) EPA, DoE, DoT, OSHA Agreement
More informationthe spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together Chemical structure Covalent bond Ionic bond
Chemical structure the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together Covalent bond bond formed by the sharing of valence electrons between atoms Ionic bond
More informationOceans: the cradle of life? Chapter 5. Cells: a sense of scale. Head of a needle
Oceans: the cradle of life? Highest diversity of life, particularly archae, bacteria, and animals Will start discussion of life in the ocean with prokaryote microorganisms Prokaryotes are also believed
More informationToday, I will present the first of two lectures on neutron interactions.
Today, I will present the first of two lectures on neutron interactions. I first need to acknowledge that these two lectures were based on lectures presented previously in Med Phys I by Dr Howell. 1 Before
More informationELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
VISUAL PHYSICS ONLINE MODULE 7 NATURE OF LIGHT ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM When white light passes through a prism, it spreads out into a rainbow of colours, with red at one end and
More informationPrepares a teacher about equally in two teaching disciplines, usually with less than a major in each. This is a dual field program.
Content Analysis for Secondary Science Instructions for Preparing for Your Review NOTE this is a FORM and you must use this form. Type into the grey boxes and they will expand as needed. Do not change
More information10/4/2016. Matter, Energy, and Life
DISCLAIMER: Principles and concepts on atomic structure, the Periodic Table, atoms, ions, ionic and covalent compounds, metals, and nonmetals will not be covered in this course. You are expected to know
More informationChapter 2: Chemical Basis of Life
Chapter 2: Chemical Basis of Life Chemistry is the scientific study of the composition of matter and how composition changes. In order to understand human physiological processes, it is important to understand
More informationProtein Structure Analysis and Verification. Course S Basics for Biosystems of the Cell exercise work. Maija Nevala, BIO, 67485U 16.1.
Protein Structure Analysis and Verification Course S-114.2500 Basics for Biosystems of the Cell exercise work Maija Nevala, BIO, 67485U 16.1.2008 1. Preface When faced with an unknown protein, scientists
More informationEducation Transformation Office (ETO) 8 th Grade Unit #4 Assessment
Education Transformation Office (ETO) 8 th Grade Unit #4 Assessment 1. Which of these shows the correct hierarchical sequence? A. organs cells tissues organ systems B. cells tissues organs organ systems
More informationThe Chemistry and Energy of Life
2 The Chemistry and Energy of Life Chapter 2 The Chemistry and Energy of Life Key Concepts 2.1 Atomic Structure Is the Basis for Life s Chemistry 2.2 Atoms Interact and Form Molecules 2.3 Carbohydrates
More informationprogressive electromagnetic wave
LECTURE 11 Ch17 A progressive electromagnetic wave is a self-supporting, energy-carrying disturbance that travels free of its source. The light from the Sun travels through space (no medium) for only 8.3
More informationCHEMISTRY REVIEW FOR AP BIOLOGY Answer Key
CHEMISTRY REVIEW FOR AP BIOLOGY Answer Key Complete the following and be knowledgeable of the concepts on the first day of school. A. KINETICS = involves factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction.
More informationSHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
ch 2 chemical basis of life Name SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Fill in the blank or provide a short answer: 1) When a change in matter
More informationBiology Test 2 BIO.2c-d: Metabolic Processes. For questions 1 16, choose the best answer. Indicate your answer on the Scantron and on the test.
