The Quantum Mechanical Model
|
|
- Derrick Baker
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Recall
2 The Quantum Mechanical Model
3 Quantum Numbers Four numbers, called quantum numbers, describe the characteristics of electrons and their orbitals
4 Quantum Numbers
5 Quantum Numbers
6 The Case of Hydrogen
7 Orbitals For hydrogen, all orbitals with the same value of n have the same energy
8 Orbitals Energy states of a Hydrogen Atom In the ground state, electron resides in the 1s orbital An excited state can be produced by transferring the electron to a higher-energy orbital
9 Sample Question A ground-state electron in the hydrogen atom is given just enough energy to get to n = 2 Which orbital will the electron occupy? a. 2s orbital b. 2p x orbital c. 2p y orbital d. 2p z orbital e. Each of the above orbitals is equally likely
10 Electron Spin & the Pauli Principle
11 Electron Spin & the Pauli Principle Wolfgang Pauli Studied under Max Born and Niels Bohr Formulated his exclusion principle in 1925 for electrons (Wolfgang was 25) Helped establish the foundations of quantum theory Also the first to recognize the existence of the neutrino Won Nobel Prize in Physics in 1945
12 Electron Spin & the Pauli Principle Electron spin quantum number (m s ) Can be +1/2 or -1/2 Indicates that the e - can spin in one of two opposite directions Pauli Exclusion Principle In a given atom, no two e - s can have the same set of four quantum numbers An orbital can hold only two e - s, and they must have opposite spins
13 Figure The Spinning Electron
14 Sample Question Which of the following combinations of quantum numbers is not allowed? n l m l m s a ½ b ½ c ½ d ½ e ½
15 Polyelectronic Atoms
16 Polyelectronic Atoms Polyelectronic atoms Atoms with more than one electron, such as He, N, etc. Also called multi-electron atoms Hydrogen is the only atom that has one e - in the orbitals under ground state
17 Polyelectronic Atoms Polyelectronic atoms
18 Polyelectronic Atoms Polyelectronic atoms There are many energies/forces at play when there are multiple electrons present: Moving electrons have kinetic energy Attractive forces between the nucleus and electrons Repulsive forces between electrons You should be able to discuss all of these
19 Polyelectronic Atoms Polyelectronic atoms How do the additional e - s behave and affect the atom? Additional e - s means greater repulsion in the atom, and electrons tend to be as far away from each other as possible
20 Polyelectronic Atoms Effect of protons: However, more protons means a greater attractive force for e - s, so they will be pulled closer toward the nucleus
21 Polyelectronic Atoms Electron shielding When there are multiple energy levels, more e - s also create a shielding effect, where e - s closer to the nucleus block outer valence e - s from getting close to the nucleus It is easier to remove outer/ valence e - s due to this shielding effect
22 Polyelectronic Atoms Atoms other than hydrogen have variations in energy for orbitals having the same principal quantum number Electrons fill orbitals of the same n value in preferential order E ns < E np < E nd < E nf
23 Polyelectronic Atoms Polyelectronic atoms Electron density profiles show that s electrons penetrate to the nucleus more than other orbital types In other words, an electron in a 2s orbital is more strongly attracted to the nucleus than an electron in a 2p orbital Closer proximity to the nucleus = lower energy The 2s orbital is lower in energy than the 2p orbital
24 Sample Question When an electron is placed in a particular quantum level, they prefer the orbitals in what order? a. p, f, d, s b. s, p, f, d c. s, p, d, f d. f, d, p, s
25 The History of the Periodic Table
26 The History of the Periodic Table The Periodic Table
27 The History of the Periodic Table The Periodic Table Originally constructed to represent the patterns observed in the chemical properties of elements
28 The History of the Periodic Table The Periodic Table Johann Dobereiner à triad model Groups of three elements with similar properties
29 The History of the Periodic Table The Periodic Table John Newlands Suggested that elements should be arranged in octaves
30 The History of the Periodic Table The Modern Periodic Table Conceived by Julius Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
31 The History of the Periodic Table The Modern Periodic Table Mendeleev emphasized the usefulness of the periodic table in predicting the existence and properties of still unknown elements Used to table to correct several values of atomic masses
32 52
33 Electron Configurations
34 Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms Levels (n) Sublevels (l ) Orbitals (m l )
35 Electron Configurations: A Review n = 1 n = 2 n = 3 n = 4 Energy Levels
36 Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms Electron configuration = arrangement of e - s in atoms
37 Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms e - s assume an arrangement that gives the atom the lowest energy possible (more stable)
38 Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms What does this look like?
39 Electron Configurations 2p 4 Energy Level Number of electrons in the sublevel Sublevel 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 etc.
40 Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms What does this look like?
41 Aufbau Principle As protons are added one by one to the nucleus to build up elements, electrons are similarly added to these hydrogen-like orbitals
42 Aufbau Principle = e - s occupy the lowest E orbital available. Use the diagonal rule Aufbau Principle
43 1 s Diagonal Rule 2 s 2p s 3p 3d s 4p 4d 4f s 5p 5d 5f 5g? s 6p 6d 6f 6g? 6h? 7 s 7p 7d 7f 7g? 7h? 7i?
