Bright White Organic Light-emitting Device Based on 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexakis(9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)benzene
|
|
- Dennis May
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CHEM. RES. CHINESE UNIVERSITIES 2009, 25(4), Bright White Organic Light-emitting Device Based on 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexakis(9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)benzene MA Tao 1, YU Jun-sheng 1*, LOU Shuang-ling 1, TANG Xiao-qing 1, JIANG Ya-dong 1 and ZHANG Qing 2* 1. State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu , P. R. China 2. Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai , P. R. China Abstract Organic light-emitting devices(oleds) with the structure of indium-tin-oxide(ito)/n,n -bis-(1- naphthyl)-n,n -diphenyl-(1,1 -biphenyl)-4,4 -diamine(npb)/2,9-dimenthyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline(bcp)/ tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum(alq 3 )/Mg:Ag or that of ITO/NPB/1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis(9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2- yl)benzene(hkethflyph)/alq 3 /Mg:Ag were studied. White light emission was achieved with the two devices when the thicknesses of BCP and HKEthFLYPh were 1.5 nm(device B) and 5 nm (device II), respectively. The obvious difference was that the EL spectrum of device II was not sensitive to the thickness of HKEthFLYPh compared to that of BCP layer. Moreover, the maximum luminance of device II was about 1000 cd/m 2 higher than that of device B at a forward bias of 15 V, and it exhibited a maximum power efficiency of 1.0 lm/w at 5.5 V, which is nearly twice that of device B. The performance of device II using a novel star-shaped hexafluorenylbenzene organic material was improved compared with that of BCP. Keywords Organic light-emitting diode; Star-shaped hexafluorenylbenzene; White light; BCP; Energy transfer Article ID (2009) Introduction Organic optoelectronic devices such as light-emitting devices [1,2], thin-film transistors [3], and solar cells [4], are actively investigated in anticipation of the fascinating characteristics of organic materials such as lightweight, flexibility, and excellent processing capability. Especially, organic lightemitting devices(oleds) precede other organic devices and have already been put into practical use. They have the advantages of short response time, wide angle of vision, simple fabrication process, low turn-on voltage, high luminescence efficiency, and low power dissipation [5 8]. Owing to the superior achieved performance, OLEDs are potential candidates not only for next generation displays, but also for solid state lighting application, which requires high efficiency and low operating voltage. Novel functional materials and techniques should be developed for the fabrication of OLEDs on a large scale. Fluorene-based molecular materials and polymers have become an important class of materials for OLED applications owing to their high photoluminescent quantum yield and good charge transport properties [9,10]. However, rigid-rod polyfluorene has a tendency toward a nematic type of packing arrangement and is inherently prone to chain aggregation in condensed state. Chain aggregation tends to degrade the device performance as crystalline formation destroys film homogeneity and crystalline boundaries so as to increase the resistance of the device, eventually leading to an electric short. The morphological instability of organic electroluminescence(el) materials is one of the major problems for device application. Star-shaped molecules have been proven to overcome this problem [11 13]. The performance of device consisting of star-shaped material is significantly improved owing to its tendency to form stable amorphous films with a relatively high glass transition temperature(t g ) and improved thermal stability [14,15]. EL from OLEDs is generated by a recombination between holes and electrons, which are injected from an anode and a cathode at forward bias. However, hole *Corresponding author. jsyu@uestc.edu.cn; qz14@sjtu.edu.cn Received January 21, 2008; accepted April 30, Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos and ), Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Universities of China(Nos ) and Young Talent Project of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China(Nos ).
2 No.4 MA Tao et al. 591 mobility in the device is 2 to 3 orders of magnitude higher than electron mobility in conventional OLEDs [16]. Consequently, in order to balance the mobility of holes and electrons, a hole-blocking layer(hbl) is usually inserted between hole transporting layer(htl) and electron transporting layer (ETL). Besides conventional hole-blocking materials of BCP and BAlq, several novel materials especially with star-shaped architecture have been synthesized as hole blocker [17,18], e.g., a new class of hole-blocking trisubstituted benzene molecular materials were developed by Shirota [19], which are 1,3,5-tri(4-biphenylyl)- benzene(tbb), 1,3,5-tris(4-fluorobiphenyl-4'-yl)benzene(F-TBB), 1,3,5-tris(9,9-dimethylfluoren-2-yl)benzene(TFB), and 1,3,5-tris[4-(9,9-dimethylfluoren-2- yl)phenyl]benzene(tfpb). However, despite a large volume of previous study, most of the reported molecular structures are with three arms from the center core. In this study, a bright WOLED was fabricated from a novel star-shaped hexafluorenylbenzene with six arms as an HBL, and the EL properties of WOLED were investigated. 