Chapter 24 From Petroleum to Pharmaceuticals
|
|
- Oscar Ward
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 hapter 24 From Petroleum to Pharmaceuticals 24.1 Petroleum Refining and the ydrocarbons 24.2 Functional Groups and Organic Synthesis 24.3 Pesticides and Pharmaceuticals IR Tutor and Infrared Spectroscopy
2 ydrocarbons Aliphatic Aromatic
3 ydrocarbons Aliphatic Aromatic Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes
4 ydrocarbons Aliphatic Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which all of the bonds are single bonds. Alkanes
5 ydrocarbons Aliphatic Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Alkenes
6 ydrocarbons Aliphatic Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon- carbon triple bond. Alkynes
7 ydrocarbons The most common aromatic hydrocarbons are those that contain a benzene ring. Aromatic
8 Reactive Sites in ydrocarbons The Functional Group oncept
9 Functional Group a structural unit in a molecule responsible for its characteristic chemical behavior and its IR spectroscopic characteristics
10 Alkanes R R X functional group is a hydrogen atom the reaction that takes place is termed a substitution one of the hydrogens is substituted by some other atom or group, X
11 R Alkanes functional group is a hydrogen R X the reaction that takes place is substitution one of the hydrogens is substituted by some other atom or group + l 2 l + l
12 Functional Groups in ydrocarbons alkanes R alkenes R, double bond alkynes R, triple bond aromatics Ar,, double bond
13 Some Key Functional Groups
14
15 Families of organic compounds and their functional groups Alcohols RO Alkyl halides RX (X = F, l,, Br, I) Amines primary amine: RN 2 secondary amine: R 2 N tertiary amine: R 3 N Ethers ROR
16 Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group O R O arbonyl group Acyl group
17 Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group O O R arbonyl group Aldehyde
18 Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group O O R R' arbonyl group Ketone
19 Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group O O R O arbonyl group arboxylic acid Not a ketone-alcohol!
20 Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group O O R OR' arbonyl group Ester Not a ketone-ether!
21 Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group O O R N 2 arbonyl group Amide Note a ketone-amine!
22 Alkanes General formula for an alkane n 2n+2 Introduction to Alkanes: Methane, 4 Ethane, 2 6 Propane, 3 8
23 The simplest alkanes Methane ( 4 ) Ethane ( 2 6 ) Propane ( 3 8 ) bp -160 bp -89 bp -42 No isomers possible for 1, 2, 3 hydrocarbons
24 Isomeric Alkanes: The Butanes 4 10 General formula for any butane Isomers: same composition, different structures at the constitutional or stereochemical levels
25 4 10 n-butane (bp -0.4 ) Isobutane (bp ( 3 ) 3 bp )
26 igher n-alkanes Pentane ( 5 12 ) and Beyond n 2n+2 n > 4
27 n-pentane n 2n+2 n > n-exane n-eptane
28 The 5 12 Isomers
29 n-pentane ( 3 ) Isopentane ( 3 ) 4 Neopentane
30 ow many isomers? The number of isomeric alkanes increases as the number of carbons increase. There is no simple way to predict how many isomers there are for a particular molecular formula.
31 Table 2.3 Number of onstitutionally Isomeric Alkanes
32 Table 2.3 Number of onstitutionally Isomeric Alkanes , , ,491,178,805,831 (~6 x isomers!)
33 6 6 Isomers ow many isomers with the composition 6 6 can you draw?
34 6 6 Isomers: ow many isomers with the composition 6 6 can you draw?
