Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Anthracite alkanes arene alkenes aromatic compounds alkyl group asymmetric carbon Alkynes benzene 1a

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1 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Anthracite alkanes arene alkenes aromatic compounds alkyl group asymmetric carbon Alkynes benzene 1a

2 Hard coal, which is high in carbon content any straight-chain or branched-chain alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes another name for an aromatic hydrocarbon group of hydrocarbons that contain a benzene ring or a ring with bonding like that of benzene A hydrocarbon in which there are only single covalent bonds. In any alkane, all the carbon-carbon bonds are single covalent bonds, and all the other bonds are carbon-hydrogen bonds. The carbon atoms in an alkane can be arranged in a straight chain or in a chain that has branches. are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Other bonds may be single carbon-carbon bonds and carbon-hydrogen bonds (a carbon-carbon double bond is shown as a parallel line in a structural formula) a carbon with four different groups attached a hydrocarbon substituent in a benzene molecule, the bonding electrons between carbon atoms are shared evenly around the ring. hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bonds. Other bonds may be single or double carbon-carbon bonds and single carbon-hydrogen bonds. 1b

3 branched chain alkanes Cracking carbon cyclic hydrocarbons cis configuration Distillation coal geometric isomers condensed structural formulas homologous series 2a

4 process by which hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller molecules organic compounds that contain hydrocarbon rings process by which petroleum is separated into fractions isomers that differ in the concentration of groups around a double bond series of compounds related by a constant increment of change alkanes that contain one or more alkyl substituents because carbon has four valence electrons, a carbon atom always forms four covalent bonds Geometric isomer with substituted groups on the same side of the double bond is formed when tree ferns and mosses die. its classified by its hardness and carbon content. It consists largely of condensed aromatic compounds of extremely high molar mass. These compounds have a high proportion of carbon compared with hydrogen. a structural formula that leaves out some bonds and or atoms, the presence of these atoms or bonds is understood 2b

5 hydrocarbons Petroleum isomers petroleum Lignite phenyl group natural gas properties of alkanes optical isomers resonance 3a

6 fossil fuel containing straight and branched chain alkanes hydrocarbons that contain only single covalent bonds the refining process starts with the distillation of petroleum (crude oil) into fractions according to boiling point. compounds that have the same molecular formula but different molecular structures name given to a benzene ring when it is a substituent Brown coal, consisting of about 50% carbon molecules of hydrocarbons, such as alkanes, are nonpolar molecules. The attractions between nonpolar molecules are weak van der Waals forces. So alkanes of low molar mass tend to be gases or liquids that boil at a low temp. an important source of alkanes of low molar mass. when two or more equally valid structures can be drawn for a molecule pairs of molecules that differ only in the way four different groups are arranged around a central carbon atom 3b

7 saturated compounds trans configuration stereoisomers unsaturated compounds straight chain alkanes structural isomers Substituent 4a

8 configuration of the substituted groups on opposite sides of the double bond organic compounds that contain double or triple carbon-carbon bonds organic compounds that contain the maiximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom molecules that in which the atoms are joined in the same order, but differ in the arrangement of atoms in space. Tow types of stereoisomers are geometric isomers and optical isomers. organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen compounds that have the same molecular formula but the atoms are joined in a different order. Structural isomers differ in physical properties such as boiling point and melting point. They also have different chemical reactivities. Group of atoms that takes the place of hydrogen in a parent hydrocarbon 4b

Name Date Class HYDROCARBONS

Name Date Class HYDROCARBONS 22.1 HYDROCARBONS Section Review Objectives Describe the relationship between number of valence electrons and bonding in carbon Define and describe alkanes Relate the polarity of hydrocarbons to their