2 Experimental A novel star-shaped hexafluorenylbenzene 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis(9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl) benzene(hkethflyph) with six arms star-shaped fluorene structure was synthesized in our group [20 22]. The organic materials 2,9-dimenthyl-4,7-diphenyl- 1,10-phenanthroline(BCP), N,N -bis-(1-naphthyl)-n, N -diphenyl-(1,1 -biphenyl)-4,4 -diamine(npb) and tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum(alq 3 ) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. To compare the characteristics of OLEDs with BCP and HKEthFLYPh, two separate experiments were conducted. For the first kind of OLEDs, the devices of ITO/NPB(40 nm)/bcp(x nm)/alq 3 (50 nm)/mg:ag consisted of BCP film with different thicknesses, where, A, B, and C stand for the devices with 1, 1.5 and 2 nm thick BCP layers, respectively. For the second kind of OLEDs, devices with a structure of ITO/NPB(40 nm)/hkethflyph(y nm)/alq 3 (50 nm)/mg:ag were studied, where, y varied from 2, 5, to 8 nm corresponding to devices I, II, and III, respectively. The ITO-coated glasses used in this study have a sheet resistance of 10 Ω/. For the preparation of OLEDs, the ITO glasses were cut into square plates. Prior to the organic films being grown on ITO glasses, ITO glasses were ultrasonically cleaned with detergent water, acetone, ethanol, and deionized water for 10 minutes at each step, and the glass was blown dry by nitrogen gas. The pre-cleaning procedure was used to remove organic contamination and particles from the ITO surface. Afterwards, the glasses underwent an oxygen plasma treatment for ca. 5 min in order to enhance the working function of ITO and thus improve its hole injecting capacity [23,24]. All the organic materials were deposited by conventional thermal evaporation in a vacuum circumstance at Pa. The deposition rate and thickness of the deposited layers by evaporation were monitored by a quartz-crystal oscillator. The deposition rates were about nm/s in thickness. After the organic materials grew, the samples were transferred to another chamber, an alloy of Mg and Ag with a ratio of 10:1 was deposited as cathode using a shadow mask, and the film thickness was 200 nm. The active emissive area of both devices is 0.5 cm 0.5 cm. Luminance-voltage(L-V) and current density-voltage(j-v) characteristics were measured with a Keithley 4200 semiconductor characterization system. The absorption spectrum was investigated with a SHIMADZU UV-1700 spectrophotometer. Commissions Internationale de L Eclairage(CIE) coordination, Photoluminescence(PL) and EL spectra of these devices were measured on an OPT-2000 spectrophotometer. All measurements were carried out at room temperature under ambient atmosphere. Fig.1 shows the molecular structures of the used Fig.1 Molecular structures of used materials and device architectures in this study
3 592 CHEM. RES. CHINESE UNIVERSITIES Vol.25 materials and the device architecture. 3 Results and Discussion For the first kind of device with BCP as HBL, Fig.2 shows the normalized EL spectra of OLED. The EL spectra of the devices can be tuned by adjusting the film thickness of BCP layer, which is used as a hole blocking layer to change the recombination region of the devices. It was reported that the hole mobility of NPB was cm 2 /Vs [25] and the electron mobi- lity of Alq 3 was cm 2 /Vs [26]. When the film thickness of BCP layer is as thin as 1 nm, it almost could not effectively block holes, and such a device suffers hole leakage to the cathode while electrons are more and less consumed before reaching HTL; thus, the luminescence of device A is only in the green light region, and the spectral peak at about 530 nm is associated with the emission of Alq 3 layer. In device B, the film thickness of BCP layer reaches 1.5 nm; owing to the partial hole blocking of BCP layer, the luminance is not only in the green region, both NPB and Alq 3 layers are the luminescence areas. Increasing the BCP layer is favorable to the accumulation of holes at the interface of HBL and HTL, which increases the electric field at the HTL again, thereby increasing the probability of direct exciton formation at NPB layer. It is seen that the peaks of EL spectra of device B locate at 435 and 530 nm, respectively, and corresponding to this, the Commissions Internationale De L Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates are (0.27, 0.33), which belong to the white light region. In device C, most of the holes are blocked by BCP at the NPB/BCP interface, resulting in lesser holes at the BCP/Alq 3 interface. It can be seen from Fig.2 that the emission mainly takes place at the NPB with a thicker BCP layer. Compared to the light emission of NPB, there is only a tiny shoulder of light emission originated from Alq 3. Fig.3 shows the normalized EL spectra of the devices with different HKEthFLYPh film thicknesses. It can be seen that light emission intensity from NPB is proportional to that of Alq 3 with the enhanced film thickness of HKEthFLYPh, which is similar to that of BCP in the first kind of devices. The only difference is that the EL spectrum is not as sensitive to the thickness of HKEthFLYPh as that of BCP layer. With the film thickness of HKEthFLYPh varying from 2 to 8 nm, EL of NPB and that of Alq 3 both keep considerable intensity at all times. The relatively small change is attributed to the fact that star-shaped materials have very good thermal and morphological stabilities [27]. As seen in Fig.4, the CIE coordinates of the three devices are all within the white region and move slightly as the thickness of HKEthFLYPh layer changes. The CIE coordinates of device II are (0.29, 0.34) when the thickness of HKEthFLYPh is 5 nm, which are nearer to (0.33, 0.33) than those of the other devices. Thus, we can conclude that HKEthFLYPh layer plays an identical role as BCP layer, which efficiently prevents holes from reaching the green emission layer and accelerates electrons injecting into the blue emission layer. Fig.3 EL spectra of the devices with a structure of ITO/NPB/ HKEthFLYPh/Alq 3 /Mg:Ag Fig.2 EL spectra of the devices with a structure of ITO/NPB/BCP/Alq 3 /Mg:Ag Fig.4 The CIE coordinate of device ITO/NPB/ HKEthFLYPh/Alq 3 /Mg:Ag The diversification of EL spectra of two kinds of devices is mainly originated from the variation of charge carrier recombination region, and this