35 Structure and Bonding in Alkenes
36 Structure of Ethylene bond angles: -- = = 121 bond distances: = 110 pm = = 134 pm planar
37 Bonding in Ethylene!!!!! Framework of! bonds Each carbon is sp 2 hybridized
38 Bonding in Ethylene Each carbon has a half-filled p orbital
39 Bonding in Ethylene Side-by-side overlap of half-filled p orbitals gives a! bond which makes it very difficult to rotate about the = bond
40 Isomerism in Alkenes
41 Isomers Isomers are different compounds that have the same composition (numbers and kinds. of atoms). Since the compounds are different, they must have different structures in the way the atoms are connected or arranged in space
42 Isomers onstitutional isomers Stereoisomers
43 Isomers onstitutional isomers Stereoisomers different connectivity same connectivity; different arrangement of atoms in space
44 Isomers onstitutional isomers Stereoisomers consider the isomeric alkenes of molecular formula 4 8
45 Butene 2-Methylpropene cis-2-butene trans-2-butene
46 Butene 2-Methylpropene 3 3 onstitutional isomers cis-2-butene
47 Same connections, different atomic positions in space Stereoisomers cis-2-butene trans-2-butene
48 Molecular hirality: Enantiomers
49 Isomers constitutional isomers stereoisomers
50 Isomers constitutional isomers stereoisomers enantiomers (optical) geometric isomers (cis/trans) hiral structures
51 hirality A molecule is chiral if its two mirror image forms are not superposable upon one another. A molecule is achiral if its two mirror image forms are superposable.
52 Bromochlorofluoromethane is chiral Br l It cannot be superposed point for point on its mirror image. F
53 Bromochlorofluoromethane is chiral Br l l Br F F To show nonsuperposability, rotate this model 180 around a vertical axis.
54 Bromochlorofluoromethane is chiral Br l l Br F F
55 Another look
56 Enantiomers nonsuperposable mirror images are called enantiomers and are enantiomers with respect to each other
57 hlorodifluoromethane is achiral
58 hlorodifluoromethane is achiral The two structures are mirror images, but are not enantiomers, because they can be superposed on each other.
59 Symmetry in Achiral Structures
60 Symmetry tests for achiral structures Any molecule with a plane of symmetry must be achiral.
61 Plane of symmetry A plane of symmetry bisects a molecule into two mirror image halves. hlorodifluoromethane has a plane of symmetry.
62 Plane of symmetry A plane of symmetry bisects a molecule into two mirror image halves. hlorodifluoromethane has a plane of symmetry.
63 Plane of symmetry A plane of symmetry bisects a molecule into two mirror image halves. 1-Bromo-1-chloro-2-fluoroethene has a plane of symmetry.
64 Plane of symmetry A plane of symmetry bisects a molecule into two mirror image halves. 1-Bromo-1-chloro-2-fluoroethene has a plane of symmetry.
University of Sydney Chemistry 1B (CHEM1102) Organic Chemistry Lecture Notes
University of Sydney hemistry 1B (EM1102) rganic hemistry Lecture Notes Topic 1 Introduction & isomers 2 Topic 2 Alkenes, alkynes, arenes 20 Topic 3 Structure determination 27 Topic 4 Alcohols and amines
More informationIntroduction to Organic Chemistry. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Introduction to Organic Chemistry Copyright The McGraw-ill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Common Elements in Organic Compounds 2 Classification of ydrocarbons ydrocarbons
More informationMOLECULAR REPRESENTATIONS AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
MOLEULAR REPRESENTATIONS AND INFRARED SPETROSOPY A STUDENT SOULD BE ABLE TO: 1. Given a Lewis (dash or dot), condensed, bond-line, or wedge formula of a compound draw the other representations. 2. Give
More informationCommon Elements in Organic Compounds
Organic hemistry ommon Elements in Organic ompounds lassification of ydrocarbons Alkanes Alkanes have the general formula n 2n+2 where n = 1,2,3, only single covalent bonds saturated hydrocarbons because
More informationChapters 2 & 25: Covalent bonds & Organic Chemistry
hapters 2 & 25: ovalent bonds & Organic hemistry Read: BLB 2.6, 2.9; 25.1-25.4 (only nomenclature in Table 25.1, NOT reactions) W: BLB 2:43, 45, 69, 76, 77 BLB 25:11, 12, 25, 40a, c-f Packet Organic:1
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon.
Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. In this chapter we will discuss the structural features of organic molecules, nomenclature, and a
More informationQuestion. Chapter 5 Structure and Preparation of Alkenes (C n H 2n ): Elimination Reactions
hapter 5 Structure and Preparation of Alkenes ( n 2n ): Elimination Reactions The molecular formula of β-arotene is 40 On catalytic hydrogenation, β-carotene is converted to a saturated hydrocarbon of
More informationWave Properties of Electrons. Chapter 2 Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules. Wave Interactions. Sigma Bonding
rganic hemistry, 5 th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. hapter 2 Structure and Properties of rganic Molecules Jo Blackburn Richland ollege, Dallas, TX Dallas ounty ommunity ollege District 2003, Prentice all Wave
More informationCHAPTER 2: Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules
1 HAPTER 2: Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules Atomic Orbitals A. What are atomic orbitals? Atomic orbitals are defined by special mathematical functions called wavefunctions-- (x, y, z). Wavefunction,
More informationAP Chemistry Chapter 22 - Organic and Biological Molecules
AP Chemistry Chapter - Organic and Biological Molecules.1 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons A. Straight-chain Hydrocarbons 1. Straight-chain alkanes have the formula C n H n+. Carbons are sp hybridized The
More informationUniversity of Sydney Chemistry 1B (CHEM1102) Organic Chemistry Lecture Notes
University of Sydney hemistry 1B (EM1102) rganic hemistry Lecture Notes Topic 1 Introduction & isomers 2 Topic 2 Alkenes, alkynes, arenes 23 Topic 3 Structure determination 32 Topic 4 Alcohols and amines
More informationChapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes
Section 21.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons Section 1 Objectives: Explain the terms organic compound and organic chemistry. Section 21.2 Alkanes Chapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes
More informationAlkanes and Cycloalkanes
Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Families of Organic Compounds Organic compounds can be grouped into families by their common structural features We shall survey the nature of the compounds in a tour of the families
More information12.1 The Nature of Organic molecules
12.1 The Nature of Organic molecules Organic chemistry: : The chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is tetravalent; it always form four bonds. Prentice Hall 2003 Chapter One 2 Organic molecules have covalent
More informationChapter 11. Introduction to Organic Chemistry
hapter 11 Introduction to rganic hemistry Properties of arbon and its compounds 2 Properties of arbon and its compounds 3 Properties of arbon and its compounds 4 Properties of arbon and its compounds 5
More information5.1 Alkene Nomenclature
5.1 Alkene Nomenclature Alkenes Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond also called "olefins" characterized by molecular formula n 2n said to be "unsaturated" Alkene Nomenclature
More informationDetailed Course Content
Detailed Course Content Chapter 1: Carbon Compounds and Chemical Bonds The Structural Theory of Organic Chemistry 4 Chemical Bonds: The Octet Rule 6 Lewis Structures 8 Formal Charge 11 Resonance 14 Quantum
More informationChem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline
Chem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline Slide 2 Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of and its compounds. The major sources of carbon are the fossil fuels: petroleum, natural gas,
More informationCHEM 261 HOME WORK Lecture Topics: MODULE 1: The Basics: Bonding and Molecular Structure Text Sections (N0 1.9, 9-11) Homework: Chapter 1:
CHEM 261 HOME WORK Lecture Topics: MODULE 1: The Basics: Bonding and Molecular Structure Atomic Structure - Valence Electrons Chemical Bonds: The Octet Rule - Ionic bond - Covalent bond How to write Lewis
More informationChapter 27: Structure and Bonding
Chapter 27: Structure and Bonding 1 Atomic Orbitals: Wave functions that represent the probability of finding electrons in a specific region of space s, p, d, f orbitals In organic chemistry, need to concentrate
More informationAlkanes and Cycloalkanes
Chapter 3 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Two types Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons 3.1 Alkanes Also referred as aliphatic hydrocarbons General formula: CnH2n+2 (straight chain) and CnH2n (cyclic)
More informationCalifornia State Polytechnic University, Pomona
alifornia State Polytechnic University, Pomona 2-1 Dr. Laurie S. Starkey, rganic hemistry M 314, Wade hapter 2: Structure and Physical Properties of rganic Molecules hapter utline 1) rbitals and Bonding
More informationORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Organic molecules are everywhere! The Alkanes (See pages 25-4 and 25-5) Naming Alkanes (See pages 25-7 to 25-10)
RGANI EMISTRY hemistry 11 rganic molecules are everywhere! Some common examples: Sucrose (sugar) Methane (natural gas) Butane (lighter fluid) Plastic Acetic Acid (vinegar) Ethanol (fuel additive) What
More information- aromatic hydrocarbons carbon atoms connected in a planar ring structure, joined by σ and π bonds between carbon atoms
hapter 25: The histry of Life: rganic and Biological hemistry - organic chemistry the study of carbon compounds - biochemistry the stuyd of the chemistry of living species 1.1 Introduction to ydrocarbons
More informationOrganic Chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing.