44 Pauli Principle Pauli Exclusion Principle = No more than two e - s can occupy a single orbital We note this using arrows in opposite directions
45 Hund s Rule The lowest energy configuration for an atom is the one having the maximum number of unpaired electrons allowed by the Pauli principle in a particular set of degenerate orbitals
46 Hund s Rule Hund s Rule = Fill in single e - s in separate equal-energy orbitals before doubling up
47 Rules 1) Determine the # of e - s by looking up Z (atomic number) Assume the atom is neutral unless stated otherwise. Draw orbitals first to help you. Ex/ Nitrogen
48 Rules 2) Start filling orbitals in order of increasing E according to the Aufbau Principle. A single orbital can hold a max of 2 e - s Orbital Type Number of Orbitals s 1 p 3 d 5 f 7
49 Rules 3) Hund s Rule Applies: Draw all orbitals for each type, and fill in ONE e - in each orbital before doubling up.
50 Rules 4) Pauli Exclusion applies: Two e - s in the same orbital must have opposite spins
51 Rules 5) Double check numbers. Make sure total # of e - s in your configuration matches the atomic number (if your atom is neutral)
52 Orbitals and the Periodic Table Orbitals grouped in s, p, d, and f orbitals s orbitals d orbitals p orbitals f orbitals
53
54 Examples
55 Write the orbital notation and e - Hydrogen configuration for
56 Write the orbital notation and e - Fluorine configuration for
57 Write the orbital notation and e - Magnesium configuration for
58 Write the orbital notation and e - Neon configuration for
59 Write the orbital notation and e - Arsenic configuration for
60 Orbitals and the Periodic Table Orbitals grouped in s, p, d, and f orbitals s orbitals d orbitals p orbitals f orbitals
61 Shorthand Notation
62
63 Shorthand Notation We can abbreviate our long e- configurations by using our noble gases This is because our Noble Gases have complete full p orbitals Note: only do this when asked to
64 Shorthand Notation 1. Find the closest noble gas to your atom with a smaller Z 2. Add/fill orbitals from where the Noble Gas left off
65 Ex/Na Shorthand Notation
66 Shorthand Notation Try: Cl Ca
67 Sample Question How many of the following electron configurations for the species in their ground state are correct? Ca: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 Mg: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 V: [Ar]3s 2 3d 3 As: [Ar]4s 2 3d 10 4p 3 P: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3p 5 a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5
68 Sample Question In which of the following groups do all the elements have the same number of valence electrons? a) P, S, Cl b) Ag, Cd, Ar c) Na, Ca, Ba d) P, As, Se e) None of these
69 Sample Question Element X has a ground-state valence electron configuration of ns 2 np 5 What is the most likely formula for the compound composed of element X and nitrogen? a. NX b. NX 7 c. NX 2 d. NX 3 e. NX 5
70 Sample Question Of the following elements, which has occupied d orbitals in its ground-state neutral atoms? a. Ba b. Ca c. Si d. P e. Cl
71 Periodic Table Review
72
73
74 Periodic Trends
75 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties Ionization Energy Electron Affinity Atomic Radius It is not sufficient to know the trends. You must be able to explain the trends.
76 Ionization Energy
77 Ionization Energy IE = Energy required to remove an e - from a gaseous atom or ion X (g) à X + (g) + e- Ionization energy increases for successive e - s First ionization energy (I 1 ): Energy required to remove the highest-energy e - of an atom The value of I 1 is smaller than that of the second ionization energy I 2
78 Ionization Energy As we go across a period from left to right, I 1 increases Why? e - s in the same quantum level (n) do not shield as effectively as e - s in inner levels Additional protons cause e - s in the same principal quantum level (n) to be more strongly bound as you go across a period
79 Ionization Energy As we go down a group, I 1 decreases Why? e - s being removed are farther from the nucleus As n increases, the size of the orbital increases à removal of e - s becomes easier
80 Ionization Energy
81 Figure Trends in Ionization Energies (kj/mol) for the Representative Elements
82 Exceptions Ionization Energy Half-filled and filled sublevels have irregularities due to extra repulsion of electrons paired in orbitals This makes them easier to remove
83 Sample Question The first ionization energy for phosphorus is 1060 kj/mol, and that for sulfur is 1005 kj/mol Why? Solution: Phosphorus and sulfur are neighboring elements in Period 3 of the periodic table and have the following valence electron configurations: Phosphorus is 3s 2 3p 3 Sulfur is 3s 2 3p 4
84 Sample Question Phosphorus and sulfur are neighboring elements in Period 3 of the periodic table and have the following valence electron configurations: Phosphorus is 3s 2 3p 3 Sulfur is 3s 2 3p 4 Ordinarily, the first ionization energy increases as we go across a period, so we might expect sulfur to have a greater ionization energy than phosphorus However, in this case the fourth p electron in sulfur must be placed in an already occupied orbital The electron electron repulsions that result cause this electron to be more easily removed than might be expected
85 Electron Affinity
86 Electron Affinity Electron Affinity = Energy change associated with the addition of an e - X (g) + e - à X - (g) In other words, electron affinity is a measure of how likely an atom is to gain an electron After the first e - is gained, an atom will release energy. The more energy that is released, the more negative the value will be. This indicates greater favorability for gaining an electron.
