Fundamentals in Air Pollution

Transcription

1 Fundamentals in Air Pollution

2 Bruno Sportisse Fundamentals in Air Pollution From Processes to Modelling

3 Dr. Bruno Sportisse INRIA Domaine de Voluceau Rocquencourt Le Chesnay CX France This work is a translation of the book in French Pollution atmosphérique; Des processus á la modélisation, B. Sportisse, ISBN , Springer, ISBN e-isbn DOI / Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Science+Business Media B.V No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover illustration: Smog rising from factory (photos.com, item # ) Cover design: deblik Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

4 Preface This book is a translation of the French book Pollution atmosphérique. Des processus à la modélisation, published by Springer France (2007). The content is mainly derived from a course devoted to air pollution I taught at École nationale des ponts et chaussées (ENPC; one of the foremost French high schools, at ParisTech Institute of Technology and University Paris-Est) during the decade This book has of course been deeply influenced by my research activity at CEREA, the Teaching and Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, a joint laboratory between ENPC and the Research and Development Division of Electricité de France (EDF R&D), that I created and then headed from 2002 to I want to thank many of my colleagues for discussions, help and review. Thanks to Vivien Mallet for his careful review, his availability and his pieces of advice (both for the content and the form of this book). Thanks to Marc Bocquet, Karine Sartelet- Kata, Irène Korsakissok for their help in reviewing chapters. I want also to thank a few colleagues for having provided me illustrations from their research work. Thanks to Bastien Albriet, Marc Bocquet, Édouard Debry, Irène Korsakissok, Hossein Malakooti, Denis Quélo, Yelva Roustan, Karine Sartelet, Christian Seigneur and Marilyne Tombette. Thanks also to the American family, Céline and Julien, for their review of the introduction. I want also to thank the Paris air quality monitoring network, Airparif (Stéphanie Fraincart and Philippe Lameloise), Bénédicte Dousset (Geomer Laboratory and University of Hawaii) and Annie Gaudichet (CNRS and Universities Paris-XII and Paris-VII) for having provided me a few images. I want to thank Petra Van Steenbergen (English version and invitation to write a book, following SIAM Geosciences 2005) and Nathalie Huilleret (French version and initial project) for their support. Last, this book is, to some extent, a K project, that was mainly written during night-time. Thanks to my wife, Myriam, and my children, Aude, Marine and Thibaut, for their patience and understanding. Paris Bruno Sportisse v

5 Contents Introduction... 1 Greenhouse Effect, Ozone Hole and Air Quality BriefHistory... 1 Accidents, Impacts and Regulatory Context... 4 A Multiplayer Game... 8 Role of Scientific Expertise Atmospheric Dilemma BookObjectivesandOrganization Bibliography Primer for the Atmospheric Composition Atmospheric Chemical Composition Trace Species Gases,AerosolsandWaterDrops A Few Species Primary and Secondary Species Atmospheric Vertical Structure Atmospheric Layers Atmospheric Pressure Vertical Distribution of Species Timescales Timescales of Atmospheric Transport Atmospheric Residence Time for a Trace Species Problems Related to Chap Atmospheric Radiative Transfer PrimerforRadiativeTransfer Definitions EnergyTransitions Emissions Absorption Scattering vii

6 viii Contents RadiativeTransferEquation Additional Facts for Aerosols Albedo Applications to the Earth s Atmosphere SolarandTerrestrialRadiation Radiative Budget for the Earth/Atmosphere System Greenhouse Effect Aerosols, Clouds and Greenhouse Effect Atmospheric Pollution and Visibility Problems Related to Chap Atmospheric Boundary Layer Meteorological Scales Atmospheric Boundary Layer Background Classification Thermal Stratification and Stability A Few Useful Concepts Stability MoistAir Daily Variation of the ABL Stability ABL Turbulence Background Scale Range and Averaging TurbulentKineticEnergy Mixing Height and Turbulence Indicators Fundamentals of Atmospheric Dynamics Primer for Fluid Mechanics ABLFlow AFewFactsfortheUrbanClimate Thermal Forcing and Urban Breeze Energy Budget UrbanHeatIsland Urban Boundary Layer Problems Related to Chap Gas-Phase Atmospheric Chemistry Primer for Atmospheric Chemistry Background for Chemical Kinetics Photochemical Reactions Atmosphere as an Oxidizing Reactor ChemicalLifetime Validity of Chemical Mechanisms Stratospheric Chemistry of Ozone Destruction and Production of Stratospheric Ozone...150

7 Contents ix Ozone Destruction Catalyzed by Bromide and Chloride Compounds Antarctic Ozone Hole Tropospheric Chemistry of Ozone BasicFactsforCombustion Photostationary State of Tropospheric Ozone OxidationChainsofVOCs NO x -Limited Versus VOC-Limited Chemical Regimes Emission Reduction Strategies for Ozone Precursors Example of Photochemical Pollution at the Regional Scale: Case of Île-de-France Region Transcontinental Transport Brief Introduction to Indoor Air Quality Problems Related to Chap Aerosols, Clouds and Rains AerosolsandParticles General Facts Residence Time and Vertical Distribution Aerosol Dynamics Parameterizations Aerosols and Clouds Primer for Clouds Saturation Vapor Pressure of Water, Relative Humidity anddewpoint Condensation Nuclei Mass Transfer Between the Gaseous Phase and Cloud Drops Acid Rains and Scavenging AcidRains Wet Scavenging Problems Related to Chap Toward Numerical Simulation Reactive Dispersion Equation DilutionandOff-LineCoupling Advection-Diffusion-ReactionEquations Averaged Models and Closure Schemes Boundary Conditions Model Hierarchy Fundamentals of Numerical Analysis for Chemistry-Transport Models Operator Splitting Methods TimeIntegrationofChemicalKinetics Advection Schemes Numerical Simulation of the General Dynamic Equation for Aerosols(GDE)...260

8 x Contents SizeDistributionRepresentation Coagulation Condensation and Evaporation State-of-the-ArtModelingSystem ForwardSimulation Uncertainties Advanced Methods Model-to-Data Comparisons Applications Next-Generation Models Problems Related to Chap Appendix 1 Units, Constants and Basic Data References Index...293