Chapter 21 Lecture Notes Organic Chemistry Intro Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing. The Bonding of Carbon Because carbon has four valence electrons, it can form covalent bonds.
More information3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Based on McMurry s Organic Chemistry, 6 th edition, Chapter 3 2003 Ronald Kluger Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 1 Families of Organic Compounds!
More informationHISTORY OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
ISTORY OF ORGANI EMISTRY In the early days of chemistry, scientists classified chemical substances into 2 groups: 1. Inorganic: those that were composed of minerals, such as rocks and nonliving matter.
More informationChem 121 Winter 2016: Section 03, Sample Problems. Alkenes and Alkynes
Chem 121 Winter 2016: Section 03, Sample Problems Alkenes and Alkynes Problems adapted from Chemistry - The Central Science, 3 rd edition. 24.2 Consider the hydrocarbon drawn below. (a) What is the hybridisation
More informationChemistry M11 Spring 2010 Examination #3 ANSWER KEY pp. 1
Chemistry M11 Spring 2010 Examination #3 ASWER KEY pp. 1 or Questions 1 2, consider the hydrogenation of trans-3-methyl-2-pentene in the presence of a transition metal catalyst. 1. C Determine the major
More information1. Which compound would you expect to have the lowest boiling point? A) NH 2 B) NH 2
MULTIPLE CICE QUESTINS Topic: Intermolecular forces 1. Which compound would you expect to have the lowest boiling point? A) N 2 B) N 2 C) N D) E) N Ans: : N 2 D Topic: Molecular geometry, dipole moment
More informationOrganic Chemistry I Exam 3 Fall 2001 November 30, Which of the following compounds corresponds to the spectral data given below?
. Which of the following compounds corresponds to the spectral data given below? one of these. The reaction energy diagram given below corresponds to which of the following reactions? TS TS TS Br + R RI
More informationAn Introduction to Organic Chemistry
An Introduction to rganic hemistry rganic hemistry Is Not That Scary rganic hemistry - General Description A. The Study of arbon ompounds B. rganic reminds us of plant or animal origins 1. Natural medicines:
More information12.01 Organic Chemistry
12.01 rganic hemistry hemistry of arbon An Introduction to nomenclatures, structures and reactions Dr. Fred mega Garces hemistry 100 Miramar ollege 1 rganic hemistry What is rganic hemistry? rganic hemistry:
More informationChapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry
Chapter 25 Organic and Biological Chemistry Organic Chemistry The chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon has the ability to form long chains. Without this property, large biomolecules such as proteins,
More information3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry
3.1 Introduction to Organic hemistry Organic hemistry is the study of carbon chemistry as carbon has the ability to join together in chains, rings, balls etc. arbon also joins with other elements easily
More informationDAMIETTA UNIVERSITY CHEM-103: BASIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LECTURES 1-2. Dr Ali El-Agamey LEARNING OUTCOMES LECTURES 1-2
DAMIETTA UNIVERSITY EM-103: BASI RGANI EMISTRY LETURES 1-2 Dr Ali El-Agamey ١ LEARNING UTMES LETURES 1-2 Appreciate the importance of organic chemistry. Draw the structures of organic compounds using Lewis,
More informationINTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
INTRODUTION TO ORGANI EMISTRY GENERAL DESRIPTION OF ORGANI EMISTRY The Study of arbon ompounds GENERAL DESRIPTION OF ORGANI EMISTRY The Study of arbon ompounds Organic Man-made Substances Plant or Animal
More informationChapter 22. Organic and Biological Molecules
Chapter 22 Organic and Biological Molecules The Bonding of Carbon Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. Because carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds, the following
More informationUNIT (7) ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: HYDROCARBONS
UNIT (7) RGANI MPUNDS: YDRARBNS rganic chemistry is the study carbon containing compounds. 7.1 Bonding in rganic ompounds rganic compounds are made up of only a few elements and the bonding is almost entirely
More informationOrganic Chemistry. 2 nd Stage Pharmacy/ Undergraduate
Organic Chemistry 2 nd Stage Pharmacy/ Undergraduate Time of Lectures: Saturday; 8:30-11:30 am Instructor: Wrya O. Karim University email: wrya.karim@univsul.edu.iq Personal email: wrya.othman49@gmail.com
More informationCHEMISTRY - TRO 4E CH.21 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
!! www.clutchprep.com TOPI: ORGANI EMISTRY Organic hemistry is the study of carbon and the other common nonmetals it is connected to:,, &. Some organic molecules are made of just carbons and hydrogens