87 Electron Affinity Electron Affinity = Energy change associated with the addition of an e - X (g) + e - à X - (g) As we go across a period from left to right, e - affinities become more negative This is because it is more favorable to gain an electron as we go across the periodic table
88 Electron Affinity
89 Electron Affinity Electron Affinity = Energy change associated with the addition of an e - X (g) + e - à X - (g) Affinity tends to decrease as you go down a group Electrons are being added at increasing distances from the nucleus As electrons get farther from the nucleus, there are less nuclear attractive forces at play. However, these changes are relatively small compred to the changes across a period
90 Electron Affinity
91 Electron Affinity
92 Exceptions Electron Affinity There may be some irregularities due to repulsive forces in the relatively p orbitals
93 Atomic Radii
94 Atomic Radii Obtained by measuring the distance between atoms in a chemical compound Covalent atomic radii Determined from the distances between atoms in covalent bonds Metallic radii Obtained from half the distance between metal atoms in solid metal crystals
95 Atomic Radii Atomic radius decreases going across a period from left to right Increasing effective nuclear charge while going from left to right Valence e - s are closer to the nucleus, which decreases the size of the atom
96 Atomic Radii Atomic radius increases down a group Caused by the increase in orbital sizes in successive principal quantum levels
97
98 Sample Question Predict the trend in radius for the following ions: Be 2+ Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Sr 2+
99 Solution All these ions are formed by removing two electrons from an atom of a Group 2A element In going from beryllium to strontium, we are going down the group, so the sizes increase: Be 2+ < Mg 2+ < Ca 2+ < Sr 2+ Smallest radius Largest radius
100 Sample Question Consider the following orders: I. Al < Si < P < Cl II. Be < Mg < Ca < Sr III. I < Br < Cl < F IV. Na + < Mg 2+ < Al 3+ < Si 4+ Which of these give(s) a correct trend in size? a. I b. II c. III d. IV e. At least two of the above give a correct trend in size
101 Sample Question Consider the following orders: Al < Si < P < Cl Be < Mg < Ca < Sr I < Br < Cl < F Na + < Mg 2+ < Al 3+ < Si 4+ Which of these give(s) a correct trend in ionization energy? a. III b. I, II c. I, IV d. I, III, and IV
102 Sample Question First ionization energy of magnesium is approximately 700 kj/mol What is a good estimate for the second ionization energy of magnesium? a. 700 kj/mol b kj/mol c. 70,000 kj/mol d. 700 kj/mol e kj/mol
103 Sample Question Which of the following statements concerning second ionization energy values is true? a. Second ionization energy of Al is higher than that of Mg since Mg wants to lose the second electron, so it is easier to take the second electron away b. Second ionization energy of Al is higher than that of Mg because the electrons are taken from the same energy level, but the Al atom has one more proton c. Second ionization energy of Al is lower than that of Mg because Mg wants to lose the second electron, so the energy change is greater d. Second ionization energy of Al is lower than that of Mg because the second electron taken from Al is in a p orbital, so it is easier to remove e. Second ionization energies are equal for Al and Mg
104 Sample Question For the atoms Li, N, F, and Na, which of the following is the correct order from smallest to largest atomic radius? a. Na, F, N, Li b. Na, Li, N, F c. Li, N, F, Na d. N, F, Na, Li e. F, N, Li, Na
105 Sample Question Which of the following correctly ranks the ionization energies of O, F, Na, S, and Cs from smallest to largest? a. Cs, Na, S, O, F b. Cs, S, Na, O, F c. F, O, Na, S, Cs d. F, O, S, Na, Cs e. Na, S, Cs, F, O
106 Pair-Share-Respond 1. Explain why ionization energy increases across a period and decreases down a group 2. Explain to your neighbor what electron affinity means 3. Explain why electron infinity increases across a period and decreases down a group. 4. Explain why atomic radii decrease across a period, and increase down a group
107 Notes on Group Properties
108 Properties of a Group Number and type of vse - s primarily determine an atom s chemistry e - configurations of representative elements can be determined from the organization of the periodic table Certain groups in the periodic table have special names
109 Properties of a Group Elements in the periodic table are divided into metals and nonmetals Metals have low ionization energies Nonmetals have large ionization energies and negative e - affinities Metalloids (semimetals): Elements that exhibit both metallic and nonmetallic properties
110 Figure Special Names for Groups in the Periodic Table
111 Figure Special Names for Groups in the Periodic Table (continued)
112 Alkali Metals Most chemically reactive metals React with nonmetals to form ionic solids Hydrogen Exhibits nonmetallic character due to its small size
113 Alkali Metals Trends: First ionization energy Decreases down the group Atomic radius Increases down the group Density increases Melting and boiling points smoothly decrease
114 Chemical Properties: Alkali Metals Group 1A elements are highly reactive Relative reducing abilities are predicted from the first ionization energies Reducing abilities in aqueous solution are affected by the hydration of M + ions by polar water molecules Energy change for a reaction and the rate at which it occurs are not necessarily related
Electronic Structure of Atoms and the Periodic table. Electron Spin Quantum # m s
Electronic Structure of Atoms and the Periodic table Chapter 6 & 7, Part 3 October 26 th, 2004 Homework session Wednesday 3:00 5:00 Electron Spin Quantum # m s Each electron is assigned a spinning motion
More informationNotes: Unit 6 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table
Name KEY Block Notes: Unit 6 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table In the 1790's Antoine Lavoisier compiled a list of the known elements at that time. There were only 23 elements. By the 1870's
More informationChapter 7. Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table
Chapter 7 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table Topics Development of the periodic table The modern periodic table Effective nuclear charge Periodic trends in properties of elements Electron configuration
More informationChapter 7 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table
Chapter 7 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009 1 7.1 Development of the Periodic Table 1864 - John Newlands - Law of Octaves- every 8 th element had similar properties
