The Colloid Chemistry of Silica

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1 The Colloid Chemistry of Silica

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3 ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES 234 The Colloid Chemistry of Silica Horacio E. Bergna, EDITOR DuPont Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, at the 200th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, August 26-31, 1990 American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1994

4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Colloid chemistry of silica: developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry at the 200th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, August 26-31, 1990 / Horacio E. Bergna, editor. p. cm. (Advances in chemistry series, ISSN ; 234) Papers from the Ralph K. Iler Memorial Symposium. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN Colloids Congresses. 2. Silica Congresses. I. Bergna, Horacio E., II. American Chemical Society. Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry. III. American Chemical Society. Meeting (200th: 1990: Washington, D.C.) IV. Ralph K. Iler Memorial Symposium (1990: Washington, D.C.) V. Series. QD1.A355 no. 234 [QD549] 540 s dc20 [546'.683] CIP The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z Copyright 1994 American Chemical Society All Rights Reserved. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of each chapter in this volume indicates the copyright owner's consent that reprographic copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use or for the personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 27 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970, for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to copying or transmission by any means graphic or electronic for any other purpose, such as for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating a new collective work, for resale, or for information storage and retrieval systems. The copying fee for each chapter is indicated in the code at the bottom of the first page of the chapter. The citation of trade names and/or names of manufacturers in this publication is not to be construed as an endorsement or as approval by ACS of the commercial products or services referenced herein; nor should the mere reference herein to any drawing, specification, chemical process, or other data be regarded as a license or as a conveyance of any right or permission to the holder, reader, or any other person or corporation, to manufacture, reproduce, use, or sell any patented invention or copyrighted work that may in any way be related thereto. Registered names, trademarks, etc., used in this publication, even without specific indication thereof, are not to be considered unprotected by law. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

5 1994 Advisory Board Advances in Chemistry Series M. Joan Comstock, Series Editor Robert J. Alaimo Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals Douglas R. Lloyd The University of Texas at Austin Mark Arnold University of Iowa David Baker University of Tennessee Arindam Bose Pfizer Central Research Robert F. Brady, Jr. Naval Research Laboratory Margaret A. Cavanaugh National Science Foundation Arthur B. Ellis University of Wisconsin at Madison Dennis W. Hess Lehigh University Hiroshi Ito IBM Almaden Research Center Madeleine M. Joullie University of Pennsylvania Lawrence P. Klemann Nabisco Foods Group Gretchen S. Kohl Dow-Corning Corporation Bonnie Lawlor Institute for Scientific Information Cynthia A. Maryanoff R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute Julius J. Menn Plant Sciences Institute, U.S. Department of Agriculture Roger A. Minear University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Vincent Pecoraro University of Michigan Marshall Phillips Delmont Laboratories George W. Roberts North Carolina State University A. Truman Schwartz Macalaster College John R. Shapley University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign L. Somasundaram DuPont Michael D. Taylor Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Peter Willett University of Sheffield (England)

6 FOREWORD The ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES was founded in 1949 by the American Chemical Society as an outlet for symposia and collections of data in special areas of topical interest that could not be accommodated in the Society s journals. It provides a medium for symposia that would otherwise be fragmented because their papers would be distributed among several journals or not published at all. Papers are reviewed critically according to ACS editorial standards and receive the careful attention and processing characteristic of ACS publications. Volumes in the ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES maintain the integrity of the symposia on which they are based; however, verbatim reproductions of previously published papers are not accepted. Papers may include reports of research as well as reviews, because symposia may embrace both types of presentation.

7 ABOUT THE EDITOR HORACIO E. BERGNA is a Senior Research Associate at the DuPont Experimental Station. He first joined DuPont in 1956 as part of Ralph K. Her s research group. Bergna received his Licenciado and doctorate in chemistry at the National University of La Plata in Argentina and worked on his doctoral thesis (Honors) on clay electrokinetics under Marcos Tschapek at the National Institute of Soils in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Bergna taught at the School of Chemistry in La Plata and worked at L.E.M.I.T. (Technological Research Laboratory of the Province of Buenos Aires). He did post-doctoral work at the Sorbonne in Paris and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he worked with E. A. Hauser as a Guest of the Department of Chemical Engineering and as a Research Staff Member of the Division of Industrial Cooperation with J. Th. Overbeek, A. Gaudin, and P. de Bruyn. He studied humanities at the City of London College and Columbia University. Bergna is the author of 30 papers and holds 31 U.S. patents and more than 200 foreign corresponding patents in subjects such as colloidal silica synthesis; silica; alumina; aluminosilicates; zeolites; vanadyl phosphate catalysts; submicron grained products for metallurgy; coated particulates for ceramics, electronics, chromatography, and polymers; and binders for foundry sands. In 1989 he was appointed Chevalier of the Ordre Des Palmes Académiques by the French government. Bergna is a retired president of the Alliance Française de Wilmington, Delaware, and a founder and chairman of the board of the Fondation Internationale de Delaware. In 1990 he organized and chaired the Ralph K. Her International Symposium on the Colloid Chemistry of Silica held at the 200th ACS National Meeting. Bergna co-authored the Colloidal Silica Section of the 1993 edition of the Ullmann Encyclopedia of Chemistry and guest edited two special issues of the Elsevier international journal Colloids and Surfaces. vii

8 ASSOCIATE EDITORS Michael R. Baloga DuPont Jonathan L. Bass The PQ Corporation F. Dumont Université Libre de Bruxelles James S. Falcone West Chester University Michael L. Hair Xerox Research Centre of Canada Bruce A. Keiser Nalco Chemical Company Robert E. Patterson The PQ Corporation George W. Scherer DuPont William A. Welsh W. R. Grace & Company viii