4 No.4 MA Tao et al. 593 difference is considered to be largely owing to the impact of electric field on charge carrier tunneling effect with the variation of film thickness. According to Fowler-Nordheim tunneling model [28], the relationship between the tunneling probability of charge carriers(rate T ) and the electric field can be expressed as follows: 2 ( ) 1 2 Eg RateT E exp π 2mEg h qe (1) where, E=V/d is the electric field at a bias voltage of V, q is the electronic charge, m is the electronic mass, and d and E g represent the film thickness of organic layers and the bandgap energy between the highest occupied molecular orbital(homo) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(lumo), respectively. From Eq.(1), we can predict that Rate T varies with electric field, which is related to the film thickness of organic layers(at identical bias voltage). In these two kinds of devices, with the increase of HBL film thickness, more holes are accumulated at the interface of HBL/NPB, and the electric field between the interface of HBL/NPB and cathode is enhanced, which directly results in the augment of Rate T. Consequently, it will eventually lead to diverse recombination regions in the devices. In these two kinds of devices, the CIE coordinates of devices B and II are the nearest to those of pure white light(0.33, 0.33), and therefore, the characteristics comparison of the two devices has been focused on. Luminance variation as a factor of applied voltage for devices B and II is shown in Fig.5. At a forward bias of 15 V, the maximum luminance of device II reaches 8523 cd/m 2, which is about 1000 cd/m 2 higher than that of device B. The turn-on voltages (defined as the bias required to attain a measurable luminance of 1 cd/m 2 ) of the two devices are 4 and 4.5 V, respectively. The inset of Fig.5 shows the power efficiency-voltage characteristic curve of the two devices; device II exhibits a maximum power efficiency of 1.0 lm/w at 5.5 V, which is nearly twice that of device B. Obviously, the performance of device II, such as maximum luminance or power efficency, is higher than that of device B, which is potentially useful for solid state lighting application. The significant improvement was caused by high luminescent quantum yield and good charge transport properties of fluorene based compounds [29,30]. Moreover, in the second kind of OLEDs, energy transfer may occur from HKEthFLYPh to NPB and Alq 3. Fig.6 shows the UV-Vis absorption and PL spectra of NPB, Alq 3, and KEthFLYPh. It can be seen that there is a large overlap between HKEthFLYPh emission spectrum and NPB absorption spectrum, and a considerable overlap between HKEthFLYPh emission spectrum and Alq 3 absorption spectrum. As well known, energy transfer of both Förster-type and Dexter-type requires the sufficient overlap of donor material PL spectrum with acceptor material absorption emission. Therefore, energy transfer from HKEthFLYPh to NPB and Alq 3 can be expected. Fig.5 Luminance-voltage characteristic curves of device B and device II Inset shows their power efficiency-voltage characteristic curves. Fig.6 Absorption and PL spectra of HKEthFLYPh and NPB 4 Conclusions In summary, we have fabricated a high performance white OLED with an easy processed structure from a novel star-shaped hexafluorenylbenzene. The device with a structure of ITO/NPB(40 nm)/ HKEthFLYPh(5 nm)/alq 3 (50 nm)/mg:ag(200 nm) was processed by thermal evaporation. The device shows a maximum luminance of 8523 cd/m 2 at 15 V, and a power efficiency of 1.0 lm/w at 5.5 V. A significant improvement of the characteristics can be attributed to a high luminescent quantum yield and good charge transport properties of HKEthFLYPh, which make most holes confined within the emission layer
5 594 CHEM. RES. CHINESE UNIVERSITIES Vol.25 and energy transferred to NPB and Alq 3. References [1] Tang C. W., Vanslyke S. A., Appl. Phys. Lett., 1987, 51, 913 [2] Burroughes J. H., Bradley D. D. C., Brown A. R., et al., Nature, 1990, 347, 539 [3] Dimitrakopoulos C. D., Malenfant P. R. L., Adv. Mater., 2002, 14, 99 [4] Brabec C. J., Sariciftci N. S., Hummelen J. C., Adv. Funct. Mater., 2001, 11, 15 [5] Liu T. H., Iou C. Y., Chen C. H., Appl. Phys. Lett., 2003, 83, 5241 [6] Jiang X., Wong F. L., Fung M. K., et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 2003, 83, 1875 [7] Wang J., Jiang Y. D., Yu J. S., et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007, 91, [8] Yu J. S., Li W. Z., Jiang Y. D., et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 2007, 46, L31 [9] Kim D. Y., Cho H. N., Kim C. Y., Prog. Polym. Sci., 2000, 25, 1089 [10] Sherf U., List E. J. W., Adv. Mater., 2002, 14, 477 [11] Roquet S., Leriche P., Aleveque O., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128, 3459 [12] Ponomarenko S. A., Kirchmeyer S., Elschner A., et al., Adv. Funct. Mater., 2003, 13, 591 [13] Lupton J. M., Samuel I. D. W., Beavington R., et al., Adv. Mater., 2001, 12, 258 [14] Kanibolotsky A. L., Berridge R., Skabara P. J., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, [15] Zhou X. H., Yan J. C., Pei J., Org. Lett., 2003, 5, 3543 [16] Yasuda T., Goto T., Fujita K., et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 2004, 85, 2098 [17] Kinoshita M., Kita H., Shirota Y., Adv. Funct. Mater., 2002, 12, 780 [18] Xin H., Li F. Y., Shi M., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 7166 [19] Okumoto K., Shirota Y., Chem. Mater., 2003, 15, 699 [20] Saroja G., Zhang P., Ernsting N. P., et al., J. Org. Chem., 2004, 69, 987 [21] Mio M. J., Kopel L. C., Grieco P. A., Org. Lett., 2002, 4, 3199 [22] Wu J., Watson M. D., Zhang L., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 177 [23] Kim J. S., Cacialli F., Cola A., et al., Synth. Met., 2000, 111/112, 363 [24] Nguyen T. P., Rendu P. L., Dinh N. N., et al., Synth. Met., 2003, 138, 229 [25] Tao Y. T., Balasubramaniam E., Danel A., et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 2000, 77, 1575 [26] Chu T. Y., Song O. K., Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007, 90, [27] Kepler R. G., Beeson P. M., Jacobs S. J., et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 1995, 66, 3618 [28] Flowler R. H., Nordheim L., Proc. R. Soc. Lond., 1928, 119, 173 [29] Kim D. Y., Cho H. N., Kim C. Y., Prog. Polym. Sci., 2000, 25, 1089 [30] Leclerc M., J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 2001, 14, 477
Effect of Ultrathin Magnesium Layer on the Performance of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Energy Procedia 12 (2011) 525 530 ICSGCE 2011: 27 30 September 2011, Chengdu, China Effect of Ultrathin Magnesium Layer on the Performance of Organic Light-Emitting
More informationInverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes using transparent conductive NiO electrode
Applied Surface Science 244 (2005) 439 443 www.elsevier.com/locate/apsusc Inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes using transparent conductive NiO electrode Se-W. Park a, Jeong-M. Choi a, Eugene
More informationColor-Stable and Low-Roll-Off Fluorescent White Organic Light Emitting Diodes Based on Nondoped Ultrathin Emitters
Copyright 5 by American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Science of Advanced Materials Vol. 7, pp., 5 www.aspbs.com/sam Color-Stable and Low-Roll-Off Fluorescent