More informationeg ethylene (IUPAC: ethene), C 2
Alkenes: Structure & Properties Alkane (acyclic): n 2n+2 > saturated. Alkene (acyclic): n 2n > unsaturated. eg ethylene (IUPA: ethene), 2 4 : 2 = 2 The carbon-carbon double bond is the distinguishing feature
More informationChapter 2 Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules. Advanced Bonding: Review
hapter 2 Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules hemistry 231 Organic hemistry I Fall 2007 Advanced Bonding: Review Atomic Quantum Mechanics cannot explain how molecules like 4 form: Valence Bond
More informationClasses of Organic Compounds
Unit 1 Functional Groups Depicting Structures of rganic ompounds Lewis Structures ondensed structural formulas Line angle drawings 3-dimensional structures Resonance Structures Acid-Base Reactions urved
More informationElectronegativity Scale F > O > Cl, N > Br > C, H
Organic Chem Chapter 12 Alkanes Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Carbon has several properties that are worth discussing: Tetravalent Always forms 4 bonds Can form multiple bonds (double
More informationCHEM 203. Midterm Exam 1 October 31, 2008 ANSWERS. This a closed-notes, closed-book exam. You may use your set of molecular models
CEM 203 Midterm Exam 1 ctober 31, 2008 Your name: ANSWERS This a closed-notes, closed-book exam You may use your set of molecular models This exam contains 8 pages Time: 1h 30 min 1. / 15 2. / 16 3. /
More informationCHEMISTRY Practice Exam #1
EMISTRY 2210 - Practice Exam #1 Section 1 - Multiple hoice This section of the exam is multiple choice. hoose the BEST answer from the choices which are given and write the letter for your choice in the
More informationCH 3 C 2 H 5. Tetrahedral Stereochemistry
Ch 5 Tetrahedral Stereochemistry Enantiomers - Two non-superimposable mirror image molecules - They are stereoisomers with the same atoms and bonds, but different spatial geometries. - The two molecules
More informationHISTORY OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
hemistry 52 hapter 12 ISTORY OF ORGANI EMISTRY In the early days of chemistry, scientists classified chemical substances into 2 groups: 1. Inorganic: those that were composed of minerals, such as rocks
More informationCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
arbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 1 arbon hemistry arbon is the Backbone of Biological Molecules (macromolecules) All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on the element carbon
More informationOrganic Chemistry. A. Introduction
Organic Chemistry A. Introduction 1. Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of CARBON compounds. There are a huge number of organic compounds. This results from the fact that carbon forms chains
More informationAtomic Properties of Carbon
Organic Compounds Atomic Properties of Carbon Organic molecules have structural complexity and chemical diversity. Carbon can lose 4 electrons and have the same electronic configuration as He. OR Carbon
More informationChem 201 Sample Midterm Beauchamp
hem 201 Sample Midterm Beauchamp Exams are designed so that no one question will make or break you. The best strategy is to work steadily, starting with those problems you understand best. Partial credit
More informationChapter 3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Their Stereochemistry
Chapter 3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Their Stereochemistry Functional Group: Be able to identify and name any of the functional groups listed on Table 3.1, pages 76-77. Summary of important functional
More informationChapter 2 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Introduction to Hydrocarbons
Chapter 2 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Introduction to ydrocarbons Copyright The McGraw-ill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2.1 Classes of ydrocarbons ydrocarbons Aliphatic
More informationIsomerism in Alkanes, Haloalkanes, and Alkenes using Molecular Models
EXPERIMENT 1 Isomerism in Alkanes, aloalkanes, and Alkenes using Molecular Models Materials Needed - Molecular model kit Relevant Textbook Reading Denniston, chap 11.2-11.4, 12.1-12.3 Background In uncharged,
More informationExperiment 10 Organic Molecules: Description, Nomenclature and Modeling
Experiment 10 Organic Molecules: Description, Nomenclature and Modeling Objectives The objectives for this lab are: Part I: To learn the structures of and construct models for simple organic molecules,
More informationORGANIC - BROWN 8E CH INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: PURPOSE OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Classical Methods (Wet Chemistry): Chemists needed to run dozens of chemical reactions to determine the type of molecules in a compound.