Name Block Date Biology Test 2 BIO.2c-d: Metabolic Processes For questions 1 16, choose the best answer. Indicate your answer on the Scantron and on the test. 1. Scientists hypothesize that oxygen began
More informationBio Chemical evolution
Bio Chemical evolution It is generally agreed by Astronomers, Geologist and Biologist that the earth is about 4.5 to 5 thousand million years old. This theory is the most accepted theory in the field of
More informationBIOLOGY 161 EXAM 1 Friday, 8 October 2004 page 1
BIOLOGY 161 EXAM 1 Friday, 8 October 2004 page 1 PART 1 #1. Smoking tobacco (and the ammonia compounds added to cigarettes by some tobacco companies) has been a widely popular activity in this country
More informationCHAPTER 2 RADIATION INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER HDR 112 RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RADIATION PROTECTION MR KAMARUL AMIN BIN ABDULLAH
HDR 112 RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RADIATION PROTECTION CHAPTER 2 RADIATION INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER PREPARED BY: MR KAMARUL AMIN BIN ABDULLAH SCHOOL OF MEDICAL IMAGING FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCE Interactions
More informationBasic Chemistry. Chapter 2 BIOL1000 Dr. Mohamad H. Termos
Basic Chemistry Chapter 2 BIOL1000 Dr. Mohamad H. Termos Chapter 2 Objectives Following this chapter, you should be able to describe: - Atoms, molecules, and ions - Composition and properties - Types of
More informationThe invention of the microscope has opened to us a world of extraordinary numbers. A singular drop of pond water reveals countless life forms
Biology Chapter 19 Notes - Bacteria and Viruses The invention of the microscope has opened to us a world of extraordinary numbers. A singular drop of pond water reveals countless life forms I. Classifying
More informationHuman Biology. The Chemistry of Living Things. Concepts and Current Issues. All Matter Consists of Elements Made of Atoms
2 The Chemistry of Living Things PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation Robert J. Sullivan, Marist College Michael D. Johnson Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues THIRD EDITION Copyright 2006 Pearson
More informationc cm 3 d. a, b, and c c ng d g
Mr. Stone Honors Biology Practice Test 1. Which one is equal to 1.5 10 3 ml? a. 1.5 10-1 L b. 150 10 0 ml c. 1.5 10 3 cm 3 d. a, b, and c e. b and c only 2. Which one is NOT equal to 2.74 10 2 milligrams?
More informationName: Date: Period: Biology Notes: Biochemistry Directions: Fill this out as we cover the following topics in class
Name: Date: Period: Biology Notes: Biochemistry Directions: Fill this out as we cover the following topics in class Part I. Water Water Basics Polar: part of a molecule is slightly, while another part
More informationUltraviolet Bactericidal Irradiation of Ice
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1968, p. 463-467 Copyright 1968 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 16, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Ultraviolet Bactericidal Irradiation of Ice P. A. LADANYI AND S. M. MORRISON
More informationBiology. Chapter 2 Notes
Biology Chapter 2 Notes Section 1: Nature of Matter Objectives: 1) Differentiate between atoms and elements 2) Analyze how compounds are formed 3) Distinguish between covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds and
More informationBacterial Genetics & Operons
Bacterial Genetics & Operons The Bacterial Genome Because bacteria have simple genomes, they are used most often in molecular genetics studies Most of what we know about bacterial genetics comes from the
More informationSTERILISATION BY ECR PLASMA
STERILISATION BY ECR PLASMA Selcuk HELHEL Dublin City University, Plasma Research Laboratory, Dublin IRELAND Lutfi OKSUZ Dublin City University, Plasma Research Laboratory, Dublin IRELAND Abbas Yousifi
More information1- Which of the following molecules stores hereditary information? A. ATP B. DNA C. protein D. carbohydrates
Question 1: Multiple Choice (20 Marks) 1- Which of the following molecules stores hereditary information? A. ATP B. DNA C. protein D. carbohydrates 2- What is the name of the molecule in plants that stores
More information2. The development of revolutionized the of life.
Science 10 Unit 7 Worksheet Chapter 15, Part 1. 1. Briefly describe the three main parts of cell theory: 2. The development of revolutionized the of life. 3. Individual cells need to take in to build and
More informationName: Class: Date: ID: A
Name: Class: _ Date: _ ID: A Ch 2 Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of
More informationHole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition. Chapter 2
Hole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Shier Butler Lewis Chapter 2 1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CHAPTER 2 CHEMICAL BASIS OF
More informationAPES Chapter 2 Science, Matter, Energy, and Systems
Name: Date: Period: APES Chapter 2 Science, Matter, Energy, and Systems Lesson 1: What Do Scientists Do? Concept 2-1 Scientists collect data and develop theories, models, and laws about how nature works.
More informationENV SCI 22 GROUP QUIZ WEEK 2
ENV SCI 22 GROUP QUIZ WEEK 2 ph OF ACIDS AND BASES 1) A decrease of one unit in the ph scale above represents a tenfold increase in the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. For example, a solution
More informationCopyright Mark Brandt, Ph.D A third method, cryogenic electron microscopy has seen increasing use over the past few years.
Structure Determination and Sequence Analysis The vast majority of the experimentally determined three-dimensional protein structures have been solved by one of two methods: X-ray diffraction and Nuclear
More informationChemistry in Biology. Section 1. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Section 1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Atoms! Chemistry is the study of matter.! Atoms are the building blocks of matter.! Neutrons and protons are located at the center of the atom.! Protons are positively
More informationLight Matter Interactions: Theory and Applications (LMITA) What is Light?