More informationResearch Article The Investigation on Color Purity of Blue Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (BOLED) by Hole-Blocking Layer
Photoenergy Volume 2013, Article ID 878537, 6 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/878537 Research Article The Investigation on Color Purity of Blue Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (BOLED) by Hole-Blocking
More informationIntroduction. Fang-Chung Chen Department of Photonics and Display Institute National Chiao Tung University. Organic light-emitting diodes
rganic light-emitting diodes Introduction Fang-Chung Chen Department of Photonics and Display Institute National Chiao Tung University rganic light-emitting diodes --The emerging technology LED Displays
More informationSUPPORTING INFORMATION
SUPPORTIG IFORMATIO [1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-based Host Materials for Green Phosphorescent and Delayed-Fluorescence OLEDs with Low Efficiency Roll-off Wenxuan Song, a Yi Chen, a Qihao Xu, a Haichuan
More informationEnhancing the Performance of Organic Thin-Film Transistor using a Buffer Layer
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials July 19-23, 29, Harbin, China L-7 Enhancing the Performance of Organic Thin-Film Transistor using
More informationHigh efficiency tandem organic light-emitting devices with Al/WO3/Au interconnecting layer
Title High efficiency tandem organic light-emitting devices with Al/WO3/Au interconnecting layer Author(s) Zhang, H; Dai, Y; Ma, D; Choy, WCH Citation Applied Physics Letters, 2007, v. 91 n. 12, p. 123504-1
More informationElectroluminescence and negative differential resistance studies of TPD:PBD:Alq 3 blend organic-light-emitting diodes
Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 38, No. 1, February 2015, pp. 235 239. c Indian Academy of Sciences. Electroluminescence and negative differential resistance studies of TPD:PBD:Alq 3 blend organic-light-emitting
More informationStructure Property Relationships of. Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Michael Kochanek May 19, 2006 MS&E 542 Flexible Electronics
Structure Property Relationships of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Michael Kochanek May 19, 2006 MS&E 542 Flexible Electronics Introduction Many of today s solid-state inorganic microelectronic devices
More informationHigh contrast tandem organic light emitting devices
Edith Cowan University Research Online ECU Publications 2012 2012 High contrast tandem organic light emitting devices Baofu Ding Edith Cowan University Xiao-Yuan Hou Kamal Alameh Edith Cowan University
More informationThe charge generation layer incorporating two p-doped hole transport layers for improving the performance of tandem organic light emitting diodes
Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. (2014) 67: 30201 DOI: 10.1051/epjap/2014130545 The charge generation layer incorporating two p-doped hole transport layers for improving the performance of tandem organic light
More informationSupporting Information
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry C. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Supporting Information Bicolour electroluminescence of 2 (carbazol 9 yl)anthraquinone
More informationLow-Driving-Voltage, Long-Lifetime Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Molybdenum-Oxide (MoO 3 )-Doped Hole Transport Layers
Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Vol. 53, No. 3, September 2008, pp. 16601664 Low-Driving-Voltage, Long-Lifetime Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Molybdenum-Oxide (MoO 3 )-Doped Hole Transport
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Modulation of PEDOT:PSS ph for Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with Reduced Potential Loss and Enhanced Stability Qin Wang 1,2, Chu-Chen Chueh 1, Morteza Eslamian 2 * and
More informationHigh-contrast tandem organic light-emitting devices employing semitransparent intermediate layers of LiF/Al/C60
Edith Cowan University Research Online ECU Publications 2012 2012 High-contrast tandem organic light-emitting devices employing semitransparent intermediate layers of LiF/Al/C60 Baofu Ding Edith Cowan
More informationImproving the efficiency of organic light emitting diodes by use of a diluted light-emitting layer. Abstract
Improving the efficiency of organic light emitting diodes by use of a diluted light-emitting layer Siddharth Harikrishna Mohan 1, Kalyan Garre 2, Nikhil Bhandari 1, Marc Cahay 1 1 Department of Electrical
More informationObservation of electron injection in an organic field-effect transistor with electroluminescence *
Materials Science-Poland, Vol. 27, No. 3, 2009 Observation of electron injection in an organic field-effect transistor with electroluminescence * Y. OHSHIMA **, H. KOHN, E. LIM, T. MANAKA, M. IWAMOTO Department
More informationSolid State Science and Technology, Vol. 16, No 1 (2008) ISSN
INFLUENCE OF TETRABUTYLAMMONIUM HEXAFLUOROPHOSPHATE (TBAPF 6 ) DOPING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF POLYMER LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (PLEDs) BASED ON PVK:PBD BLEND FILMS C.C. Yap 1, M. Yahaya 1, M.M. Salleh 2 1 School
More informationXinwen Zhang, 1 Zhaoxin Wu, 1 Dongdong Wang, 2 Dawei Wang, 1 Xun Hou 1
Effects of Dilution and Charge Trapping on the Performance of a Light-Emitting Diode of Poly(9-vinylcarbazole) Doped with Poly[2-methoxy-5-(2 0 -ethyl hexyloxy) 1,4-phenylene vinylene] Xinwen Zhang, 1
More informationHigh Brightness and Long Lifetime OLED with Mixing Layer Technology
High Brightness and Long Lifetime OLD with Mixing Layer Technology Jiun-Haw Lee*a, s. w. Liub, Ching-An Huang', K. H. Yangc and Yih Changc agraduate Institute of lectro-optical ngineering and Department
More informationWe are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists. International authors and editors
We are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 3,800 116,000 120M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our
More informationQuantum Dots for Advanced Research and Devices
Quantum Dots for Advanced Research and Devices spectral region from 450 to 630 nm Zero-D Perovskite Emit light at 520 nm ABOUT QUANTUM SOLUTIONS QUANTUM SOLUTIONS company is an expert in the synthesis
More informationOrganic LEDs part 6. Exciton Recombination Region in Organic LEDs. Handout: Bulovic, et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 287, 455 (1998); 308, 317 (1999).
