gold, silver, tin, copper, lead, mercury sulfur, carbon Elements known since antiquity
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1 Periodic Table gold, silver, tin, copper, lead, mercury sulfur, carbon Elements known since antiquity
2 Periodic Table phosphorous
3 Periodic Table Isolated from 60 buckets of urine Greek: phôs (light) and phoros (bearer)
4 Periodic Table White, non-metallic; used by alchemists attempting to make gold. Was also used as a spell component Extremely poisonous: 50 mg fatal Must be stored in water exposure to air causes ignition
5 Over the next 200 years, much learned about the properties of elements and their compounds
6 Law of Triads Johann Dobereiner (1817): groups of 3 similar elements Ca, Sr, Ba Cl, Br, I Li, Na, K Proposed nature contained triads of elements. The middle element had properties that were an average of the other two members when ordered by the atomic weight.
7 Law of Octaves John Newlands, an English chemist, classified the known elements into groups based on similar physical properties
8 Law of Octaves "any given element will exhibit similar behavior to the eighth element following it in the table"
9 "Father" of the periodic table Lothar Meyer
10 "Father" of the periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev
11 "Father" of the periodic table Both chemists produced remarkably similar results at the same time working independently of one another. Mendeleev's table published 1869, Meyer's appeared 1870
12 What Did Mendeleev Do? Made a card for each of the 63 known elements Each contained element's symbol, atomic weight and characteristic chemical and physical properties Arranged the cards in order of ascending atomic weight. Elements fell into vertical groups of elements of similar properties
13 What Did Mendeleev Do? Mendeleev's table showed similarities in vertical, horizontal, and diagonal groupings (not just triads) Gaps in table - predicted existence and properties of unknown elements which he called eka-aluminum, ekaboron, and eka-silicon.
14 What Did Mendeleev Do?
15 What Did Mendeleev Do? Later named gallium, scandium and germanium which fit his predictions Predicted 10 elements would be discovered
16 Rayleigh and Ramsey Lord Rayleigh ( ) and William Ramsey ( ) greatly enhanced the periodic table by discovering the "inert gases
17 Rayleigh and Ramsey In 1895 Rayleigh reported the discovery of a new gaseous element named argon This element was chemically inert and did not fit any of the known periodic groups Ramsey followed by discovering the remainder of the inert gases and positioning them in the periodic table.
18 The Inert Gases
19 The Inert Gases Neon gas normally glows red Colors other than red produced using argon, mercury and phosphor Eric Ehlenberger
20 Modern Periodic Table
21 Modern Periodic Table Of these 109 elements: 9 naturally radioactive 16 artifical radioactive
22 Modern Periodic Table Of these 109 elements: 87 metals 8 semimetals 17 nonmetals
23 Modern Periodic Table Of these 109 elements: 11 gases 2 liquids
24 Properties of Metals Lustrous, malleable, ductile Conductors of heat and electricity Solids at room temperature, except mercury Lose electrons when reacting with nonmetals
25 Properties of Non-metals Physical state varies Poor conductors of heat and electricity Gain electrons when reacting with metals; share electrons when reacting with other nonmetals Many exist as diatomic molecules
26 Can divide elements into other categories: Representative elements transition metals inner transition
27 Group Similarities Certain properties of elements exhibit a gradual change in properties as we go down a group or across a period. Knowing these trends helps to understand chemical properties
28 1. Atomic Size (Radius) Within a group Trend - Atoms get larger Why? - Electrons go into new shells Across a period Trend - Atoms get smaller Why? - There are more protons which attract the electrons, making the atom smaller
29 2. Ionization Energy Energy required to remove an electron from valance (outer) shell
30 3. Electronegativity Ability of an atom to attract electrons
31 Common Group Names
32 Group Similarities Elements in a group have similar chemical & physical properties. Reason: Outer shell has same number of electrons
33 Group Similarities
34 Group Similarities potassium
35 Why are there rows on the bottom of the periodic table?
36 Why are there rows on the bottom of the periodic table?
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