More informationProfessor K. Section 8 Electron Configuration Periodic Table
Professor K Section 8 Electron Configuration Periodic Table Schrödinger Cannot be solved for multielectron atoms We must assume the orbitals are all hydrogen-like Differences In the H atom, all subshells
More informationChapter 8. Periodic Properties of the Element
Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Element Mendeleev (1834 1907) Ordered elements by atomic mass Saw a repeating pattern of properties Periodic law when the elements are arranged in order of increasing
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE Prior to the 1700s, relatively few element were known, and consisted mostly of metals used for coinage, jewelry and weapons. From early 1700s to mid-1800s, chemists discovered
More informationLecture Presentation. Chapter 8. Periodic Properties of the Element. Sherril Soman Grand Valley State University Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Presentation Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Element Sherril Soman Grand Valley State University Nerve Transmission Movement of ions across cell membranes is the basis for the transmission
More informationNotes: Electrons and Periodic Table (text Ch. 4 & 5)
Name Per. Notes: Electrons and Periodic Table (text Ch. 4 & 5) NOTE: This set of class notes is not complete. We will be filling in information in class. If you are absent, it is your responsibility to
More informationChapter 7 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table
Chapter 7 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009 1 7.1 Development of the Periodic Table 1864 - John Newlands - Law of Octaves- every 8th element had similar properties
More informationMendeleev s Periodic Law
Mendeleev s Periodic Law Periodic Law When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, certain sets of properties recur periodically. Mendeleev s Periodic Law allows us to predict what
More informationAP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 7 Notes - Atomic Structure and Periodicity
AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 7 Notes - Atomic Structure and Periodicity 7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation A. Types of EM Radiation (wavelengths in meters) 10-1 10-10 10-8 4 to 7x10-7 10-4 10-1 10 10 4 gamma
More informationElectron Configuration and Chemical Periodicity
Electron Configuration and Chemical Periodicity The Periodic Table Periodic law (Mendeleev, Meyer, 1870) periodic reoccurrence of similar physical and chemical properties of the elements arranged by increasing
More informationTest Review # 4. Chemistry: Form TR4-9A
Chemistry: Form TR4-9A REVIEW Name Date Period Test Review # 4 Location of electrons. Electrons are in regions of the atom known as orbitals, which are found in subdivisions of the principal energy levels
More informationPeriodic Relationships
Periodic Relationships 1 Tabulation of Elements Mendeleev (1869) Arranged by mass Tabulation by chem.& physical properties Predicted missing elements and properties 2 Modern Periodic Table Argon vs. potassium
More informationAccelerated Chemistry Study Guide The Periodic Table, Chapter 5
Accelerated Chemistry Study Guide The Periodic Table, Chapter 5 Terms, definitions, and people Dobereiner Newlands Mendeleev Moseley Periodic table Periodic Law group family period Page 1 of 38 alkali
More informationCh. 7 Atomic Structure and Periodicity. AP Chemistry
Ch. 7 Atomic Structure and Periodicity AP Chemistry Ch. 7 Atomic Structure and Periodicity In this chapter we will see that the modern theory of atomic structure accounts for periodicity in terms of the
More informationAtoimic Structure and the Periodic Table: Unit Objective Study Guide Part 2
Name Date Due Atoimic Structure and the Periodic Table: Unit Objective Study Guide Part 2 Directions: Write your answers to the following questions in the space provided. For problem solving, all of the
More informationELECTRON CONFIGURATION OF ATOMS
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION OF ATOMS 1 Electron Configuration? is the distribution of electrons within the orbitals of its atoms, in relation with chemical and physical properties Objectives: to show how the
More informationChapter 8. Periodic Properties of the Elements
Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements Mendeleev (1834 1907) Ordered elements by atomic mass. Saw a repeating pattern of properties. Periodic Law When the elements are arranged in order of increasing
More informationCHEMISTRY - CLUTCH CH.8 - PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS In this chapter we will focus on how an element s - the distribution of electrons within the orbitals of its atoms relates to its chemical and physical
More informationUnit 3: The Periodic Table and Atomic Theory
Name: Period: Unit 3: The Periodic Table and Atomic Theory Day Page # Description IC/HW 1 2-3 Periodic Table and Quantum Model Notes IC 1 4-5 Orbital Diagrams Notes IC 1 14 3-A: Orbital Diagrams Worksheet
More informationChapter 3 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Question 3.1: What is the basic theme of organisation in the periodic table? The basic theme of organisation of elements in the periodic table is to classify the elements in periods and groups according
More informationPeriodic Relationships
Periodic Relationships 1 Tabulation of Elements Mendeleev (1869) Arranged by mass Tabulation by chem.& physical properties Predicted missing elements and properties 2 Modern Periodic Table Argon vs. potassium
More informationChapter 7 The Structure of Atoms and Periodic Trends
Chapter 7 The Structure of Atoms and Periodic Trends Jeffrey Mack California State University, Sacramento Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms Electrons in atoms are arranged as SHELLS (n) SUBSHELLS (l) ORBITALS
More information7. What is the likeliest oxidation number of an element located in Period 3 and Group 16? a. +2 b. +3 c. -3 d The amount of energy required to
1. Which of the following is the most important factor in determining the properties of an element? a. Atomic mass b. Atomic radius c. Periodic table position d. Electron configuration 2. Similar properties
More informationChapter 2. Atomic Structure and Periodicity
Chapter 2 Atomic Structure and Periodicity Chapter 2 Table of Contents (2.1) (2.2) (2.3) (2.4) (2.5) (2.6) (2.7) (2.8) (2.9) Electromagnetic radiation The nature of matter The atomic spectrum of hydrogen
More informationAssessment Chapter 5 Pre-Test Chapter: The Periodic Law Use the periodic table below to answer the questions in this Chapter Test.