Organic LEDs part 6 Exciton Recombination Region in Organic LEDs White OLED Flexible OLEDs Solvation Effect Solid State Solvation Handout: Bulovic, et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 287, 455 (1998); 308, 317 (1999).
More informationElectronic Supplementary Information (ESI)
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry C. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Electronic Supplementary Information (ESI) 3,4-Donor- and 2,5-acceptor-functionalized
More informationMulticolor Graphene Nanoribbon/Semiconductor Nanowire. Heterojunction Light-Emitting Diodes
Multicolor Graphene Nanoribbon/Semiconductor Nanowire Heterojunction Light-Emitting Diodes Yu Ye, a Lin Gan, b Lun Dai, *a Hu Meng, a Feng Wei, a Yu Dai, a Zujin Shi, b Bin Yu, a Xuefeng Guo, b and Guogang
More informationWhite Organic Electroluminescence Base on a new Aluminum Complex
Research Article White Organic Electroluminescence Base on a new Aluminum Complex 1 Anchi Yeh, 2 Hsien-Chiao Teng 1 Department of Chemical and materials Engineering, Chengshiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,
More informationDoping a D-A Structural Polymer Based on Benzodithiophene and Triazoloquinoxaline for Efficiency Improvement of Ternary Solar Cells
Electron. Mater. Lett., Vol. 11, No. 2 (2015), pp. 236-240 DOI: 10.1007/s13391-014-4326-9 Doping a D-A Structural Polymer Based on Benzodithiophene and Triazoloquinoxaline for Efficiency Improvement of
More informationOrganic LEDs part 8. Exciton Dynamics in Disordered Organic Thin Films. Handout on QD-LEDs: Coe et al., Nature 420, 800 (2002).
Organic LEDs part 8 Exciton Dynamics in Disordered Organic Thin Films Quantum Dot LEDs Handout on QD-LEDs: Coe et al., ature 420, 800 (2002). @ MIT April 29, 2003 Organic Optoelectronics - Lecture 20b
More informationHighly efficient organic light-emitting devices beyond theoretical prediction under high current density
Highly efficient organic light-emitting devices beyond theoretical prediction under high current density Miaomiao Tian 1, 2, Jinsong Luo 1, and Xingyuan Liu 1* 1 Key Laboratory of Excited State Processes,
More informationOrganic semiconductor heterointerfaces containing bathocuproine
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS VOLUME 86, NUMBER 8 15 OCTOBER 1999 Organic semiconductor heterointerfaces containing bathocuproine I. G. Hill a) and A. Kahn Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton
More informationMaking OLEDs efficient
Making OLEDs efficient cathode anode light-emitting layer η = γ EL r ηpl k st External Efficiency Outcoupling Internal efficiency of LEDs η = γ EL r ηpl k st γ = excitons formed per charge flowing in the
More informationFine-tuning the thicknesses of organic layers to realize high-efficiency and long-lifetime blue organic light-emitting diodes
Fine-tuning the thicknesses of organic layers to realize high-efficiency and long-lifetime blue organic light-emitting diodes Yu Jian-Ning( 于建宁 ) a), Zhang Min-Yan( 张民艳 ) a), Li Chong( 李崇 ) b), Shang Yu-Zhu(
More informationE L E C T R O P H O S P H O R E S C E N C E
Organic LEDs part 4 E L E C T R O P H O S P H O R E S C E C E. OLED efficiency 2. Spin 3. Energy transfer 4. Organic phosphors 5. Singlet/triplet ratios 6. Phosphor sensitized fluorescence 7. Endothermic
More informationAffect of the electrical characteristics depending on the hole and electron injection materials of red organic light-emitting diodes
PRAMANA c Indian Academy of Sciences Vol. 77, No. 4 journal of October 2011 physics pp. 727 734 Affect of the electrical characteristics depending on the hole and electron injection materials of red organic
More informationNovel Soft Materials: Organic Semiconductors
JSPS Science Dialogue Novel Soft Materials: Organic Semiconductors X.T. HAO Prof. UENO s Lab Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University 21 st Century Center of Excellence Program The route to research Transparent
More informationHigh-Performance Photocoupler Based on Perovskite Light Emitting Diode and Photodetector
Supporting information for High-Performance Photocoupler Based on Perovskite Light Emitting Diode and Photodetector Zhi-Xiang Zhang, Ji-Song Yao, Lin Liang, Xiao-Wei Tong, Yi Lin, Feng-Xia Liang, *, Hong-Bin
More informationGRAPHENE EFFECT ON EFFICIENCY OF TiO 2 -BASED DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS (DSSC)
Communications in Physics, Vol. 26, No. 1 (2016), pp. 43-49 DOI:10.15625/0868-3166/26/1/7961 GRAPHENE EFFECT ON EFFICIENCY OF TiO 2 -BASED DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS (DSSC) NGUYEN THAI HA, PHAM DUY LONG,
More informationElectronic Supplementary Information (ESI)
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry A. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Electronic Supplementary Information (ESI) Sifting α,ω-di(thiophen-2-yl)alkanes
More informationFabrication and Characterization of Solution Processed Top-Gate-Type Organic Light-Emitting Transistor
Copyright 2015 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Letters Vol. 7, 1 5, 2015 Fabrication and Characterization of Solution
More informationResearch Article Improved Efficiency of Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Diodes by Insertion of Ultrathin SiO 2 Buffer Layers