More informationOrganic Chemistry Unit Review Package
Name: Worksheet 7.viii Organic Chemistry Unit Review Package Generalized Organic Chemistry Naming Procedure Grouped into three general phases. 1. Identification phase (finding all important/correct information)
More informationUnit 5: Organic Chemistry
Unit 5: Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry: discipline in chemistry focussing strictly on the study of hydrocarbons compounds made up of carbon & hydrogen Organic compounds can contain other elements
More informationMSC. ISMAIL M.ALI DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEEING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TIKRIT UNIVERSITY
LECTURE 1 SYLLABUS FOR FIRST CLASS 2013-2014 MSC. ISMAIL M.ALI DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEEING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TIKRIT UNIVERSITY MANDATORY CLASS: 1ST ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CH 122 Teaching scheme:
More informationORGANIC - EGE 5E CH. 2 - COVALENT BONDING AND CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: HYBRID ORBITAL THEORY The Aufbau Principle states that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy. If carbon has only two unfilled orbitals, why does it like to
More informationHydrocarbons and their Functional Groups
Hydrocarbons and their Functional Groups Organic chemistry is the study of compounds in which carbon is the principal element. carbon atoms form four bonds long chains, rings, spheres, sheets, and tubes
More informationUnit 12 Organic Chemistry
Unit 12 Organic Chemistry Day 138 5/5/14 QOD: What is Organic Chemistry? Do Now: True or false? 1. Electrochemical cells generate electricity. 2. Electrons flow from left to right in a battery. 3. Redox
More informationUnit 7 ~ Learning Guide Name:
Unit 7 ~ Learning Guide : Instructions: Using a pencil, complete the following notes as you work through the related lessons. Show ALL work as is explained in the lessons. You are required to have this
More informationChapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry
Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry The study of carbon compounds constitutes a separate branch of chemistry known as organic chemistry The
More informationSummary Chapter 13-14
Summary Chapter 1-1 Nomenclature 1 prefix + + prefix,- dimethyl 1,5- First give locajon and type of subsjtuents Second give locajon of double bond How many carbons in longest chain? How many of the funcjonal
More informationAliphatic Hydrocarbons Anthracite alkanes arene alkenes aromatic compounds alkyl group asymmetric carbon Alkynes benzene 1a
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Anthracite alkanes arene alkenes aromatic compounds alkyl group asymmetric carbon Alkynes benzene 1a Hard coal, which is high in carbon content any straight-chain or branched-chain
More informationBRCC CHM 102 Class Notes Chapter 11 Page 1 of 9
BRCC CHM 102 Class Notes Chapter 11 Page 1 of 9 Chapter 11 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes hydrocarbons compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen * 4 families: 1) alkanes only single bonds (includes cycloalkanes)
More informationMOLECULER MODELS/ISOMERS ORGANIC STRUCTURES AND NAMING
REVISED 10/14 EMISTRY 1101L MOLEULER MODELS/ISOMERS ORGANI STRUTURES AND NAMING NOTE: This lab does not require safety glasses or lab coats. INTRODUTION Electron Dot Structures: Electron dot structures,
More informationCHEMISTRY 341. Final Exam Tuesday, December 16, Problem 1 15 pts Problem 9 8 pts. Problem 2 5 pts Problem pts
CEMISTRY 341 Final Exam Tuesday, December 16, 1997 Name NAID Problem 1 15 pts Problem 9 8 pts Problem 2 5 pts Problem 10 21 pts Problem 3 26 pts Problem 11 15 pts Problem 4 10 pts Problem 12 6 pts Problem
More informationCHAPTER 24 Organic Chemistry
CHAPTER 24 rganic Chemistry 1. The general formula for alkenes is A. C n H 2n+2 B. C 2n H 2n C. C n H n+2 D. C n H 2n E. C n H 2n 2 2. The general formula of an alkane is A. C n H 2n B. C n H 2n+2 C. C
More informationName Date Class HYDROCARBONS
22.1 HYDROCARBONS Section Review Objectives Describe the relationship between number of valence electrons and bonding in carbon Define and describe alkanes Relate the polarity of hydrocarbons to their
More informationChapter 1 Reactions of Organic Compounds. Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons
Chapter 1 Reactions of Organic Compounds Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons Reactions of Alkanes Single bonds (C-C) are strong and very hard to break, therefore these compounds are relatively unreactive
More informationLook for absorption bands in decreasing order of importance:
1. Match the following to their IR spectra (30 points) Look for absorption bands in decreasing order of importance: a e a 2941 1716 d f b 3333 c b 1466 1.the - absorption(s) between 3100 and 2850 cm-1.