Assessment Chapter 5 Pre-Test Chapter: The Periodic Law Use the periodic table below to answer the questions in this Chapter Test. In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best
More informationMOSELEY and MODERN PERIODIC TABLE (designed by atomic numbers of elements)
MOSELEY and MODERN PERIODIC TABLE (designed by atomic numbers of elements) 1 PERIODS: Period number = Number of basic energy levels = The principal quantum number The horizontal lines in the periodic system
More informationTest Review # 5. Chemistry: Form TR5-8A. Average Atomic Mass. Subatomic particles.
Chemistry: Form TR5-8A REVIEW Name Date Period Test Review # 5 Subatomic particles. Type of Particle Location Mass Relative Mass Charge Proton Center 1.67 10-27 kg 1 +1 Electron Outside 9.11 10-31 kg 0-1
More informationChapter 8: Periodic Properties of the Elements
C h e m i s t r y 1 A : C h a p t e r 8 P a g e 1 Chapter 8: Periodic Properties of the Elements Homework: Read Chapter 8. Work out sample/practice exercises Check for the MasteringChemistry.com assignment
More informationChemistry (www.tiwariacademy.com)
() Question 3.1: What is the basic theme of organisation in the periodic table? Answer 1.1: The basic theme of organisation of elements in the periodic table is to classify the elements in periods and
More informationSummation of Periodic Trends
Summation of Periodic Trends Factors Affecting Atomic Orbital Energies The Effect of Nuclear Charge (Z effective ) Higher nuclear charge lowers orbital energy (stabilizes the system) by increasing nucleus-electron
More informationElectron Configurations and the Periodic Table
Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table The periodic table can be used as a guide for electron configurations. The period number is the value of n. Groups 1A and 2A have the s-orbital filled. Groups
More informationUnit 2 - Electrons and Periodic Behavior
Unit 2 - Electrons and Periodic Behavior I. The Bohr Model of the Atom A. Electron Orbits, or Energy Levels 1. Electrons can circle the nucleus only in allowed paths or orbits 2. The energy of the electron
More informationSummation of Periodic Trends Factors Affecting Atomic Orbital Energies
Summation of Periodic Trends Factors Affecting Atomic Orbital Energies The Effect of Nuclear Charge (Z effective ) Higher nuclear charge lowers orbital energy (stabilizes the system) by increasing nucleus-electron
More informationOrganizing the Periodic Table
Organizing the Periodic Table How did chemists begin to organize the known elements? Chemists used the properties of the elements to sort them into groups. The Organizers JW Dobereiner grouped the elements
More informationClassify each of these statements as always true, AT; sometimes true, ST; or never true, NT.
ELECTRONS IN ATOMS Chapter Quiz Classify each of these statements as always true, AT; sometimes true, ST; or never true, NT. 1. The orbitals of a principal energy level are lower in energy than the orbitals
More informationChapter 3: Electron Structure and the Periodic Law
Chapter 3: Electron Structure and the Periodic Law PERIODIC LAW This is a statement about the behavior of the elements when they are arranged in a specific order. In its present form the statement is:
More informationCHAPTER NOTES CHAPTER 14. Chemical Periodicity
Goals : To gain an understanding of : 1. Electron configurations 2. Periodicity. CHAPTER NOTES CHAPTER 14 Chemical Periodicity The periodic law states that when the elements are arranged according to increasing
More informationWhy is it called a periodic table?
The Periodic Table Why is it called a periodic table? The properties of the elements in the table repeat in a "periodic" way (specific pattern). Periodic law: There is a periodic repetition of chemical
More informationQuestion 3.2: Which important property did Mendeleev use to classify the elements in his periodic table and did he stick to that?
