Atmospheric New Particle Formation and Climate Sensitivity: the CLOUD experiment.

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1 Atmospheric New Particle Formation and Climate Sensitivity: the CLOUD experiment 4th April 2017 Molteni Ugo

2 About me Master degree in Applied and Environmental Chemistry at the University of Milan PhD student at the Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Energy and Environment Research Division at the Paul Scherrer Institute Working at the CERN CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) experiment

3 Outlook Aerosol and the impact on visibility, health and climate New particle formation in troposphere The CERN CLOUD experiment and recent results Field results an the High Altitude Jungfraujoch Research Stations

4 Atmosphere

5 Atmospheric New Particle Formation and Climate Sensitivity: the CLOUD experiment Aerosol is defined as a suspension of fine solid or liquid particles in a gas: Dust, Fog, Fume, Hazes, Mists, Particles, Smog, Smoke, Soot We will focus on the dispersed phase Few hundred to few thousand particles per cc Diameter: few nm few μm

6 Atmospheric Science - History Ancient Greeks thought that emissions from their cooking activities were reaching the mount Olympus ad feeding gods. The Great Smog of 1952, London Photochemical Smog, LA basin 70 Ozone hole Nobel Prize in Chemistry

7 Aerosol Sources Biogenic Anthropogenic Primary Secondary Ozone, OH, NO3 Oxidation processes

8 Aerosol global distribution Dust (red), sea salt (blue), organic/black carbon (green), and sulfates (white)

9 Why do we study aerosol? Visibility Health Climate

10 Visibility Seinfeld and Pandis, )Residual light from the target reaching the observer 2)Light from the target scattered out of the observer s line 3)Light scattered into the observer s line 4)Background scattered light

11 Visibility Shanghai

12 Health asthma, lung cancer, heart disease, cognitive aging, Alzheimer s disease and other forms of dementia. Emily Underwood, Science Magazine

13 Aerosol and Climate IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Fifth Assessment Report: The Physical Science Basis Clouds and Aerosols Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Mitigation of Climate Change

14 Radiative Forcing greenhouse gases - CO2 Svante Arrhenius 1896, first evidence of the link between CO2 and greenhouse effect IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

15 Climate Sensitivity Radiative Forcing IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

16 Radiative Forcing - Aerosol IPCC, 2013 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis.

17 Radiative Forcing - Aerosol IPCC, 2013 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis.

18 Particles act as cloud condensation nuclei. Globally half of them are primary emitted, half are formed in the atmosphere Merikanto et al., 2009

19 Nucleation or new particle formation

20 The CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) experiment at CERN

21 The CERN CLOUD experiment Which chemical species are involved new particle formation? Do galactic cosmic rays play a role in new particle formation?

22 Galactic cosmic ray

23 Ion induce new particle formation Kirkby, 2008

24 Kirkby, 2008

25 CERN facility CLOUD is here!

26 East Hall CLOUD uses the T GeV/c secondary π+ beam

27 The CLOUD chamber is a 3 m diameter electro-polished stainless 3 steel cylinder of 26.1 m

28 T11 End of the beam line Kirkby, 2008

29 East Hall - T11

30 The Chamber Kirkby et al., 2011

31 Beam Shutter

32 Instrumentation Physics Chemistry Particle number Precursors Size distribution Cluster composition Ion distribution Particle composition Kirkby et al., 2016 Junninen et al., 2010

33 New particle formation Binary nucleation SO2 + OH HOSO2 HOSO2 + O2 SO3 + HO2 SO3 + H2O H2SO4 Clusters (H2SO4)m(H2O)x Kirkby et al., Nature (2011) Ternary nucleation Clusters: (H2SO4)m(NH3)n(H2O)x (H2SO4)m(DMA3)n(H2O)x Almeida et al., Nature (2013)

34 Oxidation Products of Biogenic Emissions Contribute to Nucleation of Atmospheric Particles SO2 OH radical H2SO4 OH radical BioOxOrg Riccobono et al., Science (2014) Schobesberger et al., PNAS (2013)

35 New particle formation in preindustrial, pristine environment: pure biogenic nucleation

36 The Autoxidation mechanism Kroll et al., 2011 Crounse et al., 2013 Ehn et al., 2013

37 Pure biogenic new particle formation Volatile organic compounds 2.4 Pg/y of reactive carbon 90% Biogenic: 44% isoprene 11% terpenes 10% Anthropogenic Sindelarova et al., (2014) Kirkby et al., Nature (2016)

38 Kirkby et al., Nature (2016)

39 Pure biogenic new particle formation Kirkby et al, Nature (2016)

40 The role of low-volatility organic compounds in initial particle growth in the atmosphere Tröstl et al., Nature (2016)

41 Bianchi et al., Science (2016)

42 Conclusion Climate change is linked to climate sensitivity: a temperature change in response to radiative forcing We well know the temperature increased from 1750 and we well know greenhouse gases concentration from ice cores but we have large uncertainty on aerosol load CLOUD in the past 5 years of operation identified precursors of new particle formation CLOUD answers 2 big questions: how cloudy was the pre-industrial climate and how much clouds have changed due to human activities Pure biogenic nucleation was the process in pristine environment CLOUD knowledge will help reduce uncertainty in climate projections

43 Thanks for your attention More at

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