More information1. What are the respective hybridizations of the atoms numbered 1 to 4 in this compound?
EM 331: hapter 1/2: Structures (Atoms, Molecules, Bonding) 1. What are the respective hybridizations of the atoms numbered 1 to 4 in this compound? N 2 N 2 N 1 2 3 4 2. What hybrid orbitals are used to
More information2FAMILIES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS:
P1: PBU/VY P2: PBU/VY Q: PBU/VY T1: PBU Printer: Bind Rite JWL338-02 JWL338-Solomons-v1 April 23, 2010 21:49 2AMILIES ARB MPUDS: UTIAL GRUPS, ITERMLEULAR RES, AD IRARED (IR) SPETRSPY SLUTIS T PRBLEMS 2.1
More informationChapter 2 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Introduction to Hydrocarbons
Chapter 2 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Introduction to Hydrocarbons 2.1 Classes of Hydrocarbons Classes of Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons only contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. Hydrocarbons are either classed
More informationAlkanes 3/27/17. Hydrocarbons: Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon only. Aliphatic (means fat ) - Open chain Aromatic - ring. Alkane Alkene Alkyne
Alkanes EQ 1. How will I define Hydrocarbons? 2. Compare and contrast the 3 types of hydrocarbons (Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes). Hydrocarbons: Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon only. Aliphatic (means
More informationChapter 3: Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
hapter : rganic ompounds: Alkanes and ycloalkanes >11 million organic compounds which are classified into families according to structure and reactivity Functional Group (FG): group of atoms which are
More informationChapter 22. Organic and Biological Molecules
hapter 22 Organic and Biological Molecules hapter 22 Preview Organic and Biological Molecules Alkanes: Saturated ydrocarbons Isomerism, Nomenclature, Reactions of alkanes, yclic alkanes Alkenes, Alkynes,
More information1. True or false: In a molecule, carbon always forms bonds with four other elements. 5. An unsaturated hydrocarbon must contain a or bond.
APTER 20 Organic hemistry 1. True or false: In a molecule, carbon always forms bonds with four other elements. False 2. A triple bond involves sharing electrons. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6 e. 6 3. ydrocarbons
More information1. What are the respective hybridizations of the atoms numbered 1 to 4 in this compound?
CEM 331: Chapter 1/2: Structures (Atoms, Molecules, Bonding) 1. What are the respective hybridizations of the atoms numbered 1 to 4 in this compound? N C 2 C N C 2 C N 1 2 3 4 1: three sigma bonds and
More informationLearning Organic Chemistry
Objective 1 Represent organic molecules with chemical formulas, expanded formulas, Lewis structures, skeletal structures. Determine shape (VSEPR), bond polarity, and molecule polarity. Identify functional
More informationFull file at
Chapter 2 - Alkanes: The Nature of Organic Compounds 1. Which of the following functional group classifications do not contain oxygen? A. ether B. thiol C. aldehyde D. ester E. amide 2. To which functional
More informationTopic 10.1: Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry Notes
Topic 10.1: Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry Notes Terminology Hydrocarbon: compounds that contain mostly hydrogen and carbon Homologous Series: compounds with the same general formula Molecular Formula:
More informationLearning Guide for Chapter 3 - Infrared Spectroscopy
Learning Guide for hapter 3 - Infrared Spectroscopy I. Introduction to spectroscopy - p 1 II. Molecular vibrations - p 3 III. Identifying functional groups - p 6 IV. Interpreting an IR spectrum - p 12
More informationCalculate a rate given a species concentration change.