Question 3.1: What is the basic theme of organisation in the periodic table? The basic theme of organisation of elements in the periodic table is to classify the elements in periods and groups according
More information9/13/2011. The Greek Philosophers. Atomic Structure & The Periodic Table. Dalton s Atomic Theory. J. J. Thomson. Thomson s Experiment
Atomic Structure & The Periodic Table The Greek Philosophers Democritus believed that all matter is made up of tiny particles that could not be divided Aristotle -- thought that matter was made of only
More informationNihal İKİZOĞLU. MOSELEY and MODERN PERIODIC TABLE (designed by atomic numbers of elements) kimyaakademi.com 1
MOSELEY and MODERN PERIODIC TABLE (designed by atomic numbers of elements) kimyaakademi.com 1 PERIODS: Period number = Number of basic energy levels = The principal quantum number The horizontal lines
More informationUnit 2 Review Please note that this does not start on question 1.
Unit 2 Review Please note that this does not start on question 1. 21. Of the three particles; protons, neutrons, and electrons, which one(s) are responsible for most of the mass of an atom? a) the protons
More informationThe Periodic Table. Beyond protons, neutrons, and electrons
The Periodic Table Beyond protons, neutrons, and electrons It wasn t always like this Early PT Folks n Johann Dobereiner n Triads- groups of 3 with similarities/ trends n Cl, Br, I the properties of Br
More informationThe Periodic Table. Chapter 5. I. History II. Organization III. Periodic Trends
The Periodic Table Chapter 5 I. History II. Organization III. Periodic Trends I. History P. 101-103 5a: The Periodic Table Material in chapter 5 is critical to understanding chapter 6! Early Organization
More informationUnit Five Practice Test (Part I) PT C U5 P1
Unit Five Practice Test (Part I) PT C U5 P1 Name Period LPS Standard(s): --- State Standard(s): 12.3.1 Short Answers. Answer the following questions. (5 points each) 1. Write the electron configuration
More informationnumber. Z eff = Z S S is called the screening constant which represents the portion of the nuclear EXTRA NOTES
EXTRA NOTES 1. Development of the Periodic Table The periodic table is the most significant tool that chemists use for organising and recalling chemical facts. Elements in the same column contain the same
More informationCHEMISTRY - BROWN 13E CH.7 - PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE & SLATER S RULES When looking at any particular electron within an atom it experiences two major forces. A(n) force from the nucleus and a(n) force
More informationChapter 7. Generally, the electronic structure of atoms correlates w. the prop. of the elements
Chapter 7 Periodic Properties of the Elements I) Development of the P.T. Generally, the electronic structure of atoms correlates w. the prop. of the elements - reflected by the arrangement of the elements
More informationPERIODIC TRENDS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE
PERIODIC TRENDS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE THE PERIODIC TABLE The row tells us how many energy levels are in that atom The row is also the group The column tells us how many electrons are in the outer energy
More informationName: Block: Date: Atomic Radius: the distance from the center of the nucleus to the outer most electrons in an atom.
Name: Block: Date: Chemistry 11 Trends Activity Assignment Atomic Radius: the distance from the center of the nucleus to the outer most electrons in an atom. Ionic Radius: the distance from the center
More information2. Why do all elements want to obtain a noble gas electron configuration?
AP Chemistry Ms. Ye Name Date Block Do Now: 1. Complete the table based on the example given Location Element Electron Configuration Metal, Nonmetal or Semi-metal Metalloid)? Group 1, Period 1 Group 11,
More informationTest Review # 4. Chemistry: Form TR4-5A 6 S S S
Chemistry: Form TR4-5A REVIEW Name Date Period Test Review # 4 Development of the Periodic Table. Dmitri Mendeleev (1869) prepared a card for each of the known elements listing the symbol, the atomic mass,
More information2011 CHEM 120: CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
2011 CHEM 120: CHEMICAL REACTIVITY INORGANIC CHEMISTRY SECTION Lecturer: Dr. M.D. Bala Textbook by Petrucci, Harwood, Herring and Madura 15 Lectures (4/10-29/10) 3 Tutorials 1 Quiz 1 Take-home test https://chemintra.ukzn.ac.za/
More informationSection 11: Electron Configuration and Periodic Trends
Section 11: Electron Configuration and Periodic Trends The following maps the videos in this section to the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills for Science TAC 112.35(c). 11.01 The Bohr Model of the Atom
More informationPeriods: horizontal rows (# 1-7) 2. Periodicity the of the elements in the same group is explained by the arrangement of the around the nucleus.
The Modern Periodic Table 1. An arrangement of the elements in order of their numbers so that elements with properties fall in the same column (or group). Groups: vertical columns (#1-18) Periods: horizontal
More informationTrends in the Periodic Table
Trends in the Periodic Table Effective nuclear charge: < effective nuclear charge is the attraction felt by the valence electrons from the nucleus < increases across a period : increases across because
More informationSAMPLE PROBLEMS! 1. From which of the following is it easiest to remove an electron? a. Mg b. Na c. K d. Ca
SAMPLE PROBLEMS! 1. From which of the following is it easiest to remove an electron? a. Mg b. Na c. K d. Ca 2. Which of the following influenced your answer to number one the most? a. effective nuclear
More informationTrends in the Periodic Table
Trends in the Periodic Table OBJECTIVES FOR TODAY: Fall in love with the Periodic Table, Interpret group and period trends in atomic radii, ionization energies and electronegativity The Periodic Table
More informationPeriodic Table. Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 1
Periodic Table Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 1 TOPIC Definition of Periodic Table Historical Development of the Periodic Table The Periodic Law and Organization of Elements in a Periodic Table Periodic
More information6.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
Chapter 6 Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements 317 Orbital n l m l degeneracy Radial nodes (no.) 4f 4 3 7 0 4p 4 1 3 2 7f 7 3 7 3 5d 5 2 5 2 Check Your Learning How many orbitals have
More informationCHAPTER 5 THE PERIODIC LAW. What types of useful information can you find on the Periodic Table?
