UNIVERSIDADE DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO INSTITUTO DE QUÍMICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENGENHARIA QUÍMICA

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1 UNIVERSIDADE DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO INSTITUTO DE QUÍMICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENGENHARIA QUÍMICA EXAME DA AVALIAÇÃO E COMPREENSÃO DA LÍNGUA INGLESA PROCESSO SELETIVO: 2016 INSTRUÇÕES: 1) Escolha dois textos para fazer uma tradução livre para a língua portuguesa. 2) Será permitida a consulta a dicionário. 3) Tempo máximo de realização da prova: 3 horas. COMISSÃO DE SELEÇÃO Prof. Dr. Aderval Severino Luna Prof. Dr. André Luís Alberton Prof. Dr. Márcio Luis Lyra Paredes COORDENAÇÃO Prof. Dr. André Luiz Hemerly Costa

2 Texto 1: Electronic Journal of Biotechnology vol14/issue 5/ 2011 Several important industrial processes are responsible for the generation of large amounts of aqueous wastes that are contaminated with toxic metal elements, which can cause severe environmental problems. Particularly in the case of manganese ions, environmental contamination problems are associated with ore exploiting and dressing, and also with industrial activities such as metallurgy, fertilizer, petrochemical, electroplating, and tanneries. Manganese is an essential chemical element that has daily dose requirements between 1.0 mg and 5.0 mg. This element is necessary for bone formation and the metabolism of lipids, glicids, and amino acids. Excess consumption of manganese, however, is markedly harmful and causes adverse effects such as neurological dysfunction, with symptoms similar to those of Parkinson s disease. Several methods are used for the removal of heavy metals from liquid wastes when metal ions are present in considerably high concentrations. Such methods include the use of chemical precipitation, evaporation, electrodeposition, ion exchange and membrane processes. However, these processes can be expensive and present numerous technical limitations, such as incomplete metal removal, high sensibility to ph change, moderate selectivity in mixed metal solutions and the production of toxic sludge that also needs to be further discharged. Also, these techniques are markedly inefficient or expensive when used to treat wastewaters contaminated with metal ions at low concentrations. Biosorption of toxic metals from aqueous wastes can be considered as an alternative treatment for wastewater cleaning. This process is based on the ability of some biological materials to concentrate heavy metal elements on their surfaces, due to the physicochemical nature of their chemical constituents, without the involvement of metabolic processes. This innovative process makes use of biomaterials widespread in nature that can be obtained at a low cost, such as seaweeds and biological wastes from fermentation industries and water treatment.

3 Texto 2: Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 45 (2012) In many chemical engineering areas such as process design, fraction oil characterization, and others, accurate estimation of thermodynamic, optical, and ultrasonic properties as a function of composition and temperature is of particular importance. A considerable amount of work has been carried out on the measurement of these thermodynamic properties of liquid mixtures and the corresponding excess molar volumes, isentropic compressibility, and molar refractivity deviations. Also, many equations of state have been developed to predict liquid mixture properties. In this work, experimental density,, sound velocity,, and refractive index, n D, data are reported at various temperatures for the binary system {tetralin + n-decane} over whole composition range, including pure components, and at atmospheric pressure. From these data, the following derived properties were obtained: isentropic compressibility, k S, molar refractivity, R M, molar volume, V, and thermal expansion coefficient,. In petroleum research, tetralin is a reference aromatic compound used to simulate naphtha and kerosene fractions. In this sense, studies of densities, sound velocities, and refractive indexes of binary tetralin mixtures with n-decane are intended to simulate naphtha or kerosene fractions properties. These mixtures are asymmetrical in length, shape, and in chemical nature, and then ideal solution behavior is not expected to work for these mixtures. For this reason, excess molar volume, V E, excess thermal expansion coefficient, E, excess isentropic compressibility, k E S, and molar refractivity deviations, R M, as a function of temperature and composition were analyzed. Density and sound velocity data were used to estimate Prigogine Flory Patterson (PFP) model parameters, allowing the correlation of pure component and mixture data and aiming at helping future studies involving tetralin mixtures. Yu and Tsai presented V E of (tetralin + n-decane) from the temperature ( to ) K. No sound velocity data for the (tetralin + n-decane) system is of our knowledge.

4 Texto 3: Catalysis Today (2008) Hydrotalcites are layered double magnesium aluminum hydroxides, whose structure consists of brucite-like layers, where partial substitution of Al 3+ for Mg 2+ cations originates an excess of positive charges which are compensated by carbonate anions located along with water molecules in the interlayer space. The Al/(Al + Mg) ratio in pure hydrotalcite can take values between 0.20 and Both Mg 2+ and Al 3+ can be total or partially substituted by di- and trivalent cations forming a class of important compounds named hydrotalcite-like compounds (HTLCs) or layered double hydroxides (LDHs). Thermally treated HTLCs induces dehydration, dehydroxylation, and loss of compensation anions, forming mixed oxides/hydroxides with basic properties and a poorly crystallized structure. So, they are potentially useful as adsorbents and as heterogeneous base catalysts and catalytic supports. Transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with short carbonchain alcohols (methanol or ethanol), catalyzed by strong acids or bases, produces a mixture of fatty acids esters also known as biodiesel, which is nontoxic, biodegradable, and an excellent substitute for conventional diesel fuels. Biodiesel can be considered a renewable and practically inexhaustible source of energy. Their physicochemical properties such as energy content, cetane number, and viscosity are similar to those of petroleum-based diesel fuels. The biodiesel addition in diesel blends is an interesting option to enhance the engine performance (higher cetane number) restoring its lubricity. In addition to this, the use of biodiesel has a beneficial impact on the environment, since it decreases the emissions of CO, SO 2, unburned hydrocarbons, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and particulate matter.

5 Texto 4: Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 40 (2010) Electrodeposition is one of the most commonly used methods for metal and metallic alloy film preparation in many technological processes. Alloy metal coatings present a wider range of properties than those obtained by a single metallic film, and can be applied to improve the properties of a substrate/coating system. These coatings can be electrodeposited by the simultaneous reduction of two or more metallic cations present in an electrolyte solution. However, the simultaneous discharge of different ions on the cathode is not a simple process, and it can be influenced by the substrate surface, as well as by changes in the structure and activity of each metal cation in the double layer. Simultaneous deposition is obtained by using complexant agents to decrease the activity of the nobler cation in solution. Adherent Cu Zn alloy coatings, with low porosity, are usually produced from alkaline cyanide baths, despite the high toxicity and the need for rigorous maintenance and control of the solutions. Moreover, the prolonged use of cyanide baths decreases the quality of the deposits produced. Several alternative and environmentally friendly electrolytes are now studied to produce Cu Zn coatings with the same quality and properties shown by coatings obtained from cyanide baths. Among the electrolytes studied in the literature, the citrate ions are well known as low molecular mass ligands, which form stable complexes with several trace metals in physiological media. In fact, citrate-based electrolytes have been studied in the electrodeposition of copper, zinc, and their alloys. Recently, it was possible to establish almost ideal conditions for the deposition of Cu Zn alloys from citrate baths, producing coatings with compositions near that of commercial brass. It is known that high quality, micrometer-thick films can be prepared, at a reasonably high deposition rate, by using baths with a high concentration of metallic ions and small amounts of additives.