Kinetics Define a rate for a given process. Change in concentration of a reagent with time. A rate is always positive, and is usually referred to with only magnitude (i.e. no sign) Reaction rates can be
More informationSuggested answers to in-text activities and unit-end exercises Topic 8 Unit 30
Suggested answers to in-text activities and unit-end exercises In-text activities Checkpoint (page 60) 1 Any two of the following: 2 a) A 2-bromo-2-methylpropane B 1-bromobutane b) 3 4 a) position isomers
More informationWorksheet Chapter 10: Organic chemistry glossary
Worksheet 10.1 Chapter 10: Organic chemistry glossary Addition elimination reaction A reaction in which two molecules combine with the release of a small molecule, often water. This type of reaction is
More informationOrganic and Biochemical Molecules. 1. Compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.
Organic and Biochemical Molecules 1. Compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. 2. A compound is said to be saturated if it contains only singly bonded carbons. Such hydrocarbons
More informationHow to Interpret an Infrared (IR) Spectrum
How to Interpret an Infrared (IR) Spectrum Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy allows the identification of particular bonds present within molecules. In this class we have simplified IR analysis by only focusing
More informationMODULE-16 HYDROCARBONS. Hydrocarbons can be classified according to the types of bonds between the carbon atoms:
MODULE-16 YDROARBONS SATURATED AND UNSATURATED YDROARBONS:- ydrocarbons can be classified according to the types of bonds between the carbon atoms: (i) Saturated hydrocarbons have only single bonds between
More informationNomenclature of Organic Compounds Identification of Functional Groups
Hydrocarbons Nomenclature of Organic ompounds Identification of Functional Groups Alkanes - also known as saturated hydrocarbons or the paraffin series because all bond sites between carbon atoms and between
More informationCHEM 112 Name: (Last) (First). Section No.: VISUALIZING ORGANIC REACTIONS THROUGH USE OF MOLECULAR MODELS
CHEM 112 Name: (Last) (First). Section No.: VISUALIZING ORGANIC REACTIONS THROUGH USE OF MOLECULAR MODELS 1) HYDROCARBONS: a. Saturated Hydrocarbons: Construct a model for propane, C 3 H 8, using black
More informationIdentifying Functional Groups. Why is this necessary? Alkanes. Why is this so important? What is a functional group? 2/1/16
Identifying Functional Groups The Key to Survival Why is this so important? ver and over again, you will be asked to do reactions, the details to which you will receive in lecture and via your textbook.
More information02/07/2017. Isomerism. Structural isomerism. 1. Structural isomerism different linkages of atoms. Same molecular formula Different structural formulae
hain isomerism Position isomerism Metamerism Tautomerism Functional group isomerism Geometrical isomerism Optical isomerism 02/07/2017 Isomerism The presence of two or more compounds which has the same
More informationIt is possible for organic molecules with the same molecular formula to have different structures
Isomerism It is possible for organic molecules with the same molecular formula to have different structures Definition- Structural isomers: same molecular formula different structures (or structural formulae)
More information4.1.1 Organic: Basic Concepts
.. rganic: Basic oncepts ydrocarbon is a compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only Basic definitions to know Saturated: ontain single carbon-carbon bonds only Unsaturated : ontains a = double bond
More informationIsomerism CH 4 C 2 H 6 C 3 H 8 C 4 H 10 C 5 H 12. Constitutional isomers...
Isomerism 4 2 6 3 8 4 10 5 12 onstitutional isomers... 3 8 Positional isomers... Functional isomers... ow many constitutional isomers are there for the formula 4 8? arbon atoms are often classified as
More information