CHAPTER 5 THE PERIODIC LAW What types of useful information can you find on the Periodic Table? I. History of the Periodic Table A. Before the Periodic Table was invented, about 63 elements were known.
More informationUnit 2 - Electrons and Periodic Behavior
Unit 2 - Electrons and Periodic Behavior Models of the Atom I. The Bohr Model of the Atom A. Electron Orbits, or Energy Levels 1. Electrons can circle the nucleus only in allowed paths or orbits 2. The
More informationTrends in Atomic Size. Atomic Radius-one half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element when the atoms are joined
Periodic trends Trends in Atomic Size Atomic Radius-one half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element when the atoms are joined Trends in Atomic Size Group Trend: Atomic radii of
More information: the smallest particle that has the properties of an element. In, this Greek philosopher suggested that the universe was made of.
Notes: ATOMS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE Atomic Structure: : the smallest particle that has the properties of an element. From the early concept of the atom to the modern atomic theory, scientists have built
More informationUse the Venn Diagram to compare and contrast the Bohr Model of the atom with the Quantum Mechanical Model of atom
Use the Venn Diagram to compare and contrast the Bohr Model of the atom with the Quantum Mechanical Model of atom Bohr Model Quantum Model Energy level Atomic orbital Quantum Atomic number Quantum mechanical
More information5. The outermost principal energy level electron configuration of the element bromine is: a. 4s 2 c. 4s 2 4p 5 b. 4p 5 d.
1 c E = h 1. Sodium and potassium have similar properties because they have the same a. atomic radii. c. number of valence electrons. b. ionization energy. d. electronegativity. 2. Electrons must be added
More informationChapter 8. Mendeleev. Mendeleev s Predictions. Periodic Properties of the Elements
Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements Mendeleev Order elements by atomic mass Saw a repeating pattern of properties Periodic Law When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass,
More informationElectron Configuration and Periodic Trends - Chapter 5 section 3 Guided Notes
Electron Configuration and Periodic Trends - Chapter 5 section 3 Guided Notes There are several important atomic characteristics that show predictable that you should know. Atomic Radius The first and
More information8.6,8.7 Periodic Properties of the Elements
Pre -AP Chemistry 8.6,8.7 Periodic Properties of the Elements READ p. 305 315, 294-296 Practice Problems Pg 315 -Exercise 8.9 Pg 318-321 #36, 55, 64, 66, 67, 69, 72, 80 Periodic Trends are predictable
More informationPeriodic Table Workbook
Key Ideas: The placement or location of elements on the Periodic Table gives an indication of physical and chemical properties of that element. The elements on the Periodic Table are arranged in order
More informationChapter 7. Periodic Properties of the Elements. Lecture Outline
Chapter 7. Periodic Properties of the Elements Periodic Properties of the Elements 1 Lecture Outline 7.1 Development of the Periodic Table The periodic table is the most significant tool that chemists
More informationChapter 4. Periodic Trends of the Elements. Chemistry: Atoms First Second Edition Julia Burdge & Jason Overby
Chemistry: Atoms First Second Edition Julia Burdge & Jason Overby Chapter 4 Periodic Trends of the Elements M. Stacey Thomson Pasco-Hernando State College Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
More informationElectron Arrangement - Part 2
Brad Collins Electron Arrangement - Part 2 Chapter 9 Some images Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Review Energy Levels Multi-electron 4d 4d 4d 4d 4d n = 4 4s 4p 4p 4p 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d n=3, l = 2
More informationModern Atomic Theory
Modern Atomic Theory Review of the Discovery of the Atom 1803 John Dalton discovered that elements are made of atoms. He thought that atoms were solid, like a marble. 1875 Crooks discovered the electron.
More informationPeriodic Trends. Atomic Radius: The distance from the center of the nucleus to the outer most electrons in an atom.
Periodic Trends Study and learn the definitions listed below. Then use the definitions and the periodic table provided to help you answer the questions in the activity. By the end of the activity you should
More informationPeriodic Variations in Element Properties
OpenStax-CNX module: m51042 1 Periodic Variations in Element Properties OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 By the end
More informationChapter 3 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Question 3.1: What is the basic theme of organisation in the periodic table? The basic theme of organisation of elements in the periodic table is to classify the elements in periods and groups according
More informationNEET Exam Study Material Chemistry. 3. Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
NEET Exam Study Material Chemistry 3. Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties 1. Increasing order of atomic weights was violated (anomalous pairs) in the case of (1) Te, I (2) Ar, K (3)
More informationThe Periodic Table and Periodic Law
The Periodic Table and Periodic Law Periodic trends in the properties of atoms allow us to predict physical and chemical properties. Section 1: Development of the Modern Periodic Table Section 2: Classification
More informationHomework Packet Unit 2. b. Al 3+, F, Na +, Mg 2+, O 2
Name Period Homework Packet Unit 2 1. Which of the following is the correct empirical formula for a compound that has 37.5% C, 12.6% H, and 49.9% O? (A) C 2 H 4 O (B) CH 4 O 2 (C) CH 5 O 2 (D) CH 4 O (E)
More informationChapter 2: The Structure of the Atom and the Periodic Table
Chapter 2: The Structure of the Atom and the Periodic Table 1. What are the three primary particles found in an atom? A) neutron, positron, and electron B) electron, neutron, and proton C) electron, proton,
More informationThe orbitals in an atom are arranged in shells and subshells. orbital 3s 3p 3d. Shell: all orbitals with the same value of n.
