Prokaryotes & Viruses. Practice Questions. Slide 1 / 71. Slide 2 / 71. Slide 3 / 71. Slide 4 / 71. Slide 6 / 71. Slide 5 / 71

Transcription

1 Slide 1 / 71 Slide 2 / 71 New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning Progressive Science Initiative This material is made freely available at and is intended for the non-commercial use of students and teachers. These materials may not be used for any commercial purpose without the written permission of the owners. NJCTL maintains its website for the convenience of teachers who wish to make their work available to other teachers, participate in a virtual professional learning community, and/or provide access to course materials to parents, students and others. Prokaryotes & Viruses Practice Questions Click to go to website: Slide 3 / 71 1 What are the two major categories of prokaryotic organisms? Slide 4 / 71 2 Why would a doctor recommend that you consume a probiotic while taking antibiotics to fight an infection? 3 What is an extremophile? Slide 5 / 71 Slide 6 / 71 4 Which group of prokaryotes is most likely to contain extremophiles?

2 Slide 7 / 71 5 Explain why scientists believe that archaeans are more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria. Homework Slide 8 / 71 6 Identify two ways in which bacteria can be helpful to the human body. Slide 9 / 71 7 Provide two reasons why bacteria greatly outnumber mammals in number and diversity on Earth. Slide 10 / 71 8 What characteristics of archaea would allow them to be categorized as extremophiles? Slide 11 / 71 9 Taking into account the recent categorization of archaeans, explain why science is often times a malleable subject. Structure & Function Classwork Slide 12 / Describe what the name Streptococcus would indicate to you regarding the shape and organization of a specific bacterium.

3 Slide 13 / Identify one external cellular feature that distinguishes bacteria from animal cells. Slide 14 / Would a bacterium with a capsule, or without a capsule, more closely resemble a gel-coated Tylenol pill? Why? Slide 15 / Explain the behavior you would observe in a bacterium exhibiting chemotaxis. What organelle would most likely be involved in this process? Slide 16 / Compare fimbriae in bacterium to another object seen in nature or an artificial object used in everyday life. Slide 17 / Explain how pili allow for stimulating genetic diversity in bacteria. Slide 18 / In what area of a bacterium would you most likely find peptidoglycan?

4 Slide 19 / Explain how the presence of an F factor could affect the lifestyle of a prokaryote. Homework Slide 20 / Describe what the name Staphylococcus would indicate to you regarding the shape and organization of a specific bacterium. Slide 21 / Explain the similarities between cellulose and peptidoglycan. Slide 22 / Explain the behavior you would observe in a bacterium exhibiting phototaxis. Slide 23 / What is the difference between fimbriae and sex pili? Slide 24 / What impact would a lack of sex pili have on the bacteria gene pool?

5 Slide 25 / How would you identify bacteria that carried an R plasmid amongst a population exposed to an antibiotic? Reproduction & Gene Expression Classwork Slide 26 / What information would the locus of a gene reveal to an observer? Slide 27 / Reproduction in prokaryotic cells is called. Slide 28 / Taking into account the structure or bacterial chromosomes, explain why a replication bubble exists during bacterial chromosome replication. Slide 29 / Is binary fission an example of sexual or asexual reproduction? Explain your answer. 28 What is an operon? Slide 30 / 71

6 Slide 31 / Explain why the existence of operons in prokaryotic cells helps to demonstrate a characteristic of living organisms. Slide 32 / Explain how the lac operon helps prokaryotic organisms conserve energy. Slide 33 / What molecule plays the role of inducer in the lac operon? Slide 34 / What role does tryptophan play in the activation or inactivation of the trp operon? Slide 35 / How does the presence of tryptophan impact the transcription of the gene that allows for the production of tryptophan in an organism that utilizes the trp operon? Slide 36 / Explain the role of each of the following in the utilization of operons: operator, promoter, gene.

7 Slide 37 / What type of symbiotic relationship is exhibited in the following scenario? Explain your answer. A clownfish receives protection from an anemone via its stinging tentacles, and the anemone receives food and is cleaned by the clownfish. Slide 38 / What type of symbiotic relationship is exhibited in the following scenario? Explain your answer. A specific strain of bacteria lives in your small intestine. This bacteria absorbs nutrients from your body, and occasionally, when gathered in abundance, may cause you to become sick. Slide 39 / Why would natural selection favor bacteria that are living in close proximity to other bacteria, as opposed to bacteria living in relative isolation? Homework Slide 40 / Describe prokaryotic chromosomes. Slide 41 / How many replication forks exist during prokaryotic chromosome duplication? Explain your answer. Slide 42 / Where does transcription occur in a prokaryotic cell?

8 Slide 43 / What role do repressors play in operon function? Slide 44 / In what way is using the lac operon similar to turning off the lights when you are not in a room? Slide 45 / What is the difference between an inducible operon and a repressible operon? Slide 46 / Why would the body benefit from the inactivation of the tryptophan gene when tryptophan is present in the body? 45 Define symbiosis. Slide 47 / 71 Slide 48 / What type of symbiotic relationship is exhibited when one organism benefits and another organism is negatively affected in a relationship?

9 Slide 49 / Provide an example of how two bacteria, living in close proximity to each other, may create a mutualistic relationship. Genetic Variation Classwork Slide 50 / Explain why mutation is more likely to increase genetic diversity at a rapid rate in prokaryotes than in other organisms. Slide 51 / Briefly explain how Fredrick Griffith s experiment demonstrated the process of bacterial transformation. Slide 52 / What is the difference between sexual reproduction and conjugation exhibited in bacteria? Slide 53 / What role do viruses play in the process of transduction? Slide 54 / Can a virus reproduce without the presence of another organism? Explain your answer.

10 Slide 55 / It is often said that viruses infiltrate host cells. Explain why scientists use this terminology to explain the life cycle of viruses. Slide 56 / Explain the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles. Slide 57 / Explain how temperate phages are different from viruses that utilize the lytic cycle. Slide 58 / What does the term host range mean in terms of viral reproduction? Homework Slide 59 / Explain how the process of transformation can lead to genetic diversity in prokaryotes. Slide 60 / How do sex pili allow for an increase in genetic diversity in prokaryotes?

11 Slide 61 / Are viruses considered to be living organisms? Explain your answer. Slide 62 / Explain how viruses utilize host cells to reproduce. Slide 63 / Some scientists believe that viruses evolved in tandem with other cells. Use what you know about virus life cycles to support this statement. Slide 64 / How could a virus that utilizes the lysogenic cycle spread throughout an organism without immediately killing host cells. Slide 65 / Explain the term obligate intracellular parasite. Slide 66 / List all the steps of the recombinant DNA process and their associated technologies (if any). Students type their answers here

12 Slide 67 / Explain how the process of gel electrophoresis can be useful in determining the identity of a gene of interest Students after type their restriction answers here enzymes have been utilized. Slide 68 / Explain why the fact that DNA is a universal code allows scientists to produce recombinant DNA. Students type their answers here Slide 69 / Why is polymerase chain reaction an important step in the genetic engineering process? Students type their answers here Slide 70 / Suppose you are examining a gel produced through the electrophoresis process. How could you determine Students type which their answers segments here of DNA contain more or fewer bases than the others? Slide 71 / Suppose that instead of DNA being universal among all life, that each new species utilized different nucleotides Students type their in answers their here DNA. How could this affect the process of genetic engineering?