Photoenergy Volume 213, Article ID 43734, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/1.1155/213/43734 Research Article Improved Efficiency of Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Diodes by Insertion of Ultrathin SiO 2 Buffer
More informationVikram Kuppa School of Energy, Environmental, Biological and Medical Engineering College of Engineering and Applied Science University of Cincinnati
Vikram Kuppa School of Energy, Environmental, Biological and Medical Engineering College of Engineering and Applied Science University of Cincinnati vikram.kuppa@uc.edu Fei Yu Yan Jin Andrew Mulderig Greg
More informationElectroluminescence From Polar Nonlinear Optical Chromophore With Low Turn-On Voltage
University of Pittsburgh From the SelectedWorks of Mohammad Taghi Sharbati Spring April 3, 2011 Electroluminescence From Polar Nonlinear Optical Chromophore With Low Turn-On Voltage mohammad taghi sharbati,
More informationImproving Efficiency and Reproducibility of Perovskite Solar Cells through Aggregation Control in Polyelectrolytes Hole Transport Layer
Supporting Information Improving Efficiency and Reproducibility of Perovskite Solar Cells through Aggregation Control in Polyelectrolytes Hole Transport Layer Xiaodong Li, a Ying-Chiao Wang, a Liping Zhu,
More informationSupplementary Information. Light Manipulation for Organic Optoelectronics Using Bio-inspired Moth's Eye. Nanostructures
Supplementary Information Light Manipulation for Organic Optoelectronics Using Bio-inspired Moth's Eye Nanostructures Lei Zhou, Qing-Dong Ou, Jing-De Chen, Su Shen, Jian-Xin Tang,* Yan-Qing Li,* and Shuit-Tong
More informationImproved performance of organic light-emitting diodes with MoO 3 interlayer by oblique angle deposition
Improved performance of organic light-emitting diodes with MoO 3 interlayer by oblique angle deposition S.W. Liu, 1 Y. Divayana, 1 X.W. Sun, 1,2,* Y. Wang, 1 K.S. Leck, 1 and H.V. Demir 1,3,4,5,6 1 School
More informationORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR 3,4,9,10-Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA)
ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR 3,4,9,10-Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) Suvranta Tripathy Department of Physics University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio 45221 March 8, 2002 Abstract In the last decade
More informationEfficient Inorganic Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes with Polyethylene Glycol Passivated Ultrathin CsPbBr 3 Films
Supporting information Efficient Inorganic Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes with Polyethylene Glycol Passivated Ultrathin CsPbBr 3 Films Li Song,, Xiaoyang Guo, *, Yongsheng Hu, Ying Lv, Jie Lin, Zheqin
More informationMagnetoresistance in organic light-emitting diode structures under illumination
Magnetoresistance in organic light-emitting diode structures under illumination Desai, P; Shakya, P; Kreouzis, T; Gillin, WP For additional information about this publication click this link. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/jspui/handle/123456789/4045
More informationAnalytical Measurements for Quantum Efficiency of Organic Light Emitting Diodes*
ISSN 0974-9373 Vol. 15(2011) Special Issue 2 Journal of International Academy of Physical Sciences pp. 231-238 Analytical Measurements for Quantum Efficiency of Organic Light Emitting Diodes* Manju Shukla
More informationREDUCED GRAPHITE OXIDE-INDIUM TIN OXIDE COMPOSITES FOR TRANSPARENT ELECTRODE USING SOLUTION PROCESS
18 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS REDUCED GRAPHITE OXIDE-INDIUM TIN OXIDE COMPOSITES FOR TRANSPARENT ELECTRODE USING SOLUTION PROCESS K. S. Choi, Y. Park, K-.C. Kwon, J. Kim, C. K.
More informationSemiconductor Polymer
Semiconductor Polymer Organic Semiconductor for Flexible Electronics Introduction: An organic semiconductor is an organic compound that possesses similar properties to inorganic semiconductors with hole
More informationInfluence of Hot Spot Heating on Stability of. Conversion Efficiency of ~14%
Influence of Hot Spot Heating on Stability of Large Size Perovskite Solar Module with a Power Conversion Efficiency of ~14% Kunpeng Li, Junyan Xiao, Xinxin Yu, Tongle Bu, Tianhui Li, Xi Deng, Sanwan Liu,
More informationOrganic Electronic Devices
Organic Electronic Devices Week 5: Organic Light-Emitting Devices and Emerging Technologies Lecture 5.5: Course Review and Summary Bryan W. Boudouris Chemical Engineering Purdue University 1 Understanding
More informationDown-conversion monochrome light-emitting diodeswith the color determined
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry C. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Electronic supplementary information (ESI) for Down-conversion monochrome
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Band Gap Tuning of CH 3 NH 3 Pb(Br 1-x Cl x ) 3 Hybrid Perovskite for Blue Electroluminescence Naresh K. Kumawat 1, Amrita Dey 1, Aravindh Kumar 2, Sreelekha P. Gopinathan 3, K.
More informationAll-Inorganic CsPbI 2 Br Perovskite Solar Cells with High Efficiency. Exceeding 13%
All-Inorganic CsPbI 2 Br Perovskite Solar Cells with High Efficiency Exceeding 13% Chong Liu a,, Wenzhe Li a,, Cuiling Zhang b, Yunping Ma b, Jiandong Fan*,a, Yaohua Mai*,a,b a Institute of New Energy
More informationLuminescence. Photoluminescence (PL) is luminescence that results from optically exciting a sample.