Shells and Subshells The orbitals in an atom are arranged in shells and subshells. n=3 orbital 3s 3p 3d Shell: all orbitals with the same value of n n=3 3s 3p 3d Subshell: all orbitals with the same value
More informationChapter 7. Atomic Structure
Chapter 7 Atomic Structure Light Made up of electromagnetic radiation. Waves of electric and magnetic fields at right angles to each other. Parts of a wave Wavelength Frequency = number of cycles in one
More information6.3 Periodic Trends > Chapter 6 The Periodic Table. 6.3 Periodic Trends. 6.1 Organizing the Elements. 6.2 Classifying the Elements
1 63 Periodic Trends > Chapter 6 The Periodic Table 61 Organizing the Elements 62 Classifying the Elements 63 Periodic Trends 2 63 Periodic Trends > CHEMISTRY & YOU How are trends in the weather similar
More informationRegents review Atomic & periodic
2011-2012 1. The diagram below represents the nucleus of an atom. What are the atomic number and mass number of this atom? A) The atomic number is 9 and the mass number is 19. B) The atomic number is 9
More informationCDO AP Chemistry Unit 5
1. a. Calculate the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation that has a frequency of 5.56 MHz. b. Calculate the frequency of electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength equal to 667 nm. 2. Electromagnetic
More informationTrends in Atomic Size. What are the trends among the elements for atomic size? The distances between atoms in a molecule are extremely small.
63 Periodic Trends > 63 Periodic Trends > CHEMISTRY & YOU Chapter 6 The Periodic Table 61 Organizing the Elements 62 Classifying the Elements 63 Periodic Trends How are trends in the weather similar to
More informationBohr Model of Hydrogen Atom
Bohr Model of Hydrogen Atom electrons move in circular orbits around nucleus orbits can only be of certain radii each radius corresponds to different energy ( only certain energies are allowed) n - defines
More informations or Hz J atom J mol or -274 kj mol CHAPTER 4. Practice Exercises ΔE atom = ΔE mol =
CHAPTER 4 Practice Exercises 4.1 10 1 2.1410 s or Hz 4.3 ΔE atom = ΔE mol = 4.5610 J atom 19 1 2.7410 J mol or -274 kj mol 5 1-1 4.5 excitation energy = 471 kj mol 1 + 275 kj mol 1 = 746 kj mol 1 Hg 4.7
More informationChemical symbols. Know names and symbols of elements #1 30, plus. Rb, Cs, Sr, Ba, Ag, Au, Cd, Hg, Pt, Ga, Ge, As, Sn, Pb, Se, Br, I, and U
Chemical symbols Know names and symbols of elements #1 30, plus Rb, Cs, Sr, Ba, Ag, Au, Cd, Hg, Pt, Ga, Ge, As, Sn, Pb, Se, Br, I, and U Coulomb s Law F = attractive/repulsive force Q 1, Q 2 = charges
More informationHSVD Ms. Chang Page 1
Name: Chemistry, PERIODIC TABLE 1. A solid element that is malleable, a good conductor of electricity, and reacts with oxygen is classified as a (1) noble gas (2) metalloid (3) metal (4) nonmetal 2. Which
More informationI. The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table. Electronic Configuration and Periodicity. Announcements Newland Law of Octaves
Announcements EM radiation --Exam 3 Oct 3...Includes chapters 7/8/9/10 The excluded items include: 1. Classical distinction between energy and matter (p. 217) 2. Numerical problems involving the Rydberg
More informationTrends in the Periodic Table
Trends in the Periodic Table A trend is a predictable change in a particular direction. Example: There is a trend in the alkali metals to increase in reactivity as you move down a group. Atomic Radius
More informationPeriodicity & Many-Electron Atoms
Chap. 8 ELECTRON CONFIGURAT N & CEMICAL PERIODICITY 8.1-8.2 Periodicity & Many-Electron Atoms Understand the correlation of electron configuration and the periodic character of atomic properties such as
More informationThe Periodic Law Notes (Chapter 5)
The Periodic Law Notes (Chapter 5) I. History of the Periodic Table About 70 elements were known by 1850 (no noble gases) but there didn t appear to be a good way of arranging or relating them to study.
More informationSection 6-1 Notes. Organizing the Elements
Section 6-1 Notes Organizing the Elements Organizing the Elements As new elements were discovered chemists needed to find a logical way to organize them Properties of elements were used to sort them in
More informationPeriodic Table trends
2017/2018 Periodic Table trends Mohamed Ahmed Abdelbari Atomic Radius The size of an atom is defined by the edge of its orbital. However, orbital boundaries are fuzzy and in fact are variable under different
More information