What is Light? Light is a Form of Electromagnetic Radiation Light and Matter Fundamentals Light is a manifestation of electromagnetic force. Matter is composed of charged particles, or atoms, which consist
More informationThe Effect of Static Magnetic Field on E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis Viability
The Effect of Static Magnetic Field on E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis Viability Khaled A. Al-Khaza'leh 1* Abdullah T. Al-fawwaz 2 1. Department of Physics, Al-albayt University, PO box 130040, Mafraq,
More informationCh 10. Classification of Microorganisms
Ch 10 Classification of Microorganisms Student Learning Outcomes Define taxonomy, taxon, and phylogeny. List the characteristics of the Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya domains. Differentiate among eukaryotic,
More informationBio10 Cell and Molecular Lecture Notes SRJC
Basic Chemistry Atoms Smallest particles that retain properties of an element Made up of subatomic particles: Protons (+) Electrons (-) Neutrons (no charge) Isotopes Atoms of an element with different
More informationNeutron Interactions Part I. Rebecca M. Howell, Ph.D. Radiation Physics Y2.5321
Neutron Interactions Part I Rebecca M. Howell, Ph.D. Radiation Physics rhowell@mdanderson.org Y2.5321 Why do we as Medical Physicists care about neutrons? Neutrons in Radiation Therapy Neutron Therapy
More informationStudy of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the human head by metamaterial attachment
Study of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the human head by metamaterial attachment M. T Islam 1a), M. R. I. Faruque 2b), and N. Misran 1,2c) 1 Institute of Space Science (ANGKASA), Universiti Kebangsaan
More informationProbing the sub-disciplines: what do we know? what do we need to know? The physics The chemistry - Modelling
Session 3: Probing the sub-disciplines: what do we know? what do we need to know? The physics The chemistry - Modelling Michael Dingfelder Department of Physics, East Carolina University Mailstop #563
More informationMicrobiology: An Introduction, 12e (Tortora) Chapter 2 Chemical Principles. 2.1 Multiple Choice Questions
Microbiology An Introduction 12th Edition Tortora TEST BANK Full download at: https://testbankreal.com/download/microbiology-an-introduction-12thedition-tortora-test-bank/ Microbiology An Introduction
More informationAnalysis of radioinduced DNA damages using Monte Carlo calculations at nanometric scale for different irradiation configurations
DOI: 10.15669/pnst.4.413 Progress in Nuclear Science and Technology Volume 4 (2014) pp. 413-417 ARTICLE Analysis of radioinduced DNA damages using Monte Carlo calculations at nanometric scale for different
More information2/25/2013. Electronic Configurations
1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 2 Chemical Principles The Structure of Atoms Chemistry is the study of interactions between atoms and molecules The atom is the smallest unit of matter that enters into chemical reactions
More informationBis2A: 2.3 Interpreting Chemical Reactions
OpenStax-CNX module: m59229 1 Bis2A: 2.3 Interpreting Chemical Reactions The BIS2A Team This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 Abstract This
More informationAssessment Schedule 2016 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of biological ideas relating to micro-organisms (90927)
NCEA Level 1 Biology (90927) 2016 page 1 of 5 Assessment Schedule 2016 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of biological ideas relating to micro-organisms (90927) Evidence Statement Question One No response
More informationIntroduction to Biology
2- Introduction to Biology Why is Biology important? To study DNA: forensics Health, medicine. Agriculture Animals Bacteria/ Viruses! BIO=life LOGY=study Biology : The study of life 1- Copyright The McGraw-Hill
More informationChapter 2: Fundamentals of Chemistry. Question Type: Multiple Choice. 1) Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
Microbiology Principles and Explorations 9th Edition Black TEST BANK Full clear download at: https://testbankreal.com/download/microbiology-principles-explorations- 9th-edition-black-test-bank/ Microbiology
More informationMr. Carpenter s Biology Biochemistry. Name Pd
Mr. Carpenter s Biology Biochemistry Name Pd Chapter 2 Vocabulary Atom Element Compound Molecule Ion Cohesion Adhesion Solution Acid Base Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Lipid Protein Amino acid Nucleic acid
More informationActivity: Identifying forms of energy
Activity: Identifying forms of energy INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM Metabolism Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism Metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY GUIDED NOTES - AP BIOLOGY-
BIOCHEMISTRY GUIDED NOTES - AP BIOLOGY- ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS - anything that has mass and takes up space. - cannot be broken down to other substances. - substance containing two or more different elements
More information