Luminescence Topics Radiative transitions between electronic states Absorption and Light emission (spontaneous, stimulated) Excitons (singlets and triplets) Franck-Condon shift(stokes shift) and vibrational
More informationEfficient Hybrid White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes for. Application of Triplet Harvesting with Simple Structure
Efficient Hybrid White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes for Application of Triplet Harvesting with Simple Structure Kyo Min Hwang, Song Eun Lee, Sungkyu Lee, Han Kyu Yoo, Hyun Jung Baek and Young Kwan Kim*
More informationOptical and electrical properties of single-ion transport light-emitting electrochemical cells
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 99, 064505 2006 Optical and electrical properties of single-ion transport light-emitting electrochemical cells F. Kong, X. L. Wu, a Y. Zheng, C. G. Ou, and R. K. Yuan National
More informationLow-temperature-processed inorganic perovskite solar cells via solvent engineering with enhanced mass transport
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry A. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 1 Low-temperature-processed inorganic perovskite solar cells via solvent engineering
More informationFlexible Organic Photovoltaics Employ laser produced metal nanoparticles into the absorption layer 1. An Introduction
Flexible Organic Photovoltaics Employ laser produced metal nanoparticles into the absorption layer 1. An Introduction Among the renewable energy sources that are called to satisfy the continuously increased
More informationEnhanced photocurrent of ZnO nanorods array sensitized with graphene. quantum dots
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for RSC Advances. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Enhanced photocurrent of ZnO nanorods array sensitized with graphene quantum dots Bingjun Yang,
More informationElectroluminescence from Silicon and Germanium Nanostructures
Electroluminescence from silicon Silicon Getnet M. and Ghoshal S.K 35 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Electroluminescence from Silicon and Germanium Nanostructures Getnet Melese* and Ghoshal S. K.** Abstract Silicon
More informationEfficient and saturated blue organic polymer light emitting devices with an oxadiazole containing poly(fluorene) polymer emissive layer
Efficient and saturated blue organic polymer light emitting devices with an oxadiazole containing poly(fluorene) polymer emissive layer Shu-jen Lee, a,b Joseph R. Gallegos, c Julien Klein, a M. David Curtis,
More informationDelayed Electroluminescence in Organic Light Emitting Diodes
International Journal of Pure and Applied Physics ISSN 0973-1776 Volume 6, Number 3 (2010), pp. 251 256 Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com/ijpap.htm Delayed Electroluminescence in
More informationPlasmonic Hot Hole Generation by Interband Transition in Gold-Polyaniline
Supplementary Information Plasmonic Hot Hole Generation by Interband Transition in Gold-Polyaniline Tapan Barman, Amreen A. Hussain, Bikash Sharma, Arup R. Pal* Plasma Nanotech Lab, Physical Sciences Division,
More informationSupporting Information
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry A. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Supporting Information A minimal non-radiative recombination loss for efficient
More informationDeep blue light-emitting diode based on high molecular weight poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) with high efficiency and color stability
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Organic Electronics 9 (2008) 279 284 www.elsevier.com/locate/orgel Deep blue light-emitting diode based on high molecular weight poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) with
More informationHysteresis-free low-temperature-processed planar perovskite solar cells with 19.1% efficiency
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Energy & Environmental Science. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Supplementary Information Hysteresis-free low-temperature-processed planar
More informationPlastic Electronics. Joaquim Puigdollers.
Plastic Electronics Joaquim Puigdollers Joaquim.puigdollers@upc.edu Nobel Prize Chemistry 2000 Origins Technological Interest First products.. MONOCROMATIC PHILIPS Today Future Technological interest Low
More information熊本大学学術リポジトリ. Kumamoto University Repositor
熊本大学学術リポジトリ Kumamoto University Repositor Title Characteristics of organic light-em consisting of dye-doped spin crosso fil Author(s) Matsuda, Masaki; Kiyoshima, Kinoshita, Nobuaki; Tajima, Keita; Hiroyuk
More informationTriplet state diffusion in organometallic and organic semiconductors
Triplet state diffusion in organometallic and organic semiconductors Prof. Anna Köhler Experimental Physik II University of Bayreuth Germany From materials properties To device applications Organic semiconductors
More informationShanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dingxi, 1295, Changning,
Supporting Information for Achieving High Current Density of Perovskite Solar Cells by Modulating the Dominated Facets of Room Temperature DC Magnetron Sputtered TiO 2 Electron Extraction Layer Aibin Huang,
More informationA Transparent Perovskite Light Emitting Touch-
Supporting Information for A Transparent Perovskite Light Emitting Touch- Responsive Device Shu-Yu Chou, Rujun Ma, Yunfei Li,, Fangchao Zhao, Kwing Tong, Zhibin Yu, and Qibing Pei*, Department of Materials
More informationSupporting Information
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for ChemComm. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Supporting Information Controllable Atmospheric Pressure Growth of Mono-layer, Bi-layer and Tri-layer
More informationdoi: /
doi: 10.1080/15421406.2015.1094887 Emission from Charge-Transfer States in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaic Cells Based on Ethylenedioxythiophene-Fluorene Polymers TAKESHI YASUDA 1, *, JUNPEI KUWABARA
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NNANO.2012.63 Bright infrared quantum-dot light-emitting diodes through inter-dot spacing control Liangfeng Sun, Joshua J. Choi, David Stachnik, Adam C. Bartnik,
More informationThe effect of metal electron cloud on the luminescence characteristics of organic ligands: An experimental and theoretical investigation
Article Condensed Matter Physics February 2011 Vol.56 No.6: 479 483 doi: 10.1007/s11434-010-4316-8 SPECIAL TOPICS: The effect of metal electron cloud on the luminescence characteristics of organic ligands:
More informationHigh electron mobility layers of tri improving driving voltages, power co efficiencies, and operational stabil organic light-emitting diodes
JAIST Reposi https://dspace.j Title High electron mobility layers of tri improving driving voltages, power co efficiencies, and operational stabil organic light-emitting diodes Matsushima, Toshinori; Takamori,
More informationSupporting Information: Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Stamp Coated with a. Low-Surface-Energy, Diffusion-Blocking,
Supporting Information: Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Stamp Coated with a Low-Surface-Energy, Diffusion-Blocking, Covalently Bonded Perfluoropolyether Layer and Its Application to the Fabrication of Organic Electronic
More informationElectronic Supplementary Information. inverted organic solar cells, towards mass production
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry A. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Electronic Supplementary Information Polyelectrolyte interlayers with a
More informationDEPOSITION OF THIN TiO 2 FILMS BY DC MAGNETRON SPUTTERING METHOD
Chapter 4 DEPOSITION OF THIN TiO 2 FILMS BY DC MAGNETRON SPUTTERING METHOD 4.1 INTRODUCTION Sputter deposition process is another old technique being used in modern semiconductor industries. Sputtering
More informationDefect Trapping States and Charge Carrier Recombination in
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry C. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Electronic supplementary information (ESI) for Defect Trapping States and
More informationOLEDs with enhanced high temperature operational stability
OLEDs with enhanced high temperature operational stability Zoran D. Popovic, George Vamvounis, Hany Aziz, and Nan-Xing Hu Xerox Research Centre of Canada 2660 Speakman Drive, Mississauga, Ontario L5K 2L1
More informationInverted Quantum-dot Light-Emitting Diode with Solution-Processed Aluminum-Zinc- Oxide as Cathode Buffer
Normalized Absorbance (a.u.) Normalized PL Intensity (a.u.) Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry C This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 22 SUPPORTING INFORMATION
More informationDevice performance and carrier dynamics in blue mixing host organic light-emitting devices
evice performance and carrier dynamics in blue mixing host organic light-emitting devices Jiun-Haw Lee *a, S. W Liu b, hih-hung Teng a, Jian-Hong Lin a, Tian-hiun Lin a and.. Yang a a Graduate Institute
More informationHigh Performance, Low Operating Voltage n-type Organic Field Effect Transistor Based on Inorganic-Organic Bilayer Dielectric System
Journal of Physics: Conference Series PAPER OPEN ACCESS High Performance, Low Operating Voltage n-type Organic Field Effect Transistor Based on Inorganic-Organic Bilayer Dielectric System To cite this
More informationEngineering Challenges in Quantum Dot Displays
Engineering Challenges in Quantum Dot Displays Any great technology that pushes the boundaries of performance also has a set of challenges to overcome. Quantum dot displays are not an exception. Whether
More informationSébastien FORGET. Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers Université Paris Nord P13. www-lpl.univ-paris13.fr:8088/lumen/
OLEDs Basic principles, technology and applications Sébastien FORGET Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers Université Paris Nord P13 www-lpl.univ-paris13.fr:8088/lumen/ Paris Nord University (Paris 13) This
More informationTitle of file for HTML: Supplementary Information Description: Supplementary Figures and Supplementary References
Title of file for HTML: Supplementary Information Description: Supplementary Figures and Supplementary References Supplementary Figure 1. SEM images of perovskite single-crystal patterned thin film with
More informationEfficiency Enhancement in Polymer Solar Cell Using Solution-processed Vanadium Oxide Hole Transport Layer
New Physics: Sae Mulli, Vol. 65, No. 7, July 2015, pp. 709 714 DOI: 10.3938/NPSM.65.709 Efficiency Enhancement in Polymer Solar Cell Using Solution-processed Vanadium Oxide Hole Transport Layer Insoo Shin
More informationAl Alq PVK. Polymer. ITO Glass. ITO Glass (a) (b) Al Redox polymer Emissive polymer Redox Polymer. ITO Glass. (c)
Electroluminescence in Polymers Stephen Hicks Advisor: Arthur J. Epstein, Ph.D. Collaborator: Wesley Pirkle Funded by OSU/NSF REU: Summer 21 August 16, 21 Abstract Conjugated polymers and copolymers have
More informationContinuous, Highly Flexible and Transparent. Graphene Films by Chemical Vapor Deposition for. Organic Photovoltaics
Supporting Information for Continuous, Highly Flexible and Transparent Graphene Films by Chemical Vapor Deposition for Organic Photovoltaics Lewis Gomez De Arco 1,2, Yi Zhang 1,2, Cody W. Schlenker 2,
More informationElectrically tunable electroluminescence from SiN x -based light-emitting devices
Electrically tunable electroluminescence from SiN x -based light-emitting devices Dongsheng Li, * Feng Wang, Deren Yang, and Duanlin Que State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and Department of Materials
More informationPlanar Organic Photovoltaic Device. Saiful I. Khondaker
Planar Organic Photovoltaic Device Saiful I. Khondaker Nanoscience Technology Center and Department of Physics University of Central Florida http://www.physics.ucf.edu/~khondaker W Metal 1 L ch Metal 2
More informationSupplementary Figure 1 XRD pattern of a defective TiO 2 thin film deposited on an FTO/glass substrate, along with an XRD pattern of bare FTO/glass
Supplementary Figure 1 XRD pattern of a defective TiO 2 thin film deposited on an FTO/glass substrate, along with an XRD pattern of bare FTO/glass and a reference pattern of anatase TiO 2 (JSPDS No.: 21-1272).
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. Observation of tunable electrical bandgap in large-area twisted bilayer graphene synthesized by chemical vapor deposition
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Observation of tunable electrical bandgap in large-area twisted bilayer graphene synthesized by chemical vapor deposition Jing-Bo Liu 1 *, Ping-Jian Li 1 *, Yuan-Fu Chen 1, Ze-Gao
More informationSupporting information. and/or J -aggregation. Sergey V. Dayneko, Abby-Jo Payne and Gregory C. Welch*
Supporting information Inverted P3HT:PC61BM organic solar cells incorporating a -extended squaraine dye with H- and/or J -aggregation. Sergey V. Dayneko, Abby-Jo Payne and Gregory C. Welch* Department
More informationDielectric constant measurement of P3HT, polystyrene, and polyethylene
Dielectric constant measurement of P3HT, polystyrene, and polyethylene Supervisor: prof. dr. J.C. Hummelen Daily supervisor: Jenny Douvogianni Name: Si Chen (s2660482) 1. Introduction